KEGG   PATHWAY: dnm04725
Entry
dnm04725                    Pathway                                
Name
Cholinergic synapse - Dasypus novemcinctus (nine-banded armadillo)
Description
Acetylcholine (ACh) is a neurotransmitter widely distributed in the central (and also peripheral, autonomic and enteric) nervous system (CNS). In the CNS, ACh facilitates many functions, such as learning, memory, attention and motor control. When released in the synaptic cleft, ACh binds to two distinct types of receptors: Ionotropic nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChR) and metabotropic muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAChRs). The activation of nAChR by ACh leads to the rapid influx of Na+ and Ca2+ and subsequent cellular depolarization. Activation of mAChRs is relatively slow (milliseconds to seconds) and, depending on the subtypes present (M1-M5), they directly alter cellular homeostasis of phospholipase C, inositol trisphosphate, cAMP, and free calcium. In the cleft, ACh may also be hydrolyzed by acetylcholinesterase (AChE) into choline and acetate. The choline derived from ACh hydrolysis is recovered by a presynaptic high-affinity choline transporter (CHT).
Class
Organismal Systems; Nervous system
Pathway map
dnm04725  Cholinergic synapse
dnm04725

Other DBs
GO: 0032222
Organism
Dasypus novemcinctus (nine-banded armadillo) [GN:dnm]
Gene
101410636  GNB3; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(T) subunit beta-3 [KO:K07825]
101410879  [KO:K04374]
101410933  ATF4; cyclic AMP-dependent transcription factor ATF-4 [KO:K04374]
101411050  KCNQ3; potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily KQT member 3 [KO:K04928]
101411559  ADCY1; adenylate cyclase type 1 [KO:K08041] [EC:4.6.1.1]
101411573  ADCY3; adenylate cyclase type 3 [KO:K08043] [EC:4.6.1.1]
101411610  [KO:K04634]
101411890  CREB3; cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 3 [KO:K09048]
101412233  KRAS; GTPase KRas isoform X4 [KO:K07827]
101412385  KCNQ1; potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily KQT member 1 [KO:K04926]
101413194  [KO:K04539]
101413297  GNG2; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-2 [KO:K07826]
101413654  PLCB3; 1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase beta-3 isoform X2 [KO:K05858] [EC:3.1.4.11]
101413759  CHRNA4; neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-4 [KO:K04806]
101413770  GNG11; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-11 [KO:K04546]
101413809  [KO:K04345] [EC:2.7.11.11]
101414215  GNGT1; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(T) subunit gamma-T1 [KO:K04548]
101414233  FYN; tyrosine-protein kinase Fyn isoform X1 [KO:K05703] [EC:2.7.10.2]
101414240  [KO:K07828]
101414637  CREB3L1; cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 3-like protein 1 [KO:K09048]
101414723  CHRM1; muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1 [KO:K04129]
101415818  CHRM4; muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M4 [KO:K04132]
101416053  PIK3CG; phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit gamma isoform [KO:K21289] [EC:2.7.1.153]
101416389  JAK2; tyrosine-protein kinase JAK2 [KO:K04447] [EC:2.7.10.2]
101417345  ADCY5; adenylate cyclase type 5 [KO:K08045] [EC:4.6.1.1]
101417805  KCNJ14; ATP-sensitive inward rectifier potassium channel 14 [KO:K05007]
101418484  [KO:K04851]
101419022  AKT2; RAC-beta serine/threonine-protein kinase isoform X1 [KO:K04456] [EC:2.7.11.1]
101419239  CHRNA3; neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-3 [KO:K04805]
101419332  ADCY4; adenylate cyclase type 4 [KO:K08044] [EC:4.6.1.1]
101419480  HRAS; GTPase HRas isoform X1 [KO:K02833]
101419674  CHRNB4; neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-4 [KO:K04815]
101419849  GNG12; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-12 [KO:K04347]
101419878  PLCB4; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: 1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase beta-4 [KO:K05858] [EC:3.1.4.11]
101420315  PLCB1; 1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase beta-1 isoform X1 [KO:K05858] [EC:3.1.4.11]
101420741  [KO:K04536]
101421427  CACNA1F; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1F [KO:K04853]
101421680  PRKCB; protein kinase C beta type isoform X1 [KO:K19662] [EC:2.7.11.13]
101422732  [KO:K08048] [EC:4.6.1.1]
101423121  GNAO1; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(o) subunit alpha isoform X1 [KO:K04534]
101423325  ITPR2; inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor type 2 [KO:K04959]
101423692  PRKACB; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: cAMP-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit beta [KO:K04345] [EC:2.7.11.11]
101423744  [KO:K02649]
101424427  [KO:K04344]
101424631  CREB3L3; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 3-like protein 3 [KO:K09048]
101424635  KCNJ6; G protein-activated inward rectifier potassium channel 2 [KO:K05000]
101424669  KCNJ3; G protein-activated inward rectifier potassium channel 1 isoform X1 [KO:K04997]
101425794  CHRNB2; neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-2 [KO:K04813]
101425999  ITPR3; inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor type 3 [KO:K04960]
101426399  CREB5; cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 5 isoform X1 [KO:K09047]
101426538  GNB2; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(T) subunit beta-2 [KO:K04537]
101426647  GNAI2; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(i) subunit alpha-2 isoform X1 [KO:K04630]
101426785  [KO:K05005]
101426945  PIK3CB; phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit beta isoform [KO:K00922] [EC:2.7.1.153]
101426992  KCNJ2; inward rectifier potassium channel 2 [KO:K04996]
101427179  PLCB2; 1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase beta-2 isoform X2 [KO:K05858] [EC:3.1.4.11]
101427206  GNG13; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-13 [KO:K04547]
101427403  CAMK2G; calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase type II subunit gamma [KO:K04515] [EC:2.7.11.17]
101427927  ADCY7; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: adenylate cyclase type 7 [KO:K08047] [EC:4.6.1.1]
101428221  CAMK4; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase type IV [KO:K05869] [EC:2.7.11.17]
101428520  KCNQ4; potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily KQT member 4 isoform X1 [KO:K04929]
101428799  AKT3; RAC-gamma serine/threonine-protein kinase isoform X1 [KO:K04456] [EC:2.7.11.1]
101428860  GNG4; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-4 [KO:K04541]
101429543  ITPR1; inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor type 1 [KO:K04958]
101429652  PIK3R5; phosphoinositide 3-kinase regulatory subunit 5 [KO:K21290]
101430223  KCNQ5; potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily KQT member 5 isoform X1 [KO:K04930]
101430276  ACHE; acetylcholinesterase isoform X1 [KO:K01049] [EC:3.1.1.7]
101430570  MAPK1; mitogen-activated protein kinase 1 [KO:K04371] [EC:2.7.11.24]
101430817  NRAS; GTPase NRas [KO:K07828]
101430989  SLC18A3; vesicular acetylcholine transporter [KO:K14636]
101431251  CACNA1S; voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1S isoform X1 [KO:K04857]
101431301  CACNA1C; voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1C isoform X9 [KO:K04850]
101431326  GNG7; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-7 [KO:K04543]
101431397  SLC5A7; high affinity choline transporter 1 [KO:K14387]
101431782  FOS; proto-oncogene c-Fos [KO:K04379]
101432614  CHAT; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: choline O-acetyltransferase [KO:K00623] [EC:2.3.1.6]
101433347  PIK3R2; phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase regulatory subunit beta [KO:K02649]
101434860  CREB1; cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 1 [KO:K05870]
101434986  CHRM3; muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M3 [KO:K04131]
101435031  CHRNA6; neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-6 isoform X1 [KO:K04808]
101435268  MAP2K1; dual specificity mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 1 isoform X1 [KO:K04368] [EC:2.7.12.2]
101435351  PIK3R1; phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase regulatory subunit alpha isoform X1 [KO:K02649]
101435604  CREB3L2; cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 3-like protein 2 isoform X1 [KO:K09048]
101435742  MAPK3; mitogen-activated protein kinase 3 [KO:K04371] [EC:2.7.11.24]
101437672  CHRM5; muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M5 [KO:K04133]
101438745  CAMK2D; calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase type II subunit delta isoform X4 [KO:K04515] [EC:2.7.11.17]
101439024  CHRM2; muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2 [KO:K04130]
101440185  KCNJ4; inward rectifier potassium channel 4 [KO:K04998]
101440883  GNB4; guanine nucleotide-binding protein subunit beta-4 [KO:K04538]
101441349  GNAI3; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(k) subunit alpha [KO:K04630]
101442310  CREB3L4; cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 3-like protein 4 isoform X1 [KO:K09048]
101442429  CAMK2A; calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase type II subunit alpha isoform X2 [KO:K04515] [EC:2.7.11.17]
101442901  ADCY9; adenylate cyclase type 9 [KO:K08049] [EC:4.6.1.1]
101442950  ADCY6; adenylate cyclase type 6 [KO:K08046] [EC:4.6.1.1]
101442978  GNG3; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-3 [KO:K04540]
101443761  PIK3CD; phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit delta isoform isoform X1 [KO:K00922] [EC:2.7.1.153]
101444276  PIK3CA; phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit alpha isoform [KO:K00922] [EC:2.7.1.153]
101445333  BCL2; apoptosis regulator Bcl-2 isoform X1 [KO:K02161]
101445596  [KO:K04345] [EC:2.7.11.11]
101445683  CAMK2B; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase type II subunit beta [KO:K04515] [EC:2.7.11.17]
101445813  AKT1; RAC-alpha serine/threonine-protein kinase [KO:K04456] [EC:2.7.11.1]
101446663  CHRNA7; CHRNA7-FAM7A fusion protein [KO:K04809]
101447351  PRKCG; protein kinase C gamma type isoform X1 [KO:K19663] [EC:2.7.11.13]
101447838  PRKCA; protein kinase C alpha type isoform X1 [KO:K02677] [EC:2.7.11.13]
101447951  GNAI1; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(i) subunit alpha-1 isoform X2 [KO:K04630]
111760787  [KO:K07826]
111763551  GNG8; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-8 [KO:K04544]
111764136  GNG10; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-10 [KO:K04545]
111764630  GNG5; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-5 [KO:K04542]
111765858  [KO:K04634]
Compound
C00010  CoA
C00024  Acetyl-CoA
C00033  Acetate
C00076  Calcium cation
C00114  Choline
C00165  Diacylglycerol
C00238  Potassium cation
C00575  3',5'-Cyclic AMP
C01245  D-myo-Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate
C01330  Sodium cation
C01996  Acetylcholine
C04637  1-Phosphatidyl-D-myo-inositol 4,5-bisphosphate
Reference
  Authors
Nestler EJ, Hyman SE, Malenka RC.
  Title
Molecular neuropharmacology: A foundation for clinical neuroscience
  Journal
The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. (2001)
Reference
  Authors
Nicholls JG, Martin AR, Wallace BG, Fuchs PA.
  Title
From neuron to brain, 4th ed.
  Journal
Sunderland, MA: Sinauer associates (2001)
Reference
PMID:15165747
  Authors
Dajas-Bailador F, Wonnacott S
  Title
Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors and the regulation of neuronal signalling.
  Journal
Trends Pharmacol Sci 25:317-24 (2004)
DOI:10.1016/j.tips.2004.04.006
Reference
PMID:19712465
  Authors
Resende RR, Adhikari A
  Title
Cholinergic receptor pathways involved in apoptosis, cell proliferation and neuronal differentiation.
  Journal
Cell Commun Signal 7:20 (2009)
DOI:10.1186/1478-811X-7-20
Reference
PMID:19378880
  Authors
Origlia N, Kuczewski N, Pesavento E, Aztiria E, Domenici L
  Title
The role of cholinergic system in neuronal plasticity: focus on visual cortex and muscarinic receptors.
  Journal
Arch Ital Biol 146:165-88 (2008)
Reference
PMID:21550798
  Authors
Oldenburg IA, Ding JB
  Title
Cholinergic modulation of synaptic integration and dendritic excitability in the striatum.
  Journal
Curr Opin Neurobiol 21:425-32 (2011)
DOI:10.1016/j.conb.2011.04.004
Reference
PMID:12893537
  Authors
Lanzafame AA, Christopoulos A, Mitchelson F
  Title
Cellular signaling mechanisms for muscarinic acetylcholine receptors.
  Journal
Receptors Channels 9:241-60 (2003)
DOI:10.3109/10606820308263
Reference
PMID:20446119
  Authors
Brown DA
  Title
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAChRs) in the nervous system: some functions and mechanisms.
  Journal
J Mol Neurosci 41:340-6 (2010)
DOI:10.1007/s12031-010-9377-2
Reference
PMID:11738031
  Authors
Chang KT, Berg DK
  Title
Voltage-gated channels block nicotinic regulation of CREB phosphorylation and gene expression in neurons.
  Journal
Neuron 32:855-65 (2001)
DOI:10.1016/S0896-6273(01)00516-5
Reference
PMID:11283752
  Authors
Soreq H, Seidman S
  Title
Acetylcholinesterase--new roles for an old actor.
  Journal
Nat Rev Neurosci 2:294-302 (2001)
DOI:10.1038/35067589
Reference
PMID:12436417
  Authors
Sharma G, Vijayaraghavan S
  Title
Nicotinic receptor signaling in nonexcitable cells.
  Journal
J Neurobiol 53:524-34 (2002)
DOI:10.1002/neu.10114
Reference
PMID:11923408
  Authors
Araque A, Martin ED, Perea G, Arellano JI, Buno W
  Title
Synaptically released acetylcholine evokes Ca2+ elevations in astrocytes in hippocampal slices.
  Journal
J Neurosci 22:2443-50 (2002)
DOI:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.22-07-02443.2002
Reference
PMID:12690458
  Authors
Lucas-Meunier E, Fossier P, Baux G, Amar M
  Title
Cholinergic modulation of the cortical neuronal network.
  Journal
Pflugers Arch 446:17-29 (2003)
DOI:10.1007/s00424-002-0999-2
Reference
PMID:20060019
  Authors
Abreu-Villaca Y, Filgueiras CC, Manhaes AC
  Title
Developmental aspects of the cholinergic system.
  Journal
Behav Brain Res 221:367-78 (2011)
DOI:10.1016/j.bbr.2009.12.049
Related
pathway
dnm00564  Glycerophospholipid metabolism
dnm04010  MAPK signaling pathway
dnm04020  Calcium signaling pathway
dnm04721  Synaptic vesicle cycle
dnm04975  Fat digestion and absorption
KO pathway
ko04725   

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