KEGG   PATHWAY: malb04210
Entry
malb04210                   Pathway                                
Name
Apoptosis - Monopterus albus (swamp eel)
Description
Apoptosis is a genetically programmed process for the elimination of damaged or redundant cells by activation of caspases (aspartate-specific cysteine proteases). The onset of apoptosis is controlled by numerous interrelating processes. The 'extrinsic' pathway involves stimulation of members of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor subfamily, such as TNFRI, CD95/Fas or TRAILR (death receptors), located at the cell surface, by their specific ligands, such as TNF-alpha, FasL or TRAIL, respectively. The 'intrinsic' pathway is activated mainly by non-receptor stimuli, such as DNA damage, ER stress, metabolic stress, UV radiation or growth-factor deprivation. The central event in the 'intrinsic' pathway is the mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization (MOMP), which leads to the release of cytochrome c. These two pathways converge at the level of effector caspases, such as caspase-3 and caspase-7. The third major pathway is initiated by the constituents of cytotoxic granules (e.g. Perforin and Granzyme B) that are released by CTLs (cytotoxic T-cells) and NK (natural killer) cells. Granzyme B, similarly to the caspases, cleaves its substrates after aspartic acid residues, suggesting that this protease has the ability to activate members of the caspase family directly. It is the balance between the pro-apoptotic and anti-apoptotic signals that eventually determines whether cells will undergo apoptosis, survive or proliferate. TNF family of ligands activates anti-apoptotic or cell-survival signals as well as apoptotic signals. NGF and Interleukin-3 promotes the survival, proliferation and differentiation of neurons or hematopoietic cells, respectively. Withdrawal of these growth factors leads to cell death, as described above.
Class
Cellular Processes; Cell growth and death
Pathway map
malb04210  Apoptosis
malb04210

Other DBs
GO: 0006915
Organism
Monopterus albus (swamp eel) [GN:malb]
Gene
109959445  tumor necrosis factor ligand superfamily member 10-like [KO:K04721]
109969628  tumor necrosis factor ligand superfamily member 10-like [KO:K04721]
109959755  tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 10B-like isoform X1 [KO:K04722]
109969775  tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 10B-like [KO:K04722]
109955330  tumor necrosis factor ligand superfamily member 6-like [KO:K04389]
109952425  tumor necrosis factor ligand superfamily member 6-like [KO:K04389]
109960379  tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 6-like [KO:K04390]
109967863  fadd; FAS-associated death domain protein [KO:K02373]
109974719  tumor necrosis factor-like [KO:K03156]
109966194  tnfrsf1a; tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 1A [KO:K03158]
109972122  tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 1A-like isoform X1 [KO:K03158]
109965769  tradd; tumor necrosis factor receptor type 1-associated DEATH domain protein [KO:K03171]
109957132  cflar; CASP8 and FADD-like apoptosis regulator [KO:K04724]
109958094  caspase-8-like isoform X1 [KO:K04398] [EC:3.4.22.61]
109958095  caspase-10-like isoform X1 [KO:K04400] [EC:3.4.22.63]
109955561  casp6; caspase-6 [KO:K04396] [EC:3.4.22.59]
109957512  casp3; caspase-3 isoform X1 [KO:K02187] [EC:3.4.22.56]
109972113  caspase-3-like [KO:K02187] [EC:3.4.22.56]
109963005  casp7; caspase-7 [KO:K04397] [EC:3.4.22.60]
