KEGG   PATHWAY: vch05111
Entry
vch05111                    Pathway                                
Name
Biofilm formation - Vibrio cholerae - Vibrio cholerae O1 El Tor N16961
Description
Surface colonization and subsequent biofilm formation and development provide numerous advantages to microorganisms. On the other hand, biofilm formation is an energetically costly process and therefore must be tightly regulated and plastic, enabling biofilm bacteria to be responsive to the various environmental cues. The quorum sensing (QS) pathway of Vibrio cholerae activates the expression of VpsR, VpsT and AphA (the main activators of biofilm formation) at low cell density and HapR (the main repressor) at high cell density. At low cell density, biofilm genes, including Vibrio polysaccharide (VPS) biosynthesis genes and the major extracellular matrix genes RbmA, RbmC, and Bap1, are expressed. The QS pathway also leads to induction of virulence factors such as toxin