Entry
Name
Thermogenesis - Loxodonta africana (African savanna elephant)
Description
Thermogenesis is essential for warm-blooded animals, ensuring normal cellular and physiological function under conditions of environmental challenge. Thermogenesis in brown and beige adipose tissue is mainly controlled by norepinephrine, which is released from sympathetic nervous system in response to cold or dietary stimuli. The mitochondrial uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) is responsible for the process whereby chemical energy is converted into heat in these adipocytes. Activation of these adipocytes leads to an increase in calorie consumption and is expected to improve overweight conditions, providing a potential strategy for treating obesity and its related metabolic disorders.
Class
Organismal Systems; Environmental adaptation
BRITE hierarchy
Pathway map
Ortholog table
Other DBs
Organism
Loxodonta africana (African savanna elephant) [GN:
lav ]
Gene
100655206 guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(s) subunit alpha isoform X1 [KO:K04632 ]
100675162 CREB1; cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 1 isoform X1 [KO:K05870 ]
100653565 CREB3L1; cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 3-like protein 1 [KO:K09048 ]
100673694 CREB3L4; cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 3-like protein 4 [KO:K09048 ]
100666211 CREB3L2; cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 3-like protein 2 [KO:K09048 ]
100670574 CREB3L3; cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 3-like protein 3 [KO:K09048 ]
100677344 CREB3; cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 3 isoform X1 [KO:K09048 ]
100675079 CREB5; cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 5 isoform X1 [KO:K09047 ]
100656582 UCP1; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: mitochondrial brown fat uncoupling protein 1 [KO:K08769 ]
100654830 SMARCA2; probable global transcription activator SNF2L2 isoform X2 [KO:K11647 ] [EC:5.6.2.-]
100659543 SMARCA4; transcription activator BRG1 isoform X1 [KO:K11647 ] [EC:5.6.2.-]
100674942 SMARCB1; SWI/SNF-related matrix-associated actin-dependent regulator of chromatin subfamily B member 1 isoform X1 [KO:K11648 ]
100659599 SMARCD1; SWI/SNF-related matrix-associated actin-dependent regulator of chromatin subfamily D member 1 [KO:K11650 ]
100673764 SMARCD3; SWI/SNF-related matrix-associated actin-dependent regulator of chromatin subfamily D member 3 isoform X2 [KO:K11650 ]
100670155 SMARCD2; SWI/SNF-related matrix-associated actin-dependent regulator of chromatin subfamily D member 2 [KO:K11650 ]
100658784 SMARCE1; SWI/SNF-related matrix-associated actin-dependent regulator of chromatin subfamily E member 1 isoform X1 [KO:K11651 ]
100673206 AT-rich interactive domain-containing protein 1A isoform X1 [KO:K11653 ]
100656075 ARID1B; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: AT-rich interactive domain-containing protein 1B [KO:K11653 ]
100654408 PPARG; peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma isoform X1 [KO:K08530 ]
100654985 PPARGC1A; peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha isoform X2 [KO:K07202 ]
100657989 ATF2; cyclic AMP-dependent transcription factor ATF-2 isoform X1 [KO:K04450 ]
100661893 FGF21; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: fibroblast growth factor 21 [KO:K22429 ]
100665273 PRKAB2; 5'-AMP-activated protein kinase subunit beta-2 isoform X1 [KO:K07199 ]
100676546 PRKAB1; 5'-AMP-activated protein kinase subunit beta-1 [KO:K07199 ]
100669727 PRKAG1; 5'-AMP-activated protein kinase subunit gamma-1 isoform X2 [KO:K07200 ]
100675348 PRKAG3; 5'-AMP-activated protein kinase subunit gamma-3 [KO:K07200 ]
100672035 PRKAG2; 5'-AMP-activated protein kinase subunit gamma-2 [KO:K07200 ]
100667934 FRS2; fibroblast growth factor receptor substrate 2 isoform X3 [KO:K12461 ]
100657379 SOS1; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: son of sevenless homolog 1 [KO:K03099 ]
100677530 NDUFS1; NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase 75 kDa subunit, mitochondrial isoform X1 [KO:K03934 ] [EC:7.1.1.2 ]
100654713 NDUFS2; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] iron-sulfur protein 2, mitochondrial isoform X1 [KO:K03935 ] [EC:7.1.1.2 ]