109951188  caspase-3-like [KO:K04397] [EC:3.4.22.60]
109961799  BH3-interacting domain death agonist-like [KO:K04726]
109964251  bax; apoptosis regulator BAX [KO:K02159]
109967870  apoptosis regulator BAX-like [KO:K02159]
109973692  apoptosis regulator BAX-like [KO:K02159]
109953201  diablo homolog, mitochondrial-like isoform X1 [KO:K10522]
109969732  diablo homolog, mitochondrial-like [KO:K10522]
109960219  septin-5-like [KO:K16943]
109955094  serine protease HTRA2, mitochondrial-like [KO:K08669] [EC:3.4.21.108]
109954440  cytochrome c iso-1/iso-2-like [KO:K08738]
109952284  cytochrome c [KO:K08738]
109958102  cytochrome c-b [KO:K08738]
109959862  apaf1; apoptotic protease-activating factor 1 isoform X1 [KO:K02084]
109967174  casp9; caspase-9 [KO:K04399] [EC:3.4.22.62]
109963196  LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: perforin-1-like [KO:K07818]
109961557  perforin-1-like [KO:K07818]
109954040  perforin-1-like [KO:K07818]
109957938  perforin-1-like [KO:K07818]
109973287  perforin-1-like [KO:K07818]
109966998  granzyme E-like [KO:K01353] [EC:3.4.21.79]
109962015  granzyme E-like [KO:K01353] [EC:3.4.21.79]
109962083  granzyme E-like [KO:K01353] [EC:3.4.21.79]
109962084  granzyme G-like [KO:K01353] [EC:3.4.21.79]
109966997  granzyme E-like [KO:K01353] [EC:3.4.21.79]
109957168  granzyme B-like [KO:K01353] [EC:3.4.21.79]
109964366  tubulin alpha chain-like [KO:K07374]
109964367  tubulin alpha-4A chain [KO:K07374]
109964369  tubulin alpha chain [KO:K07374]
109960573  tubulin alpha chain-like [KO:K07374]
109952579  tubulin alpha-1A chain-like [KO:K07374]
109952595  tubulin alpha-1B chain-like [KO:K07374]
109952596  tubulin alpha-1 chain-like [KO:K07374]
109955658  tubulin alpha-1A chain-like [KO:K07374]
109951220  tubulin alpha-1B chain isoform X1 [KO:K07374]
109975055  tubulin alpha-1B chain-like [KO:K07374]
109968964  induced myeloid leukemia cell differentiation protein Mcl-1-like [KO:K02539]
109973284  actin, cytoplasmic 2 [KO:K05692]
109972432  actb; actin, cytoplasmic 1 [KO:K05692]
109970871  sptan1; spectrin alpha chain, non-erythrocytic 1 isoform X1 [KO:K06114]
109958689  lamin-A-like isoform X1 [KO:K12641]
109974709  lmna; lamin [KO:K12641]
109972203  lmnb2; lamin-B2 [KO:K07611]
109970874  lmnb1; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: lamin-B1 [KO:K07611]
109974551  lamin-L(III)-like [KO:K07611]
109954411  parp1; poly [ADP-ribose] polymerase 1 [KO:K24070] [EC:2.4.2.30]
109964443  parp3; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: poly [ADP-ribose] polymerase 3 [KO:K10798] [EC:2.4.2.30]
109953045  parp4; poly [ADP-ribose] polymerase 4 isoform X1 [KO:K10798] [EC:2.4.2.30]
109951572  parp2; poly [ADP-ribose] polymerase 2 isoform X1 [KO:K10798] [EC:2.4.2.30]
109969931  dffa; DNA fragmentation factor subunit alpha isoform X1 [KO:K02310]
109967115  dffb; DNA fragmentation factor subunit beta [KO:K02311] [EC:3.-.-.-]
109957367  LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: endonuclease G, mitochondrial-like [KO:K01173]
109959575  aifm1; apoptosis-inducing factor 1, mitochondrial [KO:K04727] [EC:1.-.-.-]
109968226  serine/threonine-protein kinase/endoribonuclease IRE1-like isoform X1 [KO:K08852] [EC:2.7.11.1 3.1.26.-]
109971528  ern1; serine/threonine-protein kinase/endoribonuclease IRE1 [KO:K08852] [EC:2.7.11.1 3.1.26.-]
109959637  TNF receptor-associated factor 2-like isoform X1 [KO:K03173] [EC:2.3.2.27]
109960623  traf2; TNF receptor-associated factor 2 [KO:K03173] [EC:2.3.2.27]
