The Ras proteins are GTPases that function as molecular switches for signaling pathways regulating cell proliferation, survival, growth, migration, differentiation or cytoskeletal dynamism. Ras proteins transduce signals from extracellular growth factors by cycling between inactive GDP-bound and active GTP-bound states. The exchange of GTP for GDP on RAS is regulated by guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs) and GTPase-activating proteins (GAPs). Activated RAS (RAS-GTP) regulates multiple cellular functions through effectors including Raf, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) and Ral guanine nucleotide-dissociation stimulator (RALGDS).

Environmental Information Processing; Signal transduction
BRITE hierarchy

nt06213  Other RAS signaling
nt06260  Colorectal cancer
nt06262  Pancreatic cancer
nt06266  Non-small cell lung cancer

Homo sapiens (human) [GN:hsa]

PMID:18568040

Karnoub AE, Weinberg RA

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Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 9:517-31 (2008)
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Nat Rev Cancer 3:459-65 (2003)
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Nat Rev Cancer 7:295-308 (2007)
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Cell Commun Adhes 19:1-9 (2012)
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Nat Rev Cancer 11:775-91 (2011)
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PMID:14663478

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PMID:18413813

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Targeting Ras in myeloid leukemias.

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The chromosomal instability pathway in colon cancer.

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PMID:12217381

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Mol Immunol 38:1181-6 (2002)
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Trends Immunol 34:259-68 (2013)
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Mol Cell Biol 24:10515-28 (2004)
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PMID:10712923

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Curr Opin Cell Biol 12:157-65 (2000)
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PMID:21111786

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Biochim Biophys Acta 1815:170-88 (2011)
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PMID:18437264

Iwashita S, Song SY

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Mol Biosyst 4:213-22 (2008)
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PMID:15062121

Ory S, Morrison DK

Signal transduction: implications for Ras-dependent ERK signaling.

Curr Biol 14:R277-8 (2004)
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PMID:19091743

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Signaling threshold regulation by the Ras effector IMP.

J Biol Chem 284:11007-11 (2009)
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PMID:20602996

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Cell signaling by receptor tyrosine kinases.

Cell 141:1117-34 (2010)
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Skaper SD

The neurotrophin family of neurotrophic factors: an overview.

Methods Mol Biol 846:1-12 (2012)
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