100671569 NDUFS3; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] iron-sulfur protein 3, mitochondrial isoform X1 [KO:K03936 ] [EC:7.1.1.2 ]
100665872 NDUFS4; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] iron-sulfur protein 4, mitochondrial [KO:K03937 ]
100669401 NDUFS5; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] iron-sulfur protein 5 [KO:K03938 ]
100658561 NDUFS6; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] iron-sulfur protein 6, mitochondrial [KO:K03939 ]
100677129 NDUFS7; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] iron-sulfur protein 7, mitochondrial [KO:K03940 ] [EC:7.1.1.2 ]
100671885 NDUFS8; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] iron-sulfur protein 8, mitochondrial [KO:K03941 ] [EC:7.1.1.2 ]
100669323 NDUFV1; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] flavoprotein 1, mitochondrial isoform X1 [KO:K03942 ] [EC:7.1.1.2 ]
100670560 NDUFV3; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] flavoprotein 3, mitochondrial isoform X1 [KO:K03944 ]
111751867 NDUFA1; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 1 [KO:K03945 ]
100654461 NDUFA2; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 2 [KO:K03946 ]
100661324 NDUFA3; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 3 [KO:K03947 ]
100676572 NDUFA4L2; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 4-like 2 [KO:K03948 ]
100661044 NDUFA5; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 5 [KO:K03949 ]
100654354 NDUFA6; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 6 [KO:K03950 ]
100663654 NDUFA7; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 7 [KO:K03951 ]
100675084 NDUFA8; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 8 [KO:K03952 ]
100669755 NDUFA9; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 9, mitochondrial [KO:K03953 ]
111752617 NDUFA10; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 10, mitochondrial [KO:K03954 ]
100675610 NDUFA11; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 11 [KO:K03956 ]
100661505 NDUFA12; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 12 [KO:K11352 ]
100674818 NDUFA13; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 13 isoform X1 [KO:K11353 ]
100660762 NDUFB1; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 beta subcomplex subunit 1 [KO:K03957 ]
100664407 NDUFB2; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 beta subcomplex subunit 2, mitochondrial [KO:K03958 ]
100661123 NDUFB3; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 beta subcomplex subunit 3 isoform X3 [KO:K03959 ]
100674815 NDUFB4; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 beta subcomplex subunit 4 [KO:K03960 ]
100669954 NDUFB5; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 beta subcomplex subunit 5, mitochondrial [KO:K03961 ]
100661329 NDUFB6; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 beta subcomplex subunit 6 [KO:K03962 ]
100675297 NDUFB7; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 beta subcomplex subunit 7 [KO:K03963 ]
100663225 NDUFB8; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 beta subcomplex subunit 8, mitochondrial [KO:K03964 ]
100659326 NDUFB9; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 beta subcomplex subunit 9 [KO:K03965 ]
100664859 NDUFB10; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 beta subcomplex subunit 10 [KO:K03966 ]
100659182 NDUFB11; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 beta subcomplex subunit 11, mitochondrial [KO:K11351 ]
100676791 NDUFC1; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 subunit C1, mitochondrial [KO:K03967 ]
104846185 NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 subunit C1, mitochondrial-like [KO:K03967 ]
100665724 NDUFAF1; complex I intermediate-associated protein 30, mitochondrial [KO:K18159 ]
100672314 NDUFAF2; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex assembly factor 2 isoform X1 [KO:K18160 ]
100656680 NDUFAF3; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex assembly factor 3 isoform X1 [KO:K09008 ]
100665463 NDUFAF4; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex assembly factor 4 [KO:K18161 ]