109969783  TNF receptor-associated factor 2-like [KO:K03173] [EC:2.3.2.27]
109956043  inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor type 1 isoform X1 [KO:K04958]
109956224  LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor type 1-like [KO:K04958]
109970756  itpr2; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor type 2 [KO:K04959]
109970976  itpr3; inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor type 3 [KO:K04960]
109961588  calpain-1 catalytic subunit-like isoform X1 [KO:K01367] [EC:3.4.22.52]
109971454  calpain-1 catalytic subunit-like [KO:K01367] [EC:3.4.22.52]
109971825  calpain-1 catalytic subunit-like [KO:K01367] [EC:3.4.22.52]
109973686  calpain-1 catalytic subunit-like [KO:K01367] [EC:3.4.22.52]
109960723  calpain-2 catalytic subunit-like [KO:K03853] [EC:3.4.22.53]
109971792  LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: calpain-2 catalytic subunit-like [KO:K03853] [EC:3.4.22.53]
109971799  LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: calpain-2 catalytic subunit-like [KO:K03853] [EC:3.4.22.53]
109971826  calpain-2 catalytic subunit-like [KO:K03853] [EC:3.4.22.53]
109962460  eif2ak3; eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2-alpha kinase 3 [KO:K08860] [EC:2.7.11.1]
109962271  eif2s1; eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 subunit 1 isoform X1 [KO:K03237]
109951619  cyclic AMP-dependent transcription factor ATF-4-like [KO:K04374]
109972433  cyclic AMP-dependent transcription factor ATF-4-like [KO:K04374]
109965745  ddit3; DNA damage-inducible transcript 3 protein [KO:K04452]
109953279  cathepsin B-like [KO:K01363] [EC:3.4.22.1]
109954568  ctsb; cathepsin B [KO:K01363] [EC:3.4.22.1]
109971607  ctsc; dipeptidyl peptidase 1 [KO:K01275] [EC:3.4.14.1]
109972414  LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: cathepsin D-like [KO:K01379] [EC:3.4.23.5]
109971559  ctsd; cathepsin D [KO:K01379] [EC:3.4.23.5]
109957609  cathepsin F-like [KO:K01373] [EC:3.4.22.41]
109967274  ctsh; pro-cathepsin H [KO:K01366] [EC:3.4.22.16]
109968905  cathepsin K-like [KO:K01371] [EC:3.4.22.38]
109968961  cathepsin K-like [KO:K01371] [EC:3.4.22.38]
109962014  cathepsin L1-like [KO:K01365] [EC:3.4.22.15]
109955134  cathepsin L1-like [KO:K01365] [EC:3.4.22.15]
109951416  cathepsin L1-like [KO:K01365] [EC:3.4.22.15]
109951423  cathepsin L1-like isoform X1 [KO:K01365] [EC:3.4.22.15]
109951424  cathepsin L1-like [KO:K01365] [EC:3.4.22.15]
109951139  cathepsin L1-like [KO:K01365] [EC:3.4.22.15]
109964273  ctso; cathepsin O [KO:K01374] [EC:3.4.22.42]
109968960  cathepsin S-like [KO:K01368] [EC:3.4.22.27]
109956083  ctsz; cathepsin Z [KO:K08568] [EC:3.4.18.1]
109955289  cathepsin Z-like [KO:K08568] [EC:3.4.18.1]
109972033  cathepsin Z-like [KO:K08568] [EC:3.4.18.1]
109959278  baculoviral IAP repeat-containing protein 2-like [KO:K16060]
109957605  xiap; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase XIAP [KO:K04725] [EC:2.3.2.27]
109955160  E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase XIAP-like [KO:K04725] [EC:2.3.2.27]
109969183  baculoviral IAP repeat-containing protein 5.2-like [KO:K08731]
109971546  baculoviral IAP repeat-containing protein 5.1-like [KO:K08731]
109961081  bcl2l11; bcl-2-like protein 11 isoform X1 [KO:K16341]
109956293  LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: bcl-2-like protein 1 [KO:K04570]
109974129  LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: bcl-2-like protein 1 [KO:K04570]
109957760  apoptosis regulator Bcl-2-like [KO:K02161]
