KEGG ENZYME: 1.23.5.1

ENZYME: 1.23.5.1

Entry

EC 1.23.5.1                 Enzyme

Name

violaxanthin de-epoxidase;
VDE

Class

Oxidoreductases;
Reducing C-O-C group as acceptor;
With a quinone or similar compound as acceptor

Sysname

violaxanthin:ascorbate oxidoreductase

Reaction(IUBMB)

violaxanthin + 2 L-ascorbate = zeaxanthin + 2 L-dehydroascorbate + 2 H2O (overall reaction) [RN:R10055];
(1a) violaxanthin + L-ascorbate = antheraxanthin + L-dehydroascorbate + H2O [RN:R07178];
(1b) antheraxanthin + L-ascorbate = zeaxanthin + L-dehydroascorbate + H2O [RN:R07179]

Reaction(KEGG)

R07178 R07179 R10055

Substrate

violaxanthin [CPD:C08614];
L-ascorbate [CPD:C00072];
antheraxanthin [CPD:C08579]

Product

zeaxanthin [CPD:C06098];
L-dehydroascorbate [CPD:C05422];
H2O [CPD:C00001];
antheraxanthin [CPD:C08579]

Comment

Along with EC 1.14.15.21, zeaxanthin epoxidase, this enzyme forms part of the xanthophyll (or violaxanthin) cycle for controlling the concentration of zeaxanthin in chloroplasts. It is activated by a low pH of the thylakoid lumen (produced by high light intensity). Zeaxanthin induces the dissipation of excitation energy in the chlorophyll of the light-harvesting protein complex of photosystem II. In higher plants the enzyme reacts with all-trans-diepoxides, such as violaxanthin, and all-trans-monoepoxides, but in the alga Mantoniella squamata, only the diepoxides are good substrates.

History

EC 1.23.5.1 created 2005 as EC 1.10.99.3, transferred 2015 to EC 1.23.5.1

Pathway

ec00906

Carotenoid biosynthesis

ec01100

Metabolic pathways

ec01110

Biosynthesis of secondary metabolites

Orthology

K09839

violaxanthin de-epoxidase

Genes

AJM:

119048578

EAF:	111708017 111717370 111717442

HRF:

124127355

MYI:

110443578

PMAX:

117326486

AQU:

109580811

ATH:	AT1G08550(NPQ1)

ALY:

9325766

CRB:

17899434

CSAT:

104739447 104743187 104755037 104766742 104778627

EUS:	EUTSA_v10007587mg

BRP:

103871599

BNA:	106346323 106415200

BOE:

106295314

RSZ:	108843141 130509238

THJ:

104805797

CPAP:

110814926

CIT:	102577994(VDE)

CIC:	CICLE_v10019925mg

PVY:

116120711

MINC:

123209056

TCC:

18599962

GRA:

105804540

GHI:	107892463 107961898

GAB:

108470789

HSYR:

120133563 120185347 120213072

DZI:

111277831

EGR:

104432572

GMX:	100778118 100816085

GSJ:	114400542 114407765

PVU:	PHAVU_006G108200g

VRA:

106754170

VAR:

108343747

VUN:

114186755

VUM:

124837897

CCAJ:

109798128

APRC:

113860823

MTR:

11429816

TPRA:

123889613

CAM:

101494261

PSAT:

127132169

VVO:

131610711

LJA:

130731347

ADU:

107491984

AIP:

107645737

AHF:	112695354 112758625

LANG:

109329534

PCIN:

129316624

QSA:	O6P43_007717

FVE:

101303237

RCN:

112194871

PPER:

18774598

PMUM:

103318745

PAVI:

110745041

PDUL:

117632799

MDM:

103414012

MSYL:

126593923

PXB:

103968091

ZJU:

107434703

MNT:

21389890

CSAV:

115716795

CSV:	101216870(VDE)

CMO:

103485865

BHJ:

120080031

MCHA:

111014204

CMAX:

111465513

CMOS:

111443955

CPEP:

111798056

RCU:

8260952

MEAN:

126674855

JCU:

105650425

HBR:

110642716

MESC:

110622852

POP:

7474648

PEU:

105132561

PALZ:

118036525

PNZ:

133669800

JRE:

108995788

CILL:

122315654

CAVE:

132170535

QSU:

111995758

QLO:

115991765

TWL:

119996349

VVI:

100257865

VRI:

117912819

SLY:	543696(VDE)

SPEN:

107017754

SOT:

102588520

SSTN:

125856526

SDUL:

129903173

CANN:

107850430

LBB:

132613898

NTA:	107763628(TVDE1) 107780507

NSY:

104218706

NTO:

104101769

NAU:

109212333

INI:

109192201

ITR:

115997377

SIND:

105161169

OEU:

111390352

EGT:

105955482

SSPL:

121751030 121780456 121782995 121783809

SMIL:

131017469

SHIS:

125208926 125212299

APAN:

127243959 127245146

HAN:

110898842

ECAD:

122581672

LSV:

111889374

CCAV:

112512317

DCR:

108219423

CSIN:

114301681

RVL:

131303930

AEW:

130764784

BVG:

104890418

SOE:

110792983

CQI:	110708773 110736759

ATRI:

130828163

MOF:

131153531

NNU:

104590318

MING:

122077958

TSS:

122655509

PSOM:

113282971 113296739

OSA:

4335625

OBR:

102708144

OGL:

127770719

BDI:

100829969

ATS:

109771495

TDC:	119354938 119364074

TAES:

123053120 123189027 542859

TUA:

125537746

LPER:

127334333

LRD:

124670653

SBI:

8070802

ZMA:

100281366

MFLO:

136496717

SITA:

101754003

SVS:

117863445

PVIR:

120640699 120681920

PHAI:

112899519

PDA:

103721734

EGU:

105038832

MUS:

103974860

ZOF:	121982202 121986095

DCT:

110102739

PEQ:

110038543

AOF:

109823913

MSIN:

131246851

NCOL:

116250639

ATR:

18425923

SMO:	SELMODRAFT_121553 SELMODRAFT_182267

PPP:

112279974

MNG:

MNEG_3176

CSL:	COCSUDRAFT_4775

CVR:	CHLNCDRAFT_35609(VDE)

APRO:

F751_1926

OLU:	OSTLU_27727(VDE)

OTA:	OT_ostta16g00660

BPG:	Bathy07g04400

MIS:	MICPUN_104842(VDE)

MPP:	MICPUCDRAFT_60541(VDE)

PTI:	PHATRDRAFT_44635(VDE)

FCY:	FRACYDRAFT_267113(VDE_1)

TPS:	THAPSDRAFT_7677(DDE)

NGD:	NGA_0270002(VDE)

AAF:	AURANDRAFT_2523

EHX:	EMIHUDRAFT_200654 EMIHUDRAFT_365129 EMIHUDRAFT_455406(VDE)

» show all

Reference

1 [PMID:102251]

Authors

Yamamoto HY, Higashi RM.

Title

Violaxanthin de-epoxidase. Lipid composition and substrate specificity.

Journal

Arch Biochem Biophys 190:514-22 (1978)
DOI:10.1016/0003-9861(78)90305-3

Reference

2 [PMID:8742341]

Authors

Rockholm DC, Yamamoto HY

Title

Violaxanthin de-epoxidase.

Journal

Plant Physiol 110:697-703 (1996)
DOI:10.1104/pp.110.2.697

Sequence

[ag:AAC49373]

Reference

3 [PMID:9624110]

Authors

Bugos RC, Hieber AD, Yamamoto HY

Title

Xanthophyll cycle enzymes are members of the lipocalin family, the first identified from plants.

Journal

J Biol Chem 273:15321-4 (1998)
DOI:10.1074/jbc.273.25.15321

Sequence

[ath:AT1G08550] [ag:AAC50031]

Reference

4 [PMID:10635115]

Authors

Kuwabara T, Hasegawa M, Kawano M, Takaichi S.

Title

Characterization of violaxanthin de-epoxidase purified in the presence of Tween 20: effects of dithiothreitol and pepstatin A.

Journal

Plant Cell Physiol 40:1119-26 (1999)
DOI:10.1093/oxfordjournals.pcp.a029496

Reference

5 [PMID:12230579]

Authors

Latowski D, Kruk J, Burda K, Skrzynecka-Jaskier M, Kostecka-Gugala A, Strzalka K.

Title

Kinetics of violaxanthin de-epoxidation by violaxanthin de-epoxidase, a xanthophyll cycle enzyme, is regulated by membrane fluidity in model lipid bilayers.

Journal

Eur J Biochem 269:4656-65 (2002)
DOI:10.1046/j.1432-1033.2002.03166.x

Reference

6 [PMID:12748855]

Authors

Goss R.

Title

Substrate specificity of the violaxanthin de-epoxidase of the primitive green alga Mantoniella squamata (Prasinophyceae).

Journal

Planta 217:801-12 (2003)
DOI:10.1007/s00425-003-1044-1

Reference

7 [PMID:15078086]