Asthma

Asthma is a complex syndrome with many clinical phenotypes in both adults and children. Its major characteristics include a variable degree of airflow obstruction, bronchial hyperresponsiveness, and airway inflammation. Inhaled allergens encounter antigen presenting cells (APC) that line the airway. Upon recognition of the antigen and activation by APC, naive T cells differentiate into TH2 cells. Activated TH2 stimulate the formation of IgE by B cells. IgE molecules bind to IgE receptors located on mast cells. The crosslinking of mast-cell-bound IgE by allergens leads to the release of biologically active mediators (histamine, leukotrienes) by means of degranulation and, so, to the immediate symptoms of allergy. Mast cells also release chemotactic factors that contribute to the recruitment of inflammatory cells, particularly eosinophils, whose proliferation and differentiation from bone marrow progenitors is promoted by IL-5. The activation of eosinophils leads to release of toxic granules and oxygen free radicals that lead to tissue damage and promote the development of chronic inflammation.

Immune system disease

IL4 (polymorphism) [HSA:3565] [KO:K05430]
IL4RA (polymorphism) [HSA:3566] [KO:K05071]
IL13 (polymorphism) [HSA:3596] [KO:K05435]
FCER1B (polymorphism) [HSA:2206] [KO:K08090]
TNFA (polymorphism) [HSA:7124] [KO:K03156]
ADAM33 (polymorphism) [HSA:80332] [KO:K08616]
CD14 (polymorphism) [HSA:929] [KO:K04391]
HLA-DRB1 (polymorphism) [HSA:3123] [KO:K06752]
HLA-DQB1 (polymorphism) [HSA:3119] [KO:K06752]
ADRB2 (polymorphism) [HSA:154] [KO:K04142]

Particulate matter
Diesel exhaust
NO2 (nitrogen dioxide)
Passive smoking/environmental tobacco smoke (ETS)
Ozone
Sulfur dioxide [CPD:C09306]

Triamcinolone acetonide [DR:D00983]
Dexamethasone [DR:D00292]
Dexamethasone sodium phosphate [DR:D00975]
Hydrocortisone [DR:D00088]
Hydrocortisone sodium succinate [DR:D00978]
Prednisolone [DR:D00472]
Prednisolone sodium phosphate [DR:D00981]
Prednisone [DR:D00473]
Budesonide [DR:D00246]
Beclomethasone dipropionate [DR:D00689]
Methylprednisolone [DR:D00407]
Methylprednisolone sodium succinate [DR:D00751]
Methylprednisolone acetate [DR:D00979]
Mometasone furoate [DR:D00690]
Fluticasone propionate [DR:D01708]
Fluticasone furoate [DR:D06315]
Dupilumab [DR:D10354]
Cortisone acetate [DR:D00973]
Flunisolide [DR:D00324]
Ciclesonide [DR:D01703]
Salmeterol xinafoate and fluticasone propionate [DR:D08699]
Metaproterenol sulfate [DR:D00685]
Terbutaline sulfate [DR:D00688]
Salmeterol xinafoate [DR:D00687]
Formoterol fumarate [DR:D01373]
Budesonide and formoterol fumarate dihydrate [DR:D09595]
Mometasone furoate and formoterol fumarate [DR:D10295]
Fluticasone furoate and vilanterol trifenatate [DR:D10501]
Tiotropium bromide hydrate [DR:D01929]
Theophylline [DR:D00371]
Aminophylline hydrate [DR:D05429]
Aminophylline dihydrate [DR:D11630]
Theophylline and dextrose [DR:D10297]
Zafirlukast [DR:D00411]
Montelukast sodium [DR:D00529]
Omalizumab [DR:D05251]
Reslizumab [DR:D08985]
Mepolizumab [DR:D04923]
Benralizumab [DR:D09874]
Zileuton [DR:D00414]

Allergen:
Furred pet (cat, dog)
Dust mite
Cockroach
Rodent (rat, mouse)
Mold
Pollen (tree, grass, weed)

PMID:18446588

Warrier MR, Hershey GK.

Asthma genetics: personalizing medicine.

J Asthma 45:257-64 (2008)
DOI:10.1080/02770900801966180

PMID:11172168

Busse WW, Lemanske RF Jr.

Asthma.

N Engl J Med 344:350-62 (2001)
DOI:10.1056/NEJM200102013440507

PMID:18301422

Vercelli D.

Discovering susceptibility genes for asthma and allergy.

Nat Rev Immunol 8:169-82 (2008)
DOI:10.1038/nri2257

PMID:16395390

Ober C, Hoffjan S.

Asthma genetics 2006: the long and winding road to gene discovery.

Genes Immun 7:95-100 (2006)
DOI:10.1038/sj.gene.6364284

PMID:17050746 (env_factor)

Castro-Giner F, Kauffmann F, de Cid R, Kogevinas M.

Gene-environment interactions in asthma.

Occup Environ Med 63:776-86, 761 (2006)
DOI:10.1136/oem.2004.019216

PMID:18426614 (env_factor, allergen)

Diette GB, McCormack MC, Hansel NN, Breysse PN, Matsui EC.

Environmental issues in managing asthma.

Respir Care 53:602-15; discussion 616-7 (2008)

PMID:16164436 (env_factor)

D'Amato G, Liccardi G, D'Amato M, Holgate S.

Environmental risk factors and allergic bronchial asthma.

Clin Exp Allergy 35:1113-24 (2005)
DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2222.2005.02328.x

PMID:17099035 (marker)

Kharitonov SA, Barnes PJ.

Exhaled biomarkers.

Chest 130:1541-6 (2006)
DOI:10.1378/chest.130.5.1541

PMID:9624291 (marker)

Jatakanon A, Lim S, Kharitonov SA, Chung KF, Barnes PJ.

Correlation between exhaled nitric oxide, sputum eosinophils, and methacholine responsiveness in patients with mild asthma.

Thorax 53:91-5 (1998)
DOI:10.1136/thx.53.2.91

PMID:12101782 (marker)

Kharitonov SA, Barnes PJ.

Biomarkers of some pulmonary diseases in exhaled breath.

Biomarkers 7:1-32 (2002)
DOI:10.1080/13547500110104233

(drug)

Papadakis MA and McPhee SJ |(ed)

Current Medical Diagnosis & Treatment 2015, Fifty-Fourth Edition

McGraw Hill Education

PMID:16581556 (allergen)

Zeldin DC, Eggleston P, Chapman M, Piedimonte G, Renz H, Peden D.

How exposures to biologics influence the induction and incidence of asthma.

Environ Health Perspect 114:620-6 (2006)
DOI:10.1289/ehp.8379