Oxidoreductases;
Acting on the CH-OH group of donors;
With oxygen as acceptor
BRITE hierarchy

choline:oxygen 1-oxidoreductase

choline + 2 O2 + H2O = betaine + 2 H2O2 (overall reaction) [RN:R08212];
(1a) choline + O2 = betaine aldehyde + H2O2 [RN:R01022];
(1b) betaine aldehyde + O2 + H2O = betaine + H2O2 [RN:R08211]

R01022 R08211 R08212
Reaction

choline [CPD:C00114];
O2 [CPD:C00007];
H2O [CPD:C00001];
betaine aldehyde [CPD:C00576]

A flavoprotein (FAD). In many bacteria, plants and animals, the osmoprotectant betaine is synthesized using different enzymes to catalyse the conversion of (1) choline into betaine aldehyde and (2) betaine aldehyde into betaine. In plants, the first reaction is catalysed by EC 1.14.15.7, choline monooxygenase, whereas in animals and many bacteria, it is catalysed by either membrane-bound choline dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.99.1) or soluble choline oxidase (EC 1.1.3.17) [6]. The enzyme involved in the second step, EC 1.2.1.8, betaine-aldehyde dehydrogenase, appears to be the same in those plants, animals and bacteria that use two separate enzymes.

EC 1.1.3.17 created 1978, modified 2005, modified 2007

1  [PMID:599154]

Ikuta S, Imamura S, Misaki H, Horiuti Y.

Purification and characterization of choline oxidase from Arthrobacter globiformis.

J Biochem (Tokyo) 82:1741-9 (1977)
DOI:10.1093/oxfordjournals.jbchem.a131872

2  [PMID:1987142]

Rozwadowski KL, Khachatourians GG, Selvaraj G.

Choline oxidase, a catabolic enzyme in Arthrobacter pascens, facilitates adaptation to osmotic stress in Escherichia coli.

J Bacteriol 173:472-8 (1991)
DOI:10.1128/JB.173.2.472-478.1991

3  [PMID:12795615]

Rand T, Halkier T, Hansen OC

Structural characterization and mapping of the covalently linked FAD cofactor in choline oxidase from Arthrobacter globiformis.

Biochemistry 42:7188-94 (2003)
DOI:10.1021/bi0274266

4  [PMID:15369826]

Gadda G, Powell NL, Menon P.

The trimethylammonium headgroup of choline is a major determinant for substrate binding and specificity in choline oxidase.

Arch Biochem Biophys 430:264-73 (2004)
DOI:10.1016/j.abb.2004.07.011

5  [PMID:15713082]

Fan F, Gadda G.

On the catalytic mechanism of choline oxidase.

J Am Chem Soc 127:2067-74 (2005)
DOI:10.1021/ja044541q

6  [PMID:12466265]

Waditee R, Tanaka Y, Aoki K, Hibino T, Jikuya H, Takano J, Takabe T, Takabe T

Isolation and functional characterization of N-methyltransferases that catalyze betaine synthesis from glycine in a halotolerant photosynthetic organism Aphanothece halophytica.

J Biol Chem 278:4932-42 (2003)
DOI:10.1074/jbc.M210970200

7  [PMID:14678796]

Fan F, Ghanem M, Gadda G

Cloning, sequence analysis, and purification of choline oxidase from Arthrobacter globiformis: a bacterial enzyme involved in osmotic stress tolerance.

Arch Biochem Biophys 421:149-58 (2004)
DOI:10.1016/j.abb.2003.10.003

[ag:AAP68832]

8  [PMID:12637017]

Gadda G.

Kinetic mechanism of choline oxidase from Arthrobacter globiformis.

Biochim Biophys Acta 1646:112-8 (2003)
DOI:10.1016/S1570-9639(03)00003-7