109970749  daxx; death domain-associated protein 6 [KO:K02308]
109957635  ripk1; receptor-interacting serine/threonine-protein kinase 1 isoform X1 [KO:K02861] [EC:2.7.11.1]
109957408  disabled homolog 2-interacting protein-like [KO:K19901]
109971339  dab2ip; disabled homolog 2-interacting protein isoform X1 [KO:K19901]
109954686  mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 5-like isoform X1 [KO:K04426] [EC:2.7.11.25]
109962300  map3k5; mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 5 [KO:K04426] [EC:2.7.11.25]
109961054  mapk8; mitogen-activated protein kinase 8 isoform X1 [KO:K04440] [EC:2.7.11.24]
109973158  mitogen-activated protein kinase 9-like isoform X1 [KO:K04440] [EC:2.7.11.24]
109969172  mitogen-activated protein kinase 8-like [KO:K04440] [EC:2.7.11.24]
109972323  mapk10; mitogen-activated protein kinase 10 [KO:K04440] [EC:2.7.11.24]
109965841  bad; bcl2-associated agonist of cell death [KO:K02158]
109952420  LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: transcription factor AP-1-like [KO:K04448]
109970646  jun; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: transcription factor AP-1 [KO:K04448]
109955143  proto-oncogene c-Fos-like isoform X1 [KO:K04379]
109969997  proto-oncogene c-Fos-like [KO:K04379]
109970022  proto-oncogene c-Fos-like [KO:K04379]
109951400  tp53; cellular tumor antigen p53 [KO:K04451]
109964259  mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 14-like isoform X1 [KO:K04466] [EC:2.7.11.25]
109962735  uncharacterized protein LOC109962735 isoform X1 [KO:K04466] [EC:2.7.11.25]
109961044  inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa-B kinase subunit alpha-like isoform X1 [KO:K04467] [EC:2.7.11.10]
109962729  kctd2; BTB/POZ domain-containing protein KCTD2 isoform X1 [KO:K04467] [EC:2.7.11.10]
109956664  ikbkb; inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa-B kinase subunit beta [KO:K07209] [EC:2.7.11.10]
109969980  NF-kappa-B essential modulator-like isoform X1 [KO:K07210]
109972831  nfkbia; NF-kappa-B inhibitor alpha [KO:K04734]
109969835  NF-kappa-B inhibitor alpha-like [KO:K04734]
109956744  nfkb1; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: nuclear factor NF-kappa-B p105 subunit [KO:K02580]
109969432  rela; transcription factor p65 [KO:K04735]
109972306  ptpn13; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 13 [KO:K02374]
109956503  growth arrest and DNA damage-inducible protein GADD45 gamma-like [KO:K04402]
109952067  growth arrest and DNA damage-inducible protein GADD45 beta-like [KO:K04402]
109965191  gadd45b; growth arrest and DNA damage-inducible protein GADD45 beta [KO:K04402]
109954145  growth arrest and DNA damage-inducible protein GADD45 gamma-like [KO:K04402]
109969313  gadd45a; growth arrest and DNA damage-inducible protein GADD45 alpha isoform X1 [KO:K04402]
109973653  growth arrest and DNA damage-inducible protein GADD45 gamma-like [KO:K04402]
109973654  growth arrest and DNA damage-inducible protein GADD45 gamma-like [KO:K04402]
109965752  growth arrest and DNA damage-inducible protein GADD45 alpha-like [KO:K04402]
109960285  atm; serine-protein kinase ATM [KO:K04728] [EC:2.7.11.1]
109951160  p53-induced death domain-containing protein 1-like [KO:K10130]
109966150  casp2; caspase-2 isoform X1 [KO:K02186] [EC:3.4.22.55]
109974568  nerve growth factor-like [KO:K02582]
109969589  nerve growth factor-like [KO:K02582]
109965566  ntrk1; high affinity nerve growth factor receptor isoform X1 [KO:K03176] [EC:2.7.10.1]