100668356 NDUFAF5; arginine-hydroxylase NDUFAF5, mitochondrial isoform X1 [KO:K18162 ] [EC:2.1.1.-]
100667384 NDUFAF6; NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) complex I, assembly factor 6 isoform X1 [KO:K18163 ]
100653954 NDUFAF7; protein arginine methyltransferase NDUFAF7, mitochondrial isoform X2 [KO:K18164 ]
100655385 NDUFAF8; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex assembly factor 8 [KO:K24726 ]
100141371 SDHA; succinate dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] flavoprotein subunit, mitochondrial [KO:K00234 ] [EC:1.3.5.1 ]
100141376 SDHB; succinate dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] iron-sulfur subunit, mitochondrial [KO:K00235 ] [EC:1.3.5.1 ]
100672637 SDHC; succinate dehydrogenase cytochrome b560 subunit, mitochondrial [KO:K00236 ]
100668090 SDHD; succinate dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] cytochrome b small subunit, mitochondrial [KO:K00237 ]
100655924 LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: succinate dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] cytochrome b small subunit, mitochondrial-like [KO:K00237 ]
100666414 LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: cytochrome c1, heme protein, mitochondrial [KO:K00413 ]
100676911 cytochrome b-c1 complex subunit 6, mitochondrial isoform X1 [KO:K00416 ]
100655578 cytochrome c oxidase subunit 4 isoform 1, mitochondrial [KO:K02263 ]
100659426 cytochrome c oxidase subunit 4 isoform 2, mitochondrial [KO:K02263 ]
100674944 cytochrome c oxidase subunit 6A1, mitochondrial isoform X1 [KO:K02266 ]
100659078 cytochrome c oxidase subunit 7A-related protein, mitochondrial isoform X2 [KO:K02270 ]
100657307 cytochrome c oxidase subunit 7A1, mitochondrial isoform X1 [KO:K02270 ]
100666553 cytochrome c oxidase assembly protein COX11, mitochondrial isoform X1 [KO:K02258 ]
104845421 cytochrome c oxidase assembly protein COX16 homolog, mitochondrial [KO:K18182 ]
100671307 cytochrome c oxidase assembly protein COX19 isoform X2 [KO:K18183 ]
100674533 cytochrome c oxidase assembly factor 3 homolog, mitochondrial [KO:K18175 ]
100661201 cytochrome c oxidase assembly factor 4 homolog, mitochondrial isoform X1 [KO:K18177 ]
100674720 LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: cytochrome c oxidase assembly factor 6 homolog [KO:K18179 ]
100655730 ATP5F1C; ATP synthase subunit gamma, mitochondrial isoform X1 [KO:K02136 ]
111748544 LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: ATP synthase subunit epsilon, mitochondrial-like [KO:K02135 ]
111749757 LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: ATP synthase subunit epsilon-like protein, mitochondrial [KO:K02135 ]
100670894 ATP5PO; ATP synthase subunit O, mitochondrial isoform X1 [KO:K02137 ]
100675936 ATP5PB; ATP synthase F(0) complex subunit B1, mitochondrial isoform X1 [KO:K02127 ]
100657700 ATP5MC3; ATP synthase F(0) complex subunit C3, mitochondrial [KO:K02128 ]
100675957 ATP5MC1; ATP synthase F(0) complex subunit C1, mitochondrial [KO:K02128 ]
100663668 ATP5MC2; ATP synthase F(0) complex subunit C2, mitochondrial isoform X2 [KO:K02128 ]
100657531 ATP5PF; ATP synthase-coupling factor 6, mitochondrial [KO:K02131 ]
100673952 SLC25A20; mitochondrial carnitine/acylcarnitine carrier protein [KO:K15109 ]
100673572 SLC25A29; mitochondrial basic amino acids transporter isoform X1 [KO:K15109 ]
Compound
Reference
Authors
Inagaki T, Sakai J, Kajimura S
Title
Transcriptional and epigenetic control of brown and beige adipose cell fate and function.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Harms M, Seale P
Title
Brown and beige fat: development, function and therapeutic potential.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Boon MR, Kooijman S, van Dam AD, Pelgrom LR, Berbee JF, Visseren CA, van Aggele RC, van den Hoek AM, Sips HC, Lombes M, Havekes LM, Tamsma JT, Guigas B, Meijer OC, Jukema JW, Rensen PC
Title
Peripheral cannabinoid 1 receptor blockade activates brown adipose tissue and diminishes dyslipidemia and obesity.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Merlin J, Evans BA, Dehvari N, Sato M, Bengtsson T, Hutchinson DS
Title
Could burning fat start with a brite spark? Pharmacological and nutritional ways to promote thermogenesis.
