Cervical cancer

Cervical cancer is the second largest cause of cancer-related death in women worldwide, and it occurs following persistent infection, sometimes for decades, with a specific subset of human papillomavirus (HPV) types, particularly types 16, 18, 33 and 42. Experimental studies show that the E6 and E7 genes of these high risk HPVs are oncogenes that deregulate key cell cycle controls. The E6 and E7 oncoproteins bind respectively to the p53 and Retinoblastoma (Rb) tumor suppressor proteins, which are involved in the regulation of growth control. The abnormalities in other cellular genes found in cervical cancer, including mutations in ras family of genes, and amplification in EGFR and ERBB2, may also play an important role in carcinogenesis and the aggressiveness of cervical tumors, although to date the role of most of these genetic abnormalities does not appear to be as important as the role of HPV.

Cancer

nt06110  MAPK signaling (viruses and bacteria)
nt06114  PI3K signaling (viruses)
nt06116  NOTCH signaling (viruses)
nt06121  TLR signaling (viruses and bacteria)
nt06122  IFN signaling (viruses)
nt06123  TNF signaling (viruses and bacteria)
nt06129  MHC presentation (viruses)
nt06130  Cell cycle (viruses)
nt06131  Apoptosis (viruses and bacteria)
nt06135  Cytoskeletal regulation (viruses and bacteria)
nt06140  Transcription (viruses)
nt06150  Cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction (viruses)
nt06166  Human papillomavirus (HPV)

K-ras (mutation) [HSA:3845] [KO:K07827]
H-ras (mutation) [HSA:3265] [KO:K02833]
EGFR (amplification) [HSA:1956] [KO:K04361]
ERBB2 (amplification) [HSA:2064] [KO:K05083]
p21 (overexpression) [HSA:1026] [KO:K06625]
CDK4 (overexpression) [HSA:1019] [KO:K02089]
Bcl-2 (overexpression) [HSA:596] [KO:K02161]

Azathioprine [CPD:C06837]
Diethylstilboestrol [CPD:C07620]
Estrogens, nonsteroidal
Tobacco smoking and tobacco smoke

Human papillomavirus type 16 [GN:T40087]
Human papillomavirus type 18 [GN:T40088]

Recombinant adsorbed quadrivalent human papillomavirus virus-like particle vaccine [DR:D10192]
Topotecan hydrochloride [DR:D02168]
Bevacizumab [DR:D06409]
Pembrolizumab [DR:D10574] (PD-L1 expressed)

ICD-O: 8070/3, Tumor type: Squamous cell carcinoma, not otherwise specified
ICD-O: 8140/3, Tumor type: Adenocarcinoma

PMID:11486705 (gene, carcinogen)

Wolf JK, Ramirez PT.

The molecular biology of cervical cancer.

Cancer Invest 19:621-9 (2001)
DOI:10.1081/CNV-100104290

PMID:10471054 (gene, carcinogen)

Lazo PA.

The molecular genetics of cervical carcinoma.

Br J Cancer 80:2008-18 (1999)
DOI:10.1038/sj.bjc.6690635

PMID:16062089 (carcinogen)

Patel P, Moazzam N, Potti A, Mehdi SA.

Azathioprine induced hodgkin lymphoma: a case report and review of literature.

Am J Clin Oncol 28:427-8 (2005)
DOI:10.1097/01.coc.0000168670.28659.8d

PMID:15168959 (carcinogen)

Schrager S, Potter BE.

Diethylstilbestrol exposure.

Am Fam Physician 69:2395-400 (2004)

PMID:17390375 (carcinogen)

Troisi R, Hatch EE, Titus-Ernstoff L, Hyer M, Palmer JR, Robboy SJ, Strohsnitter WC, Kaufman R, Herbst AL, Hoover RN.

Cancer risk in women prenatally exposed to diethylstilbestrol.

Int J Cancer 121:356-60 (2007)
DOI:10.1002/ijc.22631

PMID:11281434 (carcinogen)

Severson J, Evans TY, Lee P, Chan T, Arany I, Tyring SK.

Human papillomavirus infections: epidemiology, pathogenesis, and therapy.

J Cutan Med Surg 5:43-60 (2001)
DOI:10.1177/120347540100500110

PMID:15489140 (carcinogen)

Wogan GN, Hecht SS, Felton JS, Conney AH, Loeb LA.

Environmental and chemical carcinogenesis.

Semin Cancer Biol 14:473-86 (2004)
DOI:10.1016/j.semcancer.2004.06.010

PMID:15552776 (carcinogen)

Sasco AJ, Secretan MB, Straif K.

Tobacco smoking and cancer: a brief review of recent epidemiological evidence.

Lung Cancer 45 Suppl 2:S3-9 (2004)
DOI:10.1016/j.lungcan.2004.07.998

PMID:12612656 (marker)

Baldwin P, Laskey R, Coleman N.

Translational approaches to improving cervical screening.

Nat Rev Cancer 3:217-26 (2003)
DOI:10.1038/nrc1010

PMID:12797857 (marker)

Garland SM.

Can we really beat cervical cancer?

Med J Aust 178:647-9 (2003)
DOI:10.5694/j.1326-5377.2003.tb05396.x

PMID:14739059 (marker)

Gadducci A, Cosio S, Carpi A, Nicolini A, Genazzani AR.

Serum tumor markers in the management of ovarian, endometrial and cervical cancer.

Biomed Pharmacother 58:24-38 (2004)
DOI:10.1016/j.biopha.2003.11.003