109972444  interleukin-3 receptor class 2 subunit beta-like isoform X1 [KO:K04738]
109951867  pik3cb; phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit beta isoform [KO:K00922] [EC:2.7.1.153]
109974067  phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit alpha isoform-like [KO:K00922] [EC:2.7.1.153]
109969865  pik3ca; phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit alpha isoform isoform X1 [KO:K00922] [EC:2.7.1.153]
109971552  pik3cd; phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit delta isoform isoform X1 [KO:K00922] [EC:2.7.1.153]
109957384  phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase regulatory subunit alpha-like isoform X1 [KO:K02649]
109965201  pik3r3; phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase regulatory subunit gamma isoform X1 [KO:K02649]
109969301  pik3r2; phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase regulatory subunit beta [KO:K02649]
109969763  pik3r1; phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase regulatory subunit alpha isoform X1 [KO:K02649]
109970672  phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase regulatory subunit gamma-like [KO:K02649]
109966856  phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase regulatory subunit gamma-like isoform X1 [KO:K02649]
109963581  pdpk1; 3-phosphoinositide-dependent protein kinase 1 isoform X1 [KO:K06276] [EC:2.7.11.1]
109962723  RAC-gamma serine/threonine-protein kinase isoform X1 [KO:K04456] [EC:2.7.11.1]
109960381  RAC-beta serine/threonine-protein kinase [KO:K04456] [EC:2.7.11.1]
109974815  RAC-gamma serine/threonine-protein kinase-like [KO:K04456] [EC:2.7.11.1]
109968350  akt1; RAC-alpha serine/threonine-protein kinase [KO:K04456] [EC:2.7.11.1]
109972703  RAC-beta serine/threonine-protein kinase-like [KO:K04456] [EC:2.7.11.1]
109970774  hras; GTPase HRas [KO:K02833]
109958833  GTPase HRas-like [KO:K07827]
109970760  kras; GTPase KRas isoform X1 [KO:K07827]
109966113  raf1; RAF proto-oncogene serine/threonine-protein kinase isoform X1 [KO:K04366] [EC:2.7.11.1]
109971216  map2k1; dual specificity mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 1 [KO:K04368] [EC:2.7.12.2]
109974179  dual specificity mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 2 [KO:K04369] [EC:2.7.12.2]
109967020  dual specificity mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 2-like [KO:K04369] [EC:2.7.12.2]
109958888  mitogen-activated protein kinase 1-like [KO:K04371] [EC:2.7.11.24]
109951143  mapk1; mitogen-activated protein kinase 1 [KO:K04371] [EC:2.7.11.24]
Compound
C00027  Hydrogen peroxide
C00076  Calcium cation
C00319  Sphingosine
C05981  Phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-trisphosphate
Reference
PMID:26615431
  Authors
Savitskaya MA, Onishchenko GE
  Title
Mechanisms of Apoptosis.
  Journal
Biochemistry (Mosc) 80:1393-417 (2015)
DOI:10.1134/S0006297915110012
Reference
PMID:23803157
  Authors
Schleich K, Lavrik IN
  Title
Mathematical modeling of apoptosis.
  Journal
Cell Commun Signal 11:44 (2013)
DOI:10.1186/1478-811X-11-44
Reference
PMID:15654015
  Authors
Lavrik I, Golks A, Krammer PH
  Title
Death receptor signaling.
  Journal
J Cell Sci 118:265-7 (2005)
DOI:10.1242/jcs.01610
Reference
PMID:15725726
  Authors
Jin Z, El-Deiry WS
  Title
Overview of cell death signaling pathways.
  Journal
Cancer Biol Ther 4:139-63 (2005)
DOI:10.4161/cbt.4.2.1508
Reference
PMID:15322527
  Authors
Benn SC, Woolf CJ
  Title
Adult neuron survival strategies--slamming on the brakes.
