KEGG ORTHOLOGY: K00499

ORTHOLOGY: K00499

Entry

K00499                      KO

Symbol

CMO

Name

choline monooxygenase [EC:1.14.15.7]

Pathway

map00260

Glycine, serine and threonine metabolism

map00670

One carbon pool by folate

map01100

Metabolic pathways

Module

M00555

Betaine biosynthesis, choline => betaine

Reaction

R07409

choline,reduced-ferredoxin:oxygen oxidoreductase

Brite

KEGG Orthology (KO) [BR:ko00001]
09100 Metabolism
  09105 Amino acid metabolism
   00260 Glycine, serine and threonine metabolism
    K00499  CMO; choline monooxygenase
  09108 Metabolism of cofactors and vitamins
   00670 One carbon pool by folate
    K00499  CMO; choline monooxygenase
Enzymes [BR:ko01000]
1. Oxidoreductases
  1.14  Acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen
   1.14.15  With reduced iron-sulfur protein as one donor, and incorporation of one atom of oxygen into the other donor
    1.14.15.7  choline monooxygenase
     K00499  CMO; choline monooxygenase

Other DBs

GO:

0019133

Genes

BFO:	118412207 118412208 118415993 118416715

BBEL:

109465524 109477047 109485443 109485538

SKO:	100369278 100373430 102802673

PFLL:

139122331 139122332 139122333 139134841 139135394 139135452

EAF:

MCAF:

OSA:

DOSA:

OBR:

OGL:

BDI:

ATS:

TDC:

TAES:

123148717 123160696 123167890

TUA:

125520965

HVG:

123411537

LPER:

127312471

LRD:	124698036 124702967

SBI:

8063819

ZMA:

778432

MFLO:

136520355 136520733 136533647

SITA:

SVS:

PVIR:

PHAI:

PAUA:

TANG:

PDA:

EGU:

MUS:

ZOF:	121967714 122052958

DCT:

PEQ:

AOF:

ATH:

ALY:

CRB:

CSAT:

104717208 104720068 104721871 104730332

EUS:	EUTSA_v10025251mg

BRP:

103861915

BNA:	106409283 106441014

BOE:

106304560

RSZ:	108807962 108852731

THJ:

104814643

CPAP:

110809807

CIT:

102612047

CIC:	CICLE_v10008481mg

PVY:

MINC:

TCC:

GRA:

GHI:	107892700 107904302 107931614

GAB:	108457846 108480141

HSYR:

DZI:

EGR:

RARG:

GMX:

GSJ:

PVU:

VRA:

VAR:

VUN:

VUM:

CCAJ:

APRC:

MTR:

TPRA:

CAM:

PSAT:

VVO:	131628896 131629102

LJA:

130716225

ADU:

107496483

AIP:

107642900

AHF:	112697419 112723613

LANG:

109362231

PCIN:

129309232

QSA:	O6P43_022382

FVE:

RCN:

PPER:

PMUM:

PAVI:

PDUL:

MDM:

MSYL:

PXB:

PCOX:

ZJU:

MNT:

CSAV:

HLP:

CSV:

CMO:

BHJ:

MCHA:

CMAX:

CMOS:

CPEP:

RCU:

MEAN:

JCU:

HBR:

MESC:

POP:

PEU:	105117127 105122571

PALZ:

PNZ:

JRE:

CILL:

CAVE:

AGLU:

QLO:

CSAA:

TWL:

VVI:

VRI:

SLY:	101249833 101261534

SPEN:

107024144 107025561

SOT:

102597733

SSTN:

125875798 125875800 125876598 125877600

SDUL:

SVER:

CANN:

LBB:

NTA:	107784251 107826106

NSY:

NTO:

NAU:

INI:

ITR:

SIND:

OEU:

EGT:	105949963 105950026

SSPL:

SMIL:

SHIS:

PEBU:

PTAB:

CARB:

113708603 113728233 140038502

HAN:	110865691 110865695

BHW:

ECAD:

LSV:

CCAV:

DCR:

AGRV:

CSIN:

RVL:

AEW:

DLT:	127794581 127794670

BVG:	104884941 104897072

SOE:	110789163 110805105

CQI:	110688533 110710124 110716829

ATRI:

SLAF:

MOF:

NNU:

MING:

TSS:

PSOM:

MSIN:

ACAK:

NCOL:

ATR:

CJF:

SMO:	SELMODRAFT_114039 SELMODRAFT_116767

PPP:

112290899

MNG:

MNEG_3011

CSL:	COCSUDRAFT_18274 COCSUDRAFT_34223

MIS:	MICPUN_68852(TIC55-6)

MPP:	MICPUCDRAFT_3322(TIC55-1)

AG:	AAB52509(CMO)

» show all

Reference

PMID:9096415

Authors

Rathinasabapathi B, Burnet M, Russell BL, Gage DA, Liao PC, Nye GJ, Scott P, Golbeck JH, Hanson AD

Title

Choline monooxygenase, an unusual iron-sulfur enzyme catalyzing the first step of glycine betaine synthesis in plants: prosthetic group characterization and cDNA cloning.

Journal

Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 94:3454-8 (1997)
DOI:10.1073/pnas.94.7.3454

Sequence

[ag:AAB52509]

LinkDB

ENZYME: 1.14.15.7

Entry

EC 1.14.15.7                Enzyme

Name

choline monooxygenase

Class

Oxidoreductases;
Acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen;
With reduced iron-sulfur protein as one donor, and incorporation of one atom of oxygen into the other donor

Sysname

choline,reduced-ferredoxin:oxygen oxidoreductase

Reaction(IUBMB)

choline + O2 + 2 reduced ferredoxin + 2 H+ = betaine aldehyde hydrate + H2O + 2 oxidized ferredoxin [RN:R05739]

Reaction(KEGG)

R05739;
(other) R07409

Substrate

choline [CPD:C00114];
O2 [CPD:C00007];
reduced ferredoxin [CPD:C00138];
H+ [CPD:C00080]

Product

betaine aldehyde hydrate [CPD:C07345];
H2O [CPD:C00001];
oxidized ferredoxin [CPD:C00139]

Comment

The spinach enzyme, which is located in the chloroplast, contains a Rieske-type [2Fe-2S] cluster, and probably also a mononuclear Fe centre. Requires Mg2+. Catalyses the first step of glycine betaine synthesis. In many bacteria, plants and animals, betaine is synthesized in two steps: (1) choline to betaine aldehyde and (2) betaine aldehyde to betaine. Different enzymes are involved in the first reaction. In plants, the reaction is catalysed by this enzyme whereas in animals and many bacteria it is catalysed by either membrane-bound EC 1.1.99.1 (choline dehydrogenase) or soluble EC 1.1.3.17 (choline oxidase) [7]. The enzyme involved in the second step, EC 1.2.1.8 (betaine-aldehyde dehydrogenase), appears to be the same in plants, animals and bacteria. In some bacteria, betaine is synthesized from glycine through the actions of EC 2.1.1.156 (glycine/sarcosine N-methyltransferase) and EC 2.1.1.157 (sarcosine/dimethylglycine N-methyltransferase).

History

EC 1.14.15.7 created 2001, modified 2002 (EC 1.14.14.4 created 2000, incorporated 2002), modified 2005, modified 2011

Pathway

ec00260

Glycine, serine and threonine metabolism

ec00670

One carbon pool by folate

ec01100

Metabolic pathways

Orthology

K00499

choline monooxygenase

Genes

BFO:	118412207 118412208 118415993 118416715

BBEL:

109465524 109477047 109485443 109485538

SKO:	100369278 100373430 102802673

PFLL:

139122331 139122332 139122333 139134841 139135394 139135452

EAF:

111714065

MCAF:

127711625

OSA:

9272377

DOSA:

Os06g0698785

OBR:

102701835

OGL:

127775396

BDI:

100839185

ATS:

109778620

TDC:

119340424

TAES:

123148717 123160696 123167890

TUA:

125520965

HVG:

123411537

LPER:

127312471

LRD:	124698036 124702967

SBI:

8063819

ZMA:

778432

MFLO:

136520355 136520733 136533647

SITA:

101767591

SVS:

117852131

PVIR:

120668659 120704364

PHAI:

112889400

PAUA:

133931392

TANG:

140778003

PDA:

103715608

EGU:

105049342

MUS:

135617599

ZOF:	121967714 122052958

DCT:

110093278

PEQ:

110028759

AOF:

109842258

ATH:

AT4G29890

ALY:

9303455

CRB:

17879326

CSAT:

104717208 104720068 104721871 104730332

EUS:	EUTSA_v10025251mg

BRP:

103861915

BNA:	106409283 106441014

BOE:

106304560

RSZ:	108807962 108852731

THJ:

104814643

CPAP:

110809807

CIT:

102612047

CIC:	CICLE_v10008481mg

PVY:

116111560

MINC:

123194771

TCC:

18602728

GRA:

105779921

GHI:	107892700 107904302 107931614

GAB:	108457846 108480141

HSYR:

120124143

DZI:

111301775

EGR:

104435907

RARG:

115744588

GMX:

100785909

GSJ:

114393718

PVU:

137807276

VRA:

106768131

VAR:

108322706

VUN:

114175893

VUM:

124839013

CCAJ:

109811005

APRC:

113848372

MTR:

11421939

TPRA:

123906052

CAM:

101512880

PSAT:

127138597

VVO:	131628896 131629102

LJA:

130716225

ADU:

107496483

AIP:

107642900

AHF:	112697419 112723613

LANG:

109362231

PCIN:

129309232

QSA:	O6P43_022382

FVE:

101306145

RCN:

112197959

PPER:

18793375

PMUM:

103323632

PAVI:

110758439

PDUL:

117633478

MDM:

103453769

MSYL:

126594757

PXB:

103935767

PCOX:

137736842

ZJU:

107424321

MNT:

21389034

CSAV:

115719242

HLP:

133830902

CSV:

101222314

CMO:

103487183

BHJ:

120072325

MCHA:

111007490

CMAX:

111484916

CMOS:

111464984

CPEP:

111779715

RCU:

8258071

MEAN:

126668777

JCU:

105635914

HBR:

110641114

MESC:

110618115

POP:

7485492

PEU:	105117127 105122571

PALZ:

118033642

PNZ:

133689291

JRE:

108980718

CILL:

122314828

CAVE:

132189056

AGLU:

133870957

QLO:

115976211

CSAA:

142640154

TWL:

119992540

VVI:

100256530

VRI:

117925712

SLY:	101249833 101261534

SPEN:

107024144 107025561

SOT:

102597733

SSTN:

125875798 125875800 125876598 125877600

SDUL:

129891370 129891371

SVER:

125824605 125824608

CANN:

107855640

LBB:

132603183

NTA:	107784251 107826106

NSY:

104210133

NTO:

104096725

NAU:

109215434

INI:

109177446

ITR:

116002469

SIND:

105173913

OEU:

111411686

EGT:	105949963 105950026

SSPL:

121752242

SMIL:

131003790

SHIS:

125209028

PEBU:

140818423

PTAB:

142505746

CARB:

113708603 113728233 140038502

HAN:	110865691 110865695

BHW:

143619727

ECAD:

122591352

LSV:

111902339

CCAV:

112506668

DCR:

108224719

AGRV:

141693543 141693685

CSIN:

114257288

RVL:

131306722

AEW:

130782436

DLT:	127794581 127794670

BVG:	104884941 104897072

SOE:	110789163 110805105

CQI:	110688533 110710124 110716829

ATRI:

130808159 130824446

SLAF:

141605719

MOF:

131166257

NNU:

104611397

MING:

122075397

TSS:

122662192

PSOM:

113299379 113358627

MSIN:

131256675

ACAK:

137945540 137945624

NCOL:

116250629

ATR:

18435669

CJF:

131065139

SMO:	SELMODRAFT_114039 SELMODRAFT_116767

PPP:

112290899

MNG:

MNEG_3011

CSL:	COCSUDRAFT_18274 COCSUDRAFT_34223

MIS:	MICPUN_68852(TIC55-6)

MPP:	MICPUCDRAFT_3322(TIC55-1)

» show all

Reference

1 [PMID:16666757]

Authors

Brouquisse R, Weigel P, Rhodes D, Yocum CF, Hanson AD.

