KEGG   PATHWAY: hsa05012
Entry
hsa05012                    Pathway                                
Name
Parkinson disease - Homo sapiens (human)
Description
Parkinson disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative movement disorder that results primarily from the death of dopaminergic (DA) neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc). Both environmental factors and mutations in familial PD-linked genes such as SNCA, Parkin, DJ-1, PINK1 and LRRK2 are associated with PD pathogenesis. These pathogenic mutations and environmental factors are known to cause disease due to oxidative stress, intracellular Ca2+ homeostasis impairment, mitochondrial dysfunctions and altered protein handling compromising key roles of DA neuronal function and survival. The demise of DA neurons located in the SNc leads to a drop in the dopaminergic input to the striatum, which is hypothesized to impede movement by inducing hypo and hyper activity in striatal spiny projection neurons (SPNs) of the direct (dSPNs) and indirect (iSPNs) pathways in the basal ganglia, respectively.
Class
Human Diseases; Neurodegenerative disease
Pathway map
hsa05012  Parkinson disease
hsa05012

Network
nt06028  Dopamine and serotonin metabolism
nt06460  Alzheimer disease
nt06463  Parkinson disease
nt06466  Pathways of neurodegeneration
nt06534  Unfolded protein response
  Element
N01020  Mutation-inactivated PRKN to Parkin-mediated ubiquitination
N01022  Mutation-inactivated PRKN to Parkin-mediated ubiquitination
N01024  Mutation-inactivated PRKN to Parkin-mediated ubiquitination
N01026  Mutation-inactivated PRKN to Parkin-mediated ubiquitination
N01028  Mutation-inactivated UCHL1 to UCHL1-mediated hydrolysis
N01030  Mutation-caused aberrant SNCA to 26S proteasome-mediated protein degradation
N01031  Mutation-caused aberrant SNCA to VGCC-Ca2+ -apoptotic pathway
N01032  Mutation-inactivated PRKN to mGluR1 signaling pathway
N01033  Mutation-caused aberrant SNCA to ATF6-mediated transcription
N01034  Mutation-caused aberrant SNCA to IRE1a-XBP1 signaling pathway
N01035  Mutation-caused aberrant SNCA to PERK-ATF4 signaling pathway
N01037  Mutation-caused aberrant SNCA to L-DOPA generation
N01039  Mutation-inactivated PRKN to DOPAL generation
N01041  Mutation-caused aberrant SNCA to transport of dopamine
N01042  Mutation-caused aberrant SNCA to electron transfer in Complex I
N01043  Mutation-inactivated PINK1 to electron transfer in Complex I
N01044  MPP+ to electron transfer in Complex I
N01045  Rotenone to electron transfer in Complex I
N01046  Maneb to electron transfer in Complex III
N01047  Mutation-activated LRRK2 to intrinsic apoptotic pathway
N01048  Mutation-inactivated PINK1 to intrinsic apoptotic pathway
N01049  Mutation-inactivated PRKN to intrinsic apoptotic pathway
N01050  Mutation-inactivated PINK1 to intrinsic apoptotic pathway
N01051  Mutation-inactivated DJ1 to intrinsic apoptotic pathway
N01053  Mutation-inactivated PINK1 to PINK1-Parkin-mediated MFN2 degradation
N01054  Mutation-inactivated PRKN to PINK1-Parkin-mediated MFN2 degradation
N01055  Mutation-caused aberrant SNCA to anterograde axonal transport
N01057  Mutation-inactivated DJ1 to FAS-JNK signaling patwhay
N01058  Mutation-inactivated DJ1 to to p53-mediated transcription
N01059  Mutation-inactivated DJ1 to KEAP1-NRF2 signaling pathway
N01402  Manganese to electron transfer in Complex II
N01417  Paraquat to FAS-JNK signaling pathway
Disease
H00057  Parkinson disease
Drug
D00059  Levodopa (JP18/USP/INN)
D00502  Pergolide mesylate (USP)
D00559  Pramipexole dihydrochloride (USP)
D00780  Bromocriptine mesylate (USP)
D00784  Ropinirole hydrochloride (JAN/USP)
D00987  Cabergoline (JP18/USP/INN)
D01505  Talipexole hydrochloride (JAN)
D02004  Apomorphine hydrochloride (USP)
D03165  Bromocriptine (USAN/INN)
D04641  Istradefylline (JAN/USAN/INN)
D05575  Pramipexole (USAN/INN)
D05768  Rotigotine (JAN/USAN/INN)
D05804  Sarizotan hydrochloride (USAN)
D07460  Apomorphine (BAN)
D08339  Pergolide (INN)
D08489  Ropinirole (USAN/INN)
D10014  Ioflupane I 123 (USAN)
D11420  Prasinezumab (USAN/INN)
D11467  Cinpanemab (USAN)
D12796  Minzasolmin (USAN/INN)
D12965  Indenebart (USAN/INN)
Organism
Homo sapiens (human) [GN:hsa]
Gene
100532726  NDUFC2-KCTD14; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 subunit C2, isoform 2 isoform 2 [KO:K03968]
10105  PPIF; peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase F, mitochondrial precursor [KO:K09565] [EC:5.2.1.8]
