Rheumatoid arthritis

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a common autoimmune disease that primarily manifests as chronic inflammatory arthropathy. Persistent synovitis leads to cartilage destruction, bone erosions and periarticular decalcification, subsequently resulting in impaired joint function. It is more common between the ages of 35 and 50 years, affecting three times more women than men. Susceptibility to RA is genetically determined with multiple genes contributing. Inheritance of HLA DRB1 alleles encoding a distinctive five-amino-acid sequence known as the "shared epitope" (SE) is the best characterized genetic risk factor. The mechanism by which the SE alleles contribute to the development of RA is not very clear. It has been postulated that the presence of these conserved sequences in the antigen-binding groove alters the way antigenic peptides are bound to and presented to T-cell lymphocytes. This, in turn, may trigger abnormal immune responses and lead to RA.

Autoimmune disease

Triamcinolone acetonide [DR:D00983]
Dexamethasone [DR:D00292]
Dexamethasone sodium phosphate [DR:D00975]
Hydrocortisone [DR:D00088]
Hydrocortisone sodium succinate [DR:D00978]
Prednisolone [DR:D00472]
Prednisolone sodium phosphate [DR:D00981]
Prednisone [DR:D00473]
Sulfasalazine [DR:D00448]
Indomethacin [DR:D00141]
Methylprednisolone [DR:D00407]
Methylprednisolone sodium succinate [DR:D00751]
Methylprednisolone acetate [DR:D00979]
Corticotropin [DR:D00146]
Cortisone acetate [DR:D00973]
Methotrexate [DR:D00142]
Methotrexate sodium [DR:D02115]
Rituximab [DR:D02994]
Leflunomide [DR:D00749]
Abatacept [DR:D03203]
Tofacitinib citrate [DR:D09783]
Baricitinib [DR:D10308]
Upadacitinib hydrate [DR:D11048]
Etanercept [DR:D00742]
Infliximab [DR:D02598]
Adalimumab [DR:D02597]
Certolizumab pegol [DR:D03441]
Golimumab [DR:D04358]
Anakinra [DR:D02934]
Tocilizumab [DR:D02596]
Sarilumab [DR:D10161]
Cyclosporine [DR:D00184]
Azathioprine [DR:D00238]
Diclofenac sodium and misoprostol [DR:D11091]
Piroxicam [DR:D00127]
Fenoprofen calcium [DR:D00968]
Flurbiprofen [DR:D00330]
Oxaprozin [DR:D00463]
Ibuprofen and famotidine [DR:D11575]
Naproxen and esomeprazole magnesium [DR:D11576]
Meclofenamate sodium [DR:D00169]
Auranofin [DR:D00237]
Salsalate [DR:D00428]
Hydroxychloroquine sulfate [DR:D02114]
Lobenzarit sodium [DR:D01808]

PMID:27338350 (gene, drug)

Chung IM, Ketharnathan S, Thiruvengadam M, Rajakumar G

Rheumatoid Arthritis: The Stride from Research to Clinical Practice.

Int J Mol Sci 17:E900 (2016)
DOI:10.3390/ijms17060900

(drug)

Papadakis MA and McPhee SJ |(ed)

Current Medical Diagnosis & Treatment 2015, Fifty-Fourth Edition

McGraw Hill Education

PMID:23998731 (drug)

Meier FM, Frerix M, Hermann W, Muller-Ladner U

Current immunotherapy in rheumatoid arthritis.

Immunotherapy 5:955-74 (2013)
DOI:10.2217/imt.13.94

PMID:22704962

Boissier MC, Semerano L, Challal S, Saidenberg-Kermanac'h N, Falgarone G

Rheumatoid arthritis: from autoimmunity to synovitis and joint destruction.

J Autoimmun 39:222-8 (2012)
DOI:10.1016/j.jaut.2012.05.021