Journal
Reference
Authors
van Dam AD, Kooijman S, Schilperoort M, Rensen PC, Boon MR
Title
Regulation of brown fat by AMP-activated protein kinase.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Kooijman S, van den Heuvel JK, Rensen PC
Title
Neuronal Control of Brown Fat Activity.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Contreras C, Nogueiras R, Dieguez C, Rahmouni K, Lopez M
Title
Traveling from the hypothalamus to the adipose tissue: The thermogenic pathway.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Fruhbeck G, Mendez-Gimenez L, Fernandez-Formoso JA, Fernandez S, Rodriguez A
Title
Regulation of adipocyte lipolysis.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Tansey JT, Sztalryd C, Hlavin EM, Kimmel AR, Londos C
Title
The central role of perilipin a in lipid metabolism and adipocyte lipolysis.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Collins S, Yehuda-Shnaidman E, Wang H
Title
Positive and negative control of Ucp1 gene transcription and the role of beta-adrenergic signaling networks.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Robidoux J, Cao W, Quan H, Daniel KW, Moukdar F, Bai X, Floering LM, Collins S
Title
Selective activation of mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase kinase 3 and p38alpha MAP kinase is essential for cyclic AMP-dependent UCP1 expression in adipocytes.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Hattori K, Naguro I, Okabe K, Funatsu T, Furutani S, Takeda K, Ichijo H
Title
ASK1 signalling regulates brown and beige adipocyte function.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Abe Y, Rozqie R, Matsumura Y, Kawamura T, Nakaki R, Tsurutani Y, Tanimura-Inagaki K, Shiono A, Magoori K, Nakamura K, Ogi S, Kajimura S, Kimura H, Tanaka T, Fukami K, Osborne TF, Kodama T, Aburatani H, Inagaki T, Sakai J
Title
JMJD1A is a signal-sensing scaffold that regulates acute chromatin dynamics via SWI/SNF association for thermogenesis.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Dempersmier J, Sambeat A, Gulyaeva O, Paul SM, Hudak CS, Raposo HF, Kwan HY, Kang C, Wong RH, Sul HS
Title
Cold-inducible Zfp516 activates UCP1 transcription to promote browning of white fat and development of brown fat.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Sambeat A, Gulyaeva O, Dempersmier J, Tharp KM, Stahl A, Paul SM, Sul HS
Title
LSD1 Interacts with Zfp516 to Promote UCP1 Transcription and Brown Fat Program.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Villarroya F, Peyrou M, Giralt M
Title
Transcriptional regulation of the uncoupling protein-1 gene.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Cao W, Daniel KW, Robidoux J, Puigserver P, Medvedev AV, Bai X, Floering LM, Spiegelman BM, Collins S
Title
p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase is the central regulator of cyclic AMP-dependent transcription of the brown fat uncoupling protein 1 gene.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Hondares E, Iglesias R, Giralt A, Gonzalez FJ, Giralt M, Mampel T, Villarroya F
Title
Thermogenic activation induces FGF21 expression and release in brown adipose tissue.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Yao L, Cui X, Chen Q, Yang X, Fang F, Zhang J, Liu G, Jin W, Chang Y
Title
Cold-Inducible SIRT6 Regulates Thermogenesis of Brown and Beige Fat.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Klingenberg M
Title
UCP1 - A sophisticated energy valve.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Bertholet AM, Kirichok Y
Title
UCP1: A transporter for H(+) and fatty acid anions.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Betz MJ, Enerback S
Title
Targeting thermogenesis in brown fat and muscle to treat obesity and metabolic disease.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Tseng YH, Cypess AM, Kahn CR
Title
Cellular bioenergetics as a target for obesity therapy.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Fenzl A, Kiefer FW
Title
Brown adipose tissue and thermogenesis.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Minard AY, Tan SX, Yang P, Fazakerley DJ, Domanova W, Parker BL, Humphrey SJ, Jothi R, Stockli J, James DE
Title
mTORC1 Is a Major Regulatory Node in the FGF21 Signaling Network in Adipocytes.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Fisher FM, Kleiner S, Douris N, Fox EC, Mepani RJ, Verdeguer F, Wu J, Kharitonenkov A, Flier JS, Maratos-Flier E, Spiegelman BM
Title
FGF21 regulates PGC-1alpha and browning of white adipose tissues in adaptive thermogenesis.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Zois NE, Bartels ED, Hunter I, Kousholt BS, Olsen LH, Goetze JP
Title
Natriuretic peptides in cardiometabolic regulation and disease.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Indiveri C, Iacobazzi V, Tonazzi A, Giangregorio N, Infantino V, Convertini P, Console L, Palmieri F
Title
The mitochondrial carnitine/acylcarnitine carrier: function, structure and physiopathology.
Journal
Reference
Authors
McCoin CS, Knotts TA, Adams SH
Title
Acylcarnitines--old actors auditioning for new roles in metabolic physiology.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Ohtomo T, Ino K, Miyashita R, Chigira M, Nakamura M, Someya K, Inaba N, Fujita M, Takagi M, Yamada J
Title
Chronic high-fat feeding impairs adaptive induction of mitochondrial fatty acid combustion-associated proteins in brown adipose tissue of mice.
Journal
Related pathway
lav04923 Regulation of lipolysis in adipocytes
KO pathway
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