10131  TRAP1; heat shock protein 75 kDa, mitochondrial isoform 1 precursor [KO:K09488]
10213  PSMD14; 26S proteasome non-ATPase regulatory subunit 14 [KO:K03030]
10376  TUBA1B; tubulin alpha-1B chain [KO:K07374]
10381  TUBB3; tubulin beta-3 chain isoform 1 [KO:K07375]
10382  TUBB4A; tubulin beta-4A chain isoform 3 [KO:K07375]
10383  TUBB4B; tubulin beta-4B chain [KO:K07375]
10476  ATP5PD; ATP synthase peripheral stalk subunit d, mitochondrial isoform a [KO:K02138]
107984365  [KO:K03948]
10975  UQCR11; cytochrome b-c1 complex subunit 10 [KO:K00420]
11047  ADRM1; proteasomal ubiquitin receptor ADRM1 isoform 1 [KO:K06691]
111  ADCY5; adenylate cyclase type 5 isoform 1 [KO:K08045] [EC:4.6.1.1]
112714  TUBA3E; tubulin alpha-3E chain [KO:K07374]
11315  PARK7; Parkinson disease protein 7 [KO:K05687] [EC:3.5.1.124]
113457  TUBA3D; tubulin alpha-3D chain [KO:K07374]
118424  UBE2J2; ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2 J2 isoform 2 [KO:K04554] [EC:2.3.2.23]
120892  LRRK2; leucine-rich repeat serine/threonine-protein kinase 2 [KO:K08844] [EC:2.7.11.1]
125965  COX6B2; cytochrome c oxidase subunit 6B2 [KO:K02267]
126328  NDUFA11; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 11 isoform 1 [KO:K03956]
1327  COX4I1; cytochrome c oxidase subunit 4 isoform 1, mitochondrial isoform 1 precursor [KO:K02263]
1329  COX5B; cytochrome c oxidase subunit 5B, mitochondrial precursor [KO:K02265]
1337  COX6A1; cytochrome c oxidase subunit 6A1, mitochondrial [KO:K02266]
1339  COX6A2; cytochrome c oxidase subunit 6A2, mitochondrial precursor [KO:K02266]
1340  COX6B1; cytochrome c oxidase subunit 6B1 [KO:K02267]
1345  COX6C; cytochrome c oxidase subunit 6C [KO:K02268]
1346  COX7A1; cytochrome c oxidase subunit 7A1, mitochondrial precursor [KO:K02270]
1347  COX7A2; cytochrome c oxidase subunit 7A2, mitochondrial [KO:K02270]
1349  COX7B; cytochrome c oxidase subunit 7B, mitochondrial precursor [KO:K02271]
135  ADORA2A; adenosine receptor A2a [KO:K04266]
1350  COX7C; cytochrome c oxidase subunit 7C, mitochondrial precursor [KO:K02272]
1351  COX8A; cytochrome c oxidase subunit 8A, mitochondrial [KO:K02273]
143471  PSMA8; proteasome subunit alpha-type 8 isoform 1 [KO:K02731] [EC:3.4.25.1]
147700  KLC3; kinesin light chain 3 [KO:K10407]
1537  CYC1; cytochrome c1, heme protein, mitochondrial precursor [KO:K00413]
1616  DAXX; death domain-associated protein 6 isoform a [KO:K02308]
163688  CALML6; calmodulin-like protein 6 isoform 1 [KO:K02183]
1649  DDIT3; DNA damage-inducible transcript 3 protein isoform 2 [KO:K04452]
170712  COX7B2; cytochrome c oxidase subunit 7B2, mitochondrial precursor [KO:K02271]
1812  DRD1; D(1A) dopamine receptor [KO:K04144]
1813  DRD2; D(2) dopamine receptor isoform long [KO:K04145]
1843  DUSP1; dual specificity protein phosphatase 1 [KO:K21278] [EC:3.1.3.16 3.1.3.48]
1965  EIF2S1; eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 subunit 1 [KO:K03237]
201266  SLC39A11; zinc transporter ZIP11 isoform 1 [KO:K14717]
203068  TUBB; tubulin beta chain isoform b [KO:K07375]
2081  ERN1; serine/threonine-protein kinase/endoribonuclease IRE1 precursor [KO:K08852] [EC:2.7.11.1 3.1.26.-]
221074  SLC39A12; zinc transporter ZIP12 isoform 1 precursor [KO:K14718]
22926  ATF6; cyclic AMP-dependent transcription factor ATF-6 alpha isoform 1 [KO:K09054]
23516  SLC39A14; metal cation symporter ZIP14 isoform a precursor [KO:K14720]
25800  SLC39A6; zinc transporter ZIP6 isoform 1 precursor [KO:K14712]
25828  TXN2; thioredoxin, mitochondrial precursor [KO:K03671]
260334  TUBB8B; tubulin beta 8B isoform 1 [KO:K07375]
27089  UQCRQ; cytochrome b-c1 complex subunit 8 [KO:K00418]
27173  SLC39A1; zinc transporter ZIP1 isoform a [KO:K14709]
27429  HTRA2; serine protease HTRA2, mitochondrial isoform 1 preproprotein [KO:K08669] [EC:3.4.21.108]
2770  GNAI1; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(i) subunit alpha-1 isoform 1 [KO:K04630]
2771  GNAI2; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(i) subunit alpha-2 isoform 1 [KO:K04630]
2773  GNAI3; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(i) subunit alpha-3 [KO:K04630]
2774  GNAL; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(olf) subunit alpha isoform 2 [KO:K04633]
2778  GNAS; protein GNAS isoform XLas [KO:K04632]
283375  SLC39A5; zinc transporter ZIP5 precursor [KO:K14711]
2861  GPR37; prosaposin receptor GPR37 precursor [KO:K04243]
291  SLC25A4; ADP/ATP translocase 1 [KO:K05863]
292  SLC25A5; ADP/ATP translocase 2 [KO:K05863]
293  SLC25A6; ADP/ATP translocase 3 [KO:K05863]