Title

Evidence for a Ferredoxin-Dependent Choline Monooxygenase from Spinach Chloroplast Stroma.

Journal

Plant Physiol 90:322-329 (1989)
DOI:10.1104/pp.90.1.322

Reference

2 [PMID:12228495]

Authors

Burnet M, Lafontaine PJ, Hanson AD.

Title

Assay, Purification, and Partial Characterization of Choline Monooxygenase from Spinach.

Journal

Plant Physiol 108:581-588 (1995)
DOI:10.1104/pp.108.2.581

Reference

3 [PMID:9096415]

Authors

Rathinasabapathi B, Burnet M, Russell BL, Gage DA, Liao PC, Nye GJ, Scott P, Golbeck JH, Hanson AD

Title

Choline monooxygenase, an unusual iron-sulfur enzyme catalyzing the first step of glycine betaine synthesis in plants: prosthetic group characterization and cDNA cloning.

Journal

Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 94:3454-8 (1997)
DOI:10.1073/pnas.94.7.3454

Sequence

[ag:AAB52509]

Reference

4 [PMID:9489025]

Authors

Russell BL, Rathinasabapathi B, Hanson AD.

Title

Osmotic stress induces expression of choline monooxygenase in sugar beet and amaranth.

Journal

Plant Physiol 116:859-65 (1998)
DOI:10.1104/pp.116.2.859

Sequence

[bvg:104897072]

Reference

Authors

Nuccio ML, Russell BL, Nolte KD, Rathinasabapathi B, Gage DA, Hanson AD.

Title

Glycine betaine synthesis in transgenic tobacco expressing choline monooxygenase is limited by the endogenous choline supply.

Journal

Plant J 16:101-110 (1998)

Reference

6 [PMID:9881168]

Authors

Nuccio ML, Russell BL, Nolte KD, Rathinasabapathi B, Gage DA, Hanson AD.

Title

The endogenous choline supply limits glycine betaine synthesis in transgenic tobacco expressing choline monooxygenase.

Journal

Plant J 16:487-96 (1998)
DOI:10.1046/j.1365-313x.1998.00316.x

Reference

7 [PMID:12466265]

Authors

Waditee R, Tanaka Y, Aoki K, Hibino T, Jikuya H, Takano J, Takabe T, Takabe T

Title

Isolation and functional characterization of N-methyltransferases that catalyze betaine synthesis from glycine in a halotolerant photosynthetic organism Aphanothece halophytica.

Journal

J Biol Chem 278:4932-42 (2003)
DOI:10.1074/jbc.M210970200

Other DBs

ExplorEnz - The Enzyme Database:

1.14.15.7

IUBMB Enzyme Nomenclature:

1.14.15.7

ExPASy - ENZYME nomenclature database:

1.14.15.7

BRENDA, the Enzyme Database:

1.14.15.7

CAS:	118390-76-4

LinkDB

REACTION: R07409

Entry

R07409                      Reaction

Name

choline,reduced-ferredoxin:oxygen oxidoreductase

Definition

Choline + Oxygen + 2 Reduced ferredoxin + 2 H+ <=> Betaine aldehyde + 2 H2O + 2 Oxidized ferredoxin

Equation

C00114 + C00007 + 2 C00138 + 2 C00080 <=> C00576 + 2 C00001 + 2 C00139

Comment

see R05739

Reaction class

RC00087

C00114_C00576

Enzyme

1.14.15.7

Pathway

rn00260

Glycine, serine and threonine metabolism

rn00670

One carbon pool by folate

rn01100

Metabolic pathways

Module

M00555

Betaine biosynthesis, choline => betaine

Brite

Enzymatic reactions [BR:br08201]
1. Oxidoreductase reactions
  1.14  Acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen
   1.14.15  With reduced iron-sulfur protein as one donor, and incorporation of one atom of oxygen into the other donor
    1.14.15.7
     R07409  Choline + Oxygen + 2 Reduced ferredoxin + 2 H+ <=> Betaine aldehyde + 2 H2O + 2 Oxidized ferredoxin

Orthology

K00499

choline monooxygenase [EC:1.14.15.7]

Other DBs

RHEA:

17772

LinkDB

DBGET integrated database retrieval system