  Journal
Nat Rev Neurosci 5:686-700 (2004)
DOI:10.1038/nrn1477
Reference
PMID:12838338
  Authors
Orrenius S, Zhivotovsky B, Nicotera P
  Title
Regulation of cell death: the calcium-apoptosis link.
  Journal
Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 4:552-65 (2003)
DOI:10.1038/nrm1150
Reference
PMID:19148180
  Authors
Clarke P, Tyler KL
  Title
Apoptosis in animal models of virus-induced disease.
  Journal
Nat Rev Microbiol 7:144-55 (2009)
DOI:10.1038/nrmicro2071
Reference
PMID:22429822
  Authors
Wen X, Lin ZQ, Liu B, Wei YQ
  Title
Caspase-mediated programmed cell death pathways as potential therapeutic targets in cancer.
  Journal
Cell Prolif 45:217-24 (2012)
DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2184.2012.00814.x
Reference
PMID:25526085
  Authors
Shalini S, Dorstyn L, Dawar S, Kumar S
  Title
Old, new and emerging functions of caspases.
  Journal
Cell Death Differ 22:526-39 (2015)
DOI:10.1038/cdd.2014.216
Reference
PMID:15601572
  Authors
Philchenkov A
  Title
Caspases: potential targets for regulating cell death.
  Journal
J Cell Mol Med 8:432-44 (2004)
DOI:10.1111/j.1582-4934.2004.tb00468.x
Reference
PMID:9894605
  Authors
Stroh C, Schulze-Osthoff K
  Title
Death by a thousand cuts: an ever increasing list of caspase substrates.
  Journal
Cell Death Differ 5:997-1000 (1998)
DOI:10.1038/sj.cdd.4400451
Reference
PMID:23070002
  Authors
Safa AR
  Title
c-FLIP, a master anti-apoptotic regulator.
  Journal
Exp Oncol 34:176-84 (2012)
Reference
PMID:18304445
  Authors
Jeong SY, Seol DW
  Title
The role of mitochondria in apoptosis.
  Journal
BMB Rep 41:11-22 (2008)
DOI:10.5483/bmbrep.2008.41.1.011
Reference
PMID:20533903
  Authors
Parsons MJ, Green DR
  Title
Mitochondria in cell death.
  Journal
Essays Biochem 47:99-114 (2010)
DOI:10.1042/bse0470099
Reference
PMID:15719025
  Authors
Strasser A
  Title
The role of BH3-only proteins in the immune system.
  Journal
Nat Rev Immunol 5:189-200 (2005)
DOI:10.1038/nri1568
Reference
PMID:24278747
  Authors
Schonthal AH
  Title
Endoplasmic reticulum stress: its role in disease and novel prospects for therapy.
  Journal
Scientifica (Cairo) 2012:857516 (2012)
DOI:10.6064/2012/857516
Reference
PMID:21145844
  Authors
Malhi H, Kaufman RJ
  Title
Endoplasmic reticulum stress in liver disease.
  Journal
J Hepatol 54:795-809 (2011)
DOI:10.1016/j.jhep.2010.11.005
Reference
PMID:18023214
  Authors
Malhotra JD, Kaufman RJ
  Title
The endoplasmic reticulum and the unfolded protein response.
  Journal
Semin Cell Dev Biol 18:716-31 (2007)
DOI:10.1016/j.semcdb.2007.09.003
Reference
PMID:16397578
  Authors
Wu J, Kaufman RJ
  Title
From acute ER stress to physiological roles of the Unfolded Protein Response.
  Journal
Cell Death Differ 13:374-84 (2006)
DOI:10.1038/sj.cdd.4401840
Reference
PMID:21914490
  Authors
Repnik U, Stoka V, Turk V, Turk B
  Title
Lysosomes and lysosomal cathepsins in cell death.
  Journal
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Related
pathway
malb04010  MAPK signaling pathway
malb04020  Calcium signaling pathway
malb04115  p53 signaling pathway
malb04141  Protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum
KO pathway
ko04210   
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