29796  UQCR10; cytochrome b-c1 complex subunit 9 isoform a [KO:K00419]
29985  SLC39A3; zinc transporter ZIP3 isoform a [KO:K14709]
29986  SLC39A2; zinc transporter ZIP2 isoform a [KO:K14709]
317  APAF1; apoptotic protease-activating factor 1 isoform c [KO:K02084]
3309  HSPA5; endoplasmic reticulum chaperone BiP precursor [KO:K09490] [EC:5.6.1.10]
341947  COX8C; cytochrome c oxidase subunit 8C, mitochondrial [KO:K02273]
347688  TUBB8; tubulin beta-8 chain isoform 1 [KO:K07375]
347733  TUBB2B; tubulin beta-2B chain [KO:K07375]
3708  ITPR1; inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate-gated calcium channel ITPR1 isoform 4 [KO:K04958]
3709  ITPR2; inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate-gated calcium channel ITPR2 isoform 1 [KO:K04959]
3710  ITPR3; inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate-gated calcium channel ITPR3 [KO:K04960]
374291  NDUFS7; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] iron-sulfur protein 7, mitochondrial isoform 1 [KO:K03940] [EC:7.1.1.2]
3798  KIF5A; kinesin heavy chain isoform 5A isoform 1 [KO:K10396] [EC:5.6.1.3]
3799  KIF5B; kinesin-1 heavy chain [KO:K10396] [EC:5.6.1.3]
3800  KIF5C; kinesin heavy chain isoform 5C [KO:K10396] [EC:5.6.1.3]
3831  KLC1; kinesin light chain 1 isoform 2 [KO:K10407]
4128  MAOA; amine oxidase [flavin-containing] A isoform 1 [KO:K00274] [EC:1.4.3.4]
4129  MAOB; amine oxidase [flavin-containing] B [KO:K00274] [EC:1.4.3.4]
4137  MAPT; microtubule-associated protein tau isoform 1 [KO:K04380]
4217  MAP3K5; mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 5 isoform 2 [KO:K04426] [EC:2.7.11.25]
440567  UQCRHL; cytochrome b-c1 complex subunit 6-like, mitochondrial [KO:K00416]
4508  ATP6; ATP synthase F0 subunit 6 [KO:K02126]
4509  ATP8; ATP synthase F0 subunit 8 [KO:K02125]
4512  COX1; cytochrome c oxidase subunit I [KO:K02256] [EC:7.1.1.9]
4513  COX2; cytochrome c oxidase subunit II [KO:K02261]
4514  COX3; cytochrome c oxidase subunit III [KO:K02262]
4519  CYTB; cytochrome b [KO:K00412]
4535  ND1; NADH dehydrogenase subunit 1 [KO:K03878] [EC:7.1.1.2]
4536  ND2; NADH dehydrogenase subunit 2 [KO:K03879] [EC:7.1.1.2]
4537  ND3; NADH dehydrogenase subunit 3 [KO:K03880] [EC:7.1.1.2]
4538  ND4; NADH dehydrogenase subunit 4 [KO:K03881] [EC:7.1.1.2]
4539  ND4L; NADH dehydrogenase subunit 4L [KO:K03882] [EC:7.1.1.2]
4540  ND5; NADH dehydrogenase subunit 5 [KO:K03883] [EC:7.1.1.2]
4541  ND6; NADH dehydrogenase subunit 6 [KO:K03884] [EC:7.1.1.2]
468  ATF4; cyclic AMP-dependent transcription factor ATF-4 [KO:K04374]
4694  NDUFA1; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 1 [KO:K03945]
4695  NDUFA2; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 2 isoform 1 [KO:K03946]
4696  NDUFA3; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 3 [KO:K03947]
4697  COXFA4; cytochrome c oxidase subunit NDUFA4 [KO:K03948]
4698  NDUFA5; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 5 isoform 1 [KO:K03949]
4700  NDUFA6; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 6 [KO:K03950]
4701  NDUFA7; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 7 [KO:K03951]
4702  NDUFA8; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 8 isoform 1 [KO:K03952]
4704  NDUFA9; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 9, mitochondrial precursor [KO:K03953]
4705  NDUFA10; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 10, mitochondrial isoform 1 precursor [KO:K03954]
4706  NDUFAB1; acyl carrier protein, mitochondrial precursor [KO:K03955]
4707  NDUFB1; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 beta subcomplex subunit 1 [KO:K03957]
4708  NDUFB2; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 beta subcomplex subunit 2, mitochondrial precursor [KO:K03958]
4709  NDUFB3; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 beta subcomplex subunit 3 [KO:K03959]
4710  NDUFB4; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 beta subcomplex subunit 4 isoform 1 [KO:K03960]
4711  NDUFB5; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 beta subcomplex subunit 5, mitochondrial isoform 1 precursor [KO:K03961]
4712  NDUFB6; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 beta subcomplex subunit 6 isoform 1 [KO:K03962]
4713  NDUFB7; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 beta subcomplex subunit 7 [KO:K03963]
4714  NDUFB8; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 beta subcomplex subunit 8, mitochondrial isoform 1 precursor [KO:K03964]
4715  NDUFB9; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 beta subcomplex subunit 9 isoform 1 [KO:K03965]
4716  NDUFB10; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 beta subcomplex subunit 10 [KO:K03966]
4717  NDUFC1; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 subunit C1, mitochondrial precursor [KO:K03967]
4718  NDUFC2; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 subunit C2 isoform 1 [KO:K03968]
4719  NDUFS1; NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase 75 kDa subunit, mitochondrial isoform 1 precursor [KO:K03934] [EC:7.1.1.2]
4720  NDUFS2; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] iron-sulfur protein 2, mitochondrial isoform 1 precursor [KO:K03935] [EC:7.1.1.2]
4722  NDUFS3; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] iron-sulfur protein 3, mitochondrial precursor [KO:K03936] [EC:7.1.1.2]
4723  NDUFV1; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] flavoprotein 1, mitochondrial isoform 1 precursor [KO:K03942] [EC:7.1.1.2]
4724  NDUFS4; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] iron-sulfur protein 4, mitochondrial isoform 1 precursor [KO:K03937]
4725  NDUFS5; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] iron-sulfur protein 5 [KO:K03938]
4726  NDUFS6; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] iron-sulfur protein 6, mitochondrial precursor [KO:K03939]
4728  NDUFS8; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] iron-sulfur protein 8, mitochondrial precursor [KO:K03941] [EC:7.1.1.2]
4729  NDUFV2; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] flavoprotein 2, mitochondrial precursor [KO:K03943] [EC:7.1.1.2]
4731  NDUFV3; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] flavoprotein 3, mitochondrial isoform b precursor [KO:K03944]
4780  NFE2L2; nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 isoform 1 [KO:K05638]
4891  SLC11A2; natural resistance-associated macrophage protein 2 isoform 2 [KO:K21398]
498  ATP5F1A; ATP synthase F(1) complex subunit alpha, mitochondrial isoform a precursor [KO:K02132]
506  ATP5F1B; ATP synthase F(1) complex subunit beta, mitochondrial precursor [KO:K02133] [EC:7.1.2.2]
5071  PRKN; E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase parkin isoform 1 [KO:K04556] [EC:2.3.2.31]
509  ATP5F1C; ATP synthase F(1) complex subunit gamma, mitochondrial isoform L (liver) precursor [KO:K02136]
51079  NDUFA13; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 13 [KO:K11353]
513  ATP5F1D; ATP synthase F(1) complex subunit delta, mitochondrial precursor [KO:K02134]
514  ATP5F1E; ATP synthase F(1) complex subunit epsilon, mitochondrial [KO:K02135]
51465  UBE2J1; ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2 J1 [KO:K10578] [EC:2.3.2.23]
515  ATP5PB; ATP synthase peripheral stalk subunit b, mitochondrial precursor [KO:K02127]
516  ATP5MC1; ATP synthase F(0) complex subunit C1, mitochondrial precursor [KO:K02128]
517  ATP5MC2; ATP synthase F(0) complex subunit C2, mitochondrial isoform c precursor [KO:K02128]
518  ATP5MC3; ATP synthase F(0) complex subunit C3, mitochondrial isoform A precursor [KO:K02128]
51806  CALML5; calmodulin-like protein 5 [KO:K02183]
51807  TUBA8; tubulin alpha-8 chain isoform 1 [KO:K07374]
522  ATP5PF; ATP synthase peripheral stalk subunit F6, mitochondrial isoform a precursor [KO:K02131]
5335  PLCG1; 1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase gamma-1 isoform b [KO:K01116] [EC:3.1.4.11]
539  ATP5PO; ATP synthase peripheral stalk subunit OSCP, mitochondrial precursor [KO:K02137]
5413  SEPTIN5; septin-5 isoform 1 [KO:K04557]
54205  CYCS; cytochrome c [KO:K08738]
54539  NDUFB11; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 beta subcomplex subunit 11, mitochondrial isoform 2 [KO:K11351]
55334  SLC39A9; zinc transporter ZIP9 isoform 1 [KO:K14715]
55630  SLC39A4; zinc transporter ZIP4 isoform 2 precursor [KO:K14710]
5566  PRKACA; cAMP-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit alpha isoform Calpha1 [KO:K04345] [EC:2.7.11.11]
55669  MFN1; mitofusin-1 [KO:K21356] [EC:3.6.5.-]
5567  PRKACB; cAMP-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit beta isoform 2 [KO:K04345] [EC:2.7.11.11]
5568  PRKACG; cAMP-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit gamma [KO:K04345] [EC:2.7.11.11]
55967  NDUFA12; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 12 isoform a [KO:K11352]
5599  MAPK8; mitogen-activated protein kinase 8 isoform alpha2 [KO:K04440] [EC:2.7.11.24]
5601  MAPK9; mitogen-activated protein kinase 9 isoform alpha2 [KO:K04440] [EC:2.7.11.24]
5602  MAPK10; mitogen-activated protein kinase 10 isoform 1 [KO:K04440] [EC:2.7.11.24]
5682  PSMA1; proteasome subunit alpha type-1 isoform 2 [KO:K02725] [EC:3.4.25.1]
5683  PSMA2; proteasome subunit alpha type-2 [KO:K02726] [EC:3.4.25.1]
5684  PSMA3; proteasome subunit alpha type-3 isoform 1 [KO:K02727] [EC:3.4.25.1]
5685  PSMA4; proteasome subunit alpha type-4 isoform 1 [KO:K02728] [EC:3.4.25.1]
5686  PSMA5; proteasome subunit alpha type-5 isoform 1 [KO:K02729] [EC:3.4.25.1]
5687  PSMA6; proteasome subunit alpha type-6 isoform a [KO:K02730] [EC:3.4.25.1]
5688  PSMA7; proteasome subunit alpha type-7 [KO:K02731] [EC:3.4.25.1]
5689  PSMB1; proteasome subunit beta type-1 [KO:K02732] [EC:3.4.25.1]
5690  PSMB2; proteasome subunit beta type-2 isoform 1 [KO:K02734] [EC:3.4.25.1]
56901  COXFA4L2; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 4-like 2 [KO:K03948]
5691  PSMB3; proteasome subunit beta type-3 [KO:K02735] [EC:3.4.25.1]
5692  PSMB4; proteasome subunit beta type-4 [KO:K02736] [EC:3.4.25.1]
5693  PSMB5; proteasome subunit beta type-5 isoform 1 [KO:K02737] [EC:3.4.25.1]
5694  PSMB6; proteasome subunit beta type-6 isoform 1 [KO:K02738] [EC:3.4.25.1]
5695  PSMB7; proteasome subunit beta type-7 precursor [KO:K02739] [EC:3.4.25.1]
5700  PSMC1; 26S proteasome regulatory subunit 4 isoform a [KO:K03062]
5701  PSMC2; 26S proteasome regulatory subunit 7 isoform 1 [KO:K03061]
5702  PSMC3; 26S proteasome regulatory subunit 6A [KO:K03065]
5704  PSMC4; 26S proteasome regulatory subunit 6B isoform 1 [KO:K03063]
5705  PSMC5; 26S proteasome regulatory subunit 8 isoform 1 [KO:K03066]
5706  PSMC6; 26S proteasome regulatory subunit 10B isoform 1 [KO:K03064]
5707  PSMD1; 26S proteasome non-ATPase regulatory subunit 1 isoform 1 [KO:K03032]
5708  PSMD2; 26S proteasome non-ATPase regulatory subunit 2 isoform 1 [KO:K03028]
5709  PSMD3; 26S proteasome non-ATPase regulatory subunit 3 [KO:K03033]
5710  PSMD4; 26S proteasome non-ATPase regulatory subunit 4 isoform 2 [KO:K03029]
5713  PSMD7; 26S proteasome non-ATPase regulatory subunit 7 [KO:K03038]
5714  PSMD8; 26S proteasome non-ATPase regulatory subunit 8 [KO:K03031]
5715  PSMD9; 26S proteasome non-ATPase regulatory subunit 9 isoform 1 [KO:K06693]
5717  PSMD11; 26S proteasome non-ATPase regulatory subunit 11 [KO:K03036]
5718  PSMD12; 26S proteasome non-ATPase regulatory subunit 12 isoform 1 [KO:K03035]
57181  SLC39A10; zinc transporter ZIP10 precursor [KO:K14716]
5719  PSMD13; 26S proteasome non-ATPase regulatory subunit 13 isoform 1 [KO:K03039]
581  BAX; apoptosis regulator BAX isoform alpha [KO:K02159]
598  BCL2L1; bcl-2-like protein 1 isoform Bcl-X(L) [KO:K04570]
6233  RPS27A; ubiquitin-ribosomal protein eS31 fusion protein precursor [KO:K02977]
6263  RYR3; ryanodine receptor 3 isoform 1 [KO:K04963]
6389  SDHA; succinate dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] flavoprotein subunit, mitochondrial isoform 1 [KO:K00234] [EC:1.3.5.1]
6390  SDHB; succinate dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] iron-sulfur subunit, mitochondrial isoform 1 precursor [KO:K00235] [EC:1.3.5.1]
6391  SDHC; succinate dehydrogenase cytochrome b560 subunit, mitochondrial isoform 1 precursor [KO:K00236]
6392  SDHD; succinate dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] cytochrome b small subunit, mitochondrial isoform a precursor [KO:K00237]
64116  SLC39A8; metal cation symporter ZIP8 isoform a precursor [KO:K14714]
64837  KLC2; kinesin light chain 2 isoform 1 [KO:K10407]
65018  PINK1; serine/threonine-protein kinase PINK1, mitochondrial precursor [KO:K05688] [EC:2.7.11.1]
6531  SLC6A3; sodium-dependent dopamine transporter [KO:K05036]
6570  SLC18A1; chromaffin granule amine transporter isoform a [KO:K08155]
6571  SLC18A2; synaptic vesicular amine transporter [KO:K08155]
6622  SNCA; alpha-synuclein isoform NACP140 [KO:K04528]
6647  SOD1; superoxide dismutase [Cu-Zn] [KO:K04565] [EC:1.15.1.1]
7054  TH; tyrosine 3-monooxygenase isoform a [KO:K00501] [EC:1.14.16.2]
7157  TP53; cellular tumor antigen p53 isoform a [KO:K04451]
7277  TUBA4A; tubulin alpha-4A chain isoform 1 [KO:K07374]
7278  TUBA3C; tubulin alpha-3C chain [KO:K07374]
7280  TUBB2A; tubulin beta-2A chain isoform 1 [KO:K07375]
7295  TXN; thioredoxin isoform 1 [KO:K03671]
7311  UBA52; ubiquitin-ribosomal protein eL40 fusion protein isoform 1 precursor [KO:K02927]
7314  UBB; polyubiquitin-B precursor [KO:K08770]
7316  UBC; polyubiquitin-C [KO:K08770]
7317  UBA1; ubiquitin-like modifier-activating enzyme 1 isoform 1 [KO:K03178] [EC:6.2.1.45]
7318  UBA7; ubiquitin-like modifier-activating enzyme 7 [KO:K10698] [EC:6.2.1.45]
7326  UBE2G1; ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2 G1 [KO:K10575] [EC:2.3.2.23]
7327  UBE2G2; ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2 G2 isoform 1 [KO:K04555] [EC:2.3.2.23]
7332  UBE2L3; ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2 L3 isoform 1 [KO:K04552] [EC:2.3.2.23]
7345  UCHL1; ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal hydrolase isozyme L1 [KO:K05611] [EC:3.4.19.12]
7381  UQCRB; cytochrome b-c1 complex subunit 7 isoform 1 [KO:K00417]
7384  UQCRC1; cytochrome b-c1 complex subunit 1, mitochondrial precursor [KO:K00414]
7385  UQCRC2; cytochrome b-c1 complex subunit 2, mitochondrial precursor [KO:K00415]
7386  UQCRFS1; cytochrome b-c1 complex subunit Rieske, mitochondrial [KO:K00411] [EC:7.1.1.8]
7388  UQCRH; cytochrome b-c1 complex subunit 6, mitochondrial isoform 1 precursor [KO:K00416]
7416  VDAC1; non-selective voltage-gated ion channel VDAC1 isoform 1 [KO:K05862]
7417  VDAC2; non-selective voltage-gated ion channel VDAC2 isoform 2 [KO:K15040]
7419  VDAC3; non-selective voltage-gated ion channel VDAC3 isoform 1 [KO:K15041]
7494  XBP1; X-box-binding protein 1 isoform XBP1(U) [KO:K09027]
7846  TUBA1A; tubulin alpha-1A chain isoform 1 [KO:K07374]
7922  SLC39A7; zinc transporter SLC39A7 isoform 1 precursor [KO:K14713]
7979  SEM1; 26S proteasome complex subunit SEM1 isoform c [KO:K10881]
79861  TUBAL3; tubulin alpha chain-like 3 isoform 1 [KO:K07374]
801  CALM1; calmodulin-1 isoform 2 [KO:K02183]
805  CALM2; calmodulin-2 isoform 2 [KO:K02183]
808  CALM3; calmodulin-3 isoform 1 [KO:K02183]
810  CALML3; calmodulin-like protein 3 [KO:K02183]
81027  TUBB1; tubulin beta-1 chain [KO:K07375]
815  CAMK2A; calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase type II subunit alpha isoform 2 [KO:K04515] [EC:2.7.11.17]
816  CAMK2B; calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase type II subunit beta isoform 1 [KO:K04515] [EC:2.7.11.17]
817  CAMK2D; calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase type II subunit delta isoform 3 [KO:K04515] [EC:2.7.11.17]
818  CAMK2G; calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase type II subunit gamma isoform 7 [KO:K04515] [EC:2.7.11.17]
83447  SLC25A31; ADP/ATP translocase 4 isoform 1 [KO:K05863]
836  CASP3; caspase-3 isoform a preproprotein [KO:K02187] [EC:3.4.22.56]
842  CASP9; caspase-9 isoform alpha precursor [KO:K04399] [EC:3.4.22.62]
84617  TUBB6; tubulin beta-6 chain isoform 1 [KO:K07375]
84701  COX4I2; cytochrome c oxidase subunit 4 isoform 2, mitochondrial [KO:K02263]
84790  TUBA1C; tubulin alpha-1C chain isoform c [KO:K07374]
89953  KLC4; kinesin light chain 4 isoform a [KO:K10407]
90550  MCU; calcium uniporter protein, mitochondrial isoform 1 precursor [KO:K20858]
91252  SLC39A13; zinc transporter ZIP13 isoform a precursor [KO:K14719]
9167  COX7A2L; cytochrome c oxidase subunit 7A2-like, mitochondrial isoform a [KO:K02270]
91860  CALML4; calmodulin-like protein 4 isoform 1 [KO:K02183]
9246  UBE2L6; ubiquitin/ISG15-conjugating enzyme E2 L6 isoform 1 [KO:K04553] [EC:2.3.2.23]
9377  COX5A; cytochrome c oxidase subunit 5A, mitochondrial precursor [KO:K02264]
9451  EIF2AK3; eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2-alpha kinase 3 isoform 1 precursor [KO:K08860] [EC:2.7.11.1]
9627  SNCAIP; synphilin-1 isoform 1 [KO:K04558]
9817  KEAP1; kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 [KO:K10456]
9861  PSMD6; 26S proteasome non-ATPase regulatory subunit 6 isoform 2 [KO:K03037]
9927  MFN2; mitofusin-2 [KO:K06030] [EC:3.6.5.-]
Compound
C00002  ATP
C00007  Oxygen
C00008  ADP
C00009  Orthophosphate
C00013  Diphosphate
C00020  AMP
C00027  Hydrogen peroxide
C00034  Manganese
C00076  Calcium cation
C00082  L-Tyrosine
C00165  Diacylglycerol
C00212  Adenosine
C00355  3,4-Dihydroxy-L-phenylalanine
C00575  3',5'-Cyclic AMP
C00704  Superoxide
C01245  D-myo-Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate
C03758  Dopamine
C04043  3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetaldehyde
C04599  1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine
C07593  Rotenone
C11310  1-Methyl-4-phenylpyridinium
C14701  Paraquat
C15231  Maneb
C16844  Hydroxyl radical
C17755  Dopamine quinone
C22381  Reactive oxygen species
Reference
PMID:16495942
  Authors
Abou-Sleiman PM, Muqit MM, Wood NW
  Title
Expanding insights of mitochondrial dysfunction in Parkinson's disease.
  Journal
Nat Rev Neurosci 7:207-19 (2006)
DOI:10.1038/nrn1868
Reference
PMID:12938733
  Authors
Lim KL, Lim TM
  Title
Molecular mechanisms of neurodegeneration in Parkinson's disease: clues from Mendelian syndromes.
  Journal
IUBMB Life 55:315-22 (2003)
DOI:10.1080/1521654031000153030
Reference
PMID:26501339
  Authors
Bobela W, Aebischer P, Schneider BL
  Title
Alphalpha-Synuclein as a Mediator in the Interplay between Aging and Parkinson's Disease.
  Journal
Biomolecules 5:2675-700 (2015)
DOI:10.3390/biom5042675
Reference
PMID:15767499
  Authors
Eriksen JL, Wszolek Z, Petrucelli L
  Title
Molecular pathogenesis of Parkinson disease.
  Journal
Arch Neurol 62:353-7 (2005)
DOI:10.1001/archneur.62.3.353
Reference
PMID:16972273
  Authors
Olanow CW, McNaught KS
  Title
Ubiquitin-proteasome system and Parkinson's disease.
  Journal
Mov Disord 21:1806-23 (2006)
DOI:10.1002/mds.21013
Reference
PMID:18047737
  Authors
Lim KL, Tan JM
  Title
Role of the ubiquitin proteasome system in Parkinson's disease.
  Journal
BMC Biochem 8 Suppl 1:S13 (2007)
DOI:10.1186/1471-2091-8-S1-S13
Reference
PMID:29090092
  Authors
Maiti P, Manna J, Dunbar GL
  Title
Current understanding of the molecular mechanisms in Parkinson's disease: Targets for potential treatments.
  Journal
Transl Neurodegener 6:28 (2017)
DOI:10.1186/s40035-017-0099-z
Reference
PMID:12814656
  Authors
Dev KK, van der Putten H, Sommer B, Rovelli G
  Title
Part I: parkin-associated proteins and Parkinson's disease.
  Journal
Neuropharmacology 45:1-13 (2003)
DOI:10.1016/s0028-3908(02)00337-4
Reference
PMID:20495568
  Authors
Obeso JA, Rodriguez-Oroz MC, Goetz CG, Marin C, Kordower JH, Rodriguez M, Hirsch EC, Farrer M, Schapira AH, Halliday G
  Title
Missing pieces in the Parkinson's disease puzzle.
  Journal
Nat Med 16:653-61 (2010)
DOI:10.1038/nm.2165
Reference
PMID:24781149
  Authors
Cali T, Ottolini D, Brini M
  Title
Calcium signaling in Parkinson's disease.
  Journal
Cell Tissue Res 357:439-54 (2014)
DOI:10.1007/s00441-014-1866-0
Reference
PMID:19230774
  Authors
Bezprozvanny I
  Title
Calcium signaling and neurodegenerative diseases.
  Journal
Trends Mol Med 15:89-100 (2009)
DOI:10.1016/j.molmed.2009.01.001
Reference
PMID:28468938
  Authors
Zaichick SV, McGrath KM, Caraveo G
  Title
The role of Ca(2+) signaling in Parkinson's disease.
  Journal
Dis Model Mech 10:519-535 (2017)
DOI:10.1242/dmm.028738
Reference
PMID:28838811
  Authors
Ludtmann MHR, Abramov AY
  Title
Mitochondrial calcium imbalance in Parkinson's disease.
  Journal
Neurosci Lett 663:86-90 (2018)
DOI:10.1016/j.neulet.2017.08.044
Reference
PMID:19663908
  Authors
Sandebring A, Dehvari N, Perez-Manso M, Thomas KJ, Karpilovski E, Cookson MR, Cowburn RF, Cedazo-Minguez A
  Title
Parkin deficiency disrupts calcium homeostasis by modulating phospholipase C signalling.
  Journal
FEBS J 276:5041-52 (2009)
DOI:10.1111/j.1742-4658.2009.07201.x
Reference
PMID:23352769
  Authors
Mercado G, Valdes P, Hetz C
  Title
An ERcentric view of Parkinson's disease.
  Journal
Trends Mol Med 19:165-75 (2013)
DOI:10.1016/j.molmed.2012.12.005
Reference
PMID:27103567
  Authors
Mercado G, Castillo V, Soto P, Sidhu A
  Title
ER stress and Parkinson's disease: Pathological inputs that converge into the secretory pathway.
  Journal
Brain Res 1648:626-632 (2016)
DOI:10.1016/j.brainres.2016.04.042
Reference
PMID:26297973
  Authors
Tsujii S, Ishisaka M, Hara H
  Title
Modulation of endoplasmic reticulum stress in Parkinson's disease.
  Journal
Eur J Pharmacol 765:154-6 (2015)
DOI:10.1016/j.ejphar.2015.08.033
Reference
PMID:31100053
  Authors
Shah A, Chao J, Legido-Quigley C, Chang RC
  Title
Oxyresveratrol exerts ATF4- and Grp78-mediated neuroprotection against endoplasmic reticulum stress in experimental Parkinson's disease.
  Journal
Nutr Neurosci 1-16 (2019)
DOI:10.1080/1028415X.2019.1613764
Reference
PMID:24548101
  Authors
Segura-Aguilar J, Paris I, Munoz P, Ferrari E, Zecca L, Zucca FA
  Title
Protective and toxic roles of dopamine in Parkinson's disease.
  Journal
J Neurochem 129:898-915 (2014)
DOI:10.1111/jnc.12686
Reference
PMID:31587020
  Authors
Jesko H, Lenkiewicz AM, Wilkaniec A, Adamczyk A
  Title
The interplay between parkin and alpha-synuclein; possible implications for the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease.
  Journal
Acta Neurobiol Exp (Wars) 79:276-289 (2019)
Reference
PMID:15189334
  Authors
Perez RG, Hastings TG
  Title
Could a loss of alpha-synuclein function put dopaminergic neurons at risk?
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J Neurochem 89:1318-24 (2004)
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Reference
PMID:26487845
  Authors
Segura-Aguilar J
  Title
A new mechanism for protection of dopaminergic neurons mediated by astrocytes.
  Journal
Neural Regen Res 10:1225-7 (2015)
DOI:10.4103/1673-5374.162750
Reference
PMID:27546335
  Authors
Bose A, Beal MF
  Title
Mitochondrial dysfunction in Parkinson's disease.
  Journal
J Neurochem 139 Suppl 1:216-231 (2016)
DOI:10.1111/jnc.13731
Reference
PMID:27581196
  Authors
Cieri D, Brini M, Cali T
  Title
Emerging (and converging) pathways in Parkinson's disease: keeping mitochondrial wellness.
  Journal
Biochem Biophys Res Commun 483:1020-1030 (2017)
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Reference
PMID:27829983
  Authors
Mack JM, Schamne MG, Sampaio TB, Pertile RA, Fernandes PA, Markus RP, Prediger RD
  Title
Melatoninergic System in Parkinson's Disease: From Neuroprotection to the Management of Motor and Nonmotor Symptoms.
  Journal
Oxid Med Cell Longev 2016:3472032 (2016)
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Reference
PMID:21674642
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Cali T, Ottolini D, Brini M
  Title
Mitochondria, calcium, and endoplasmic reticulum stress in Parkinson's disease.
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Biofactors 37:228-40 (2011)
DOI:10.1002/biof.159
Reference
PMID:24522549
  Authors
Gaki GS, Papavassiliou AG
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Oxidative stress-induced signaling pathways implicated in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease.
  Journal
Neuromolecular Med 16:217-30 (2014)
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Reference
PMID:25761946
  Authors
Franco-Iborra S, Vila M, Perier C
  Title
The Parkinson Disease Mitochondrial Hypothesis: Where Are We at?
  Journal
Neuroscientist 22:266-77 (2016)
DOI:10.1177/1073858415574600
Reference
PMID:22926193
  Authors
de Vries RL, Przedborski S
  Title
Mitophagy and Parkinson's disease: be eaten to stay healthy.
  Journal
Mol Cell Neurosci 55:37-43 (2013)
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Reference
PMID:20736035
  Authors
Deas E, Wood NW, Plun-Favreau H
  Title
Mitophagy and Parkinson's disease: the PINK1-parkin link.
  Journal
Biochim Biophys Acta 1813:623-33 (2011)
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Reference
PMID:25611507
  Authors
Pickrell AM, Youle RJ
  Title
The roles of PINK1, parkin, and mitochondrial fidelity in Parkinson's disease.
  Journal
Neuron 85:257-73 (2015)
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Reference
PMID:27911343
  Authors
Truban D, Hou X, Caulfield TR, Fiesel FC, Springer W
  Title
PINK1, Parkin, and Mitochondrial Quality Control: What can we Learn about Parkinson's Disease Pathobiology?
  Journal
J Parkinsons Dis 7:13-29 (2017)
DOI:10.3233/JPD-160989
Reference
PMID:28823929
  Authors
Biosa A, Sandrelli F, Beltramini M, Greggio E, Bubacco L, Bisaglia M
  Title
Recent findings on the physiological function of DJ-1: Beyond Parkinson's disease.
  Journal
Neurobiol Dis 108:65-72 (2017)
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Reference
PMID:29147906
  Authors
Oh SE, Mouradian MM
  Title
Regulation of Signal Transduction by DJ-1.
  Journal
Adv Exp Med Biol 1037:97-131 (2017)
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Reference
PMID:31054074
  Authors
Dolgacheva LP, Berezhnov AV, Fedotova EI, Zinchenko VP, Abramov AY
  Title
Role of DJ-1 in the mechanism of pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease.
  Journal
J Bioenerg Biomembr 51:175-188 (2019)
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Reference
PMID:30370500
  Authors
Melo TQ, Copray SJCVM, Ferrari MFR
  Title
Alpha-Synuclein Toxicity on Protein Quality Control, Mitochondria and Endoplasmic Reticulum.
  Journal
Neurochem Res 43:2212-2223 (2018)
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Reference
PMID:30937538
  Authors
Zhai S, Shen W, Graves SM, Surmeier DJ
  Title
Dopaminergic modulation of striatal function and Parkinson's disease.
  Journal
J Neural Transm (Vienna) 126:411-422 (2019)
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Reference
PMID:29720658
  Authors
Parker JG, Marshall JD, Ahanonu B, Wu YW, Kim TH, Grewe BF, Zhang Y, Li JZ, Ding JB, Ehlers MD, Schnitzer MJ
  Title
Diametric neural ensemble dynamics in parkinsonian and dyskinetic states.
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Nature 557:177-182 (2018)
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Related
pathway
hsa00190  Oxidative phosphorylation
hsa00350  Tyrosine metabolism
hsa03050  Proteasome
hsa04020  Calcium signaling pathway
hsa04120  Ubiquitin mediated proteolysis
hsa04137  Mitophagy - animal
hsa04141  Protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum
hsa04210  Apoptosis
hsa04728  Dopaminergic synapse
KO pathway
ko05012   

DBGET integrated database retrieval system