Endometrial cancer

Endometrial cancer (EC) is the most common gynaecological malignancy and the fourth most common malignancy in women in the developed world after breast, colorectal and lung cancer. Two types of endometrial carcinoma are distinguished with respect to biology and clinical course. Type-I carcinoma is related to hyperestrogenism by association with endometrial hyperplasia, frequent expression of estrogen and progesterone receptors and younger age, whereas type-II carcinoma is unrelated to estrogen, associated with atrophic endometrium, frequent lack of estrogen and progesterone receptors and older age. The morphologic differences in these cancers are mirrored in their molecular genetic profile with type I showing defects in DNA-mismatch repair and mutations in PTEN, K-ras, and beta-catenin, and type II showing aneuploidy, p53 mutations, and her2/neu amplification.

Cancer

nt06271  Endometrial cancer

K-ras (mutational activation) [HSA:3845] [KO:K07827]
beta-Catenin (mutation) [HSA:1499] [KO:K02105]
ERBB2 (amplification) [HSA:2064] [KO:K05083]
PTEN (mutation, deletions, methylation) [HSA:5728] [KO:K01110]
p53 (mutation) [HSA:7157] [KO:K04451]
MLH1 (mutation, methylation) [HSA:4292] [KO:K08734]

Estrogen therapy, postmenopausal
Tamoxifen [CPD:C07108]

Medroxyprogesterone acetate [DR:D00951]
Lenvatinib mesylate [DR:D09920]
Pembrolizumab [DR:D10574] (MSI-H or dMMR)

ICD-O: 9380/3, Tumor type: Endometrioid adenocarcinoma
ICD-O: 8441/3, Tumor type: Serous adenocarcinoma

PMID:17028294 (gene, tumor type)

Hecht JL, Mutter GL.

Molecular and pathologic aspects of endometrial carcinogenesis.

J Clin Oncol 24:4783-91 (2006)
DOI:10.1200/JCO.2006.06.7173

PMID:15947972 (tumor type)

Ryan AJ, Susil B, Jobling TW, Oehler MK.

Endometrial cancer.

Cell Tissue Res 322:53-61 (2005)
DOI:10.1007/s00441-005-1109-5

PMID:12583434

Salvesen HB, Akslen LA.

Molecular pathogenesis and prognostic factors in endometrial carcinoma.

APMIS 110:673-89 (2002)
DOI:10.1034/j.1600-0463.2002.1101001.x

PMID:16508724

Shiozawa T, Konishi I.

Early endometrial carcinoma: clinicopathology, hormonal aspects, molecular genetics, diagnosis, and treatment.

Int J Clin Oncol 11:13-21 (2006)
DOI:10.1007/s10147-005-0546-1

PMID:17464097 (carcinogen)

Ito K.

Hormone replacement therapy and cancers: the biological roles of estrogen and progestin in tumorigenesis are different between the endometrium and breast.

Tohoku J Exp Med 212:1-12 (2007)
DOI:10.1620/tjem.212.1

PMID:17198307 (carcinogen)

Yeh IT.

Postmenopausal hormone replacement therapy: endometrial and breast effects.

Adv Anat Pathol 14:17-24 (2007)
DOI:10.1097/PAP.0b013e31802ef00f

PMID:10383884 (carcinogen)

White IN.

The tamoxifen dilemma.

Carcinogenesis 20:1153-60 (1999)
DOI:10.1093/carcin/20.7.1153

PMID:15203746 (marker)

Marjoniemi VM.

Immunohistochemistry in gynaecological pathology: a review.

Pathology 36:109-19 (2004)
DOI:10.1080/00313020410001671948

PMID:15188130 (marker)

Prat J.

Prognostic parameters of endometrial carcinoma.

Hum Pathol 35:649-62 (2004)
DOI:10.1016/j.humpath.2004.02.007

PMID:14739059 (marker)

Gadducci A, Cosio S, Carpi A, Nicolini A, Genazzani AR.

Serum tumor markers in the management of ovarian, endometrial and cervical cancer.

Biomed Pharmacother 58:24-38 (2004)
DOI:10.1016/j.biopha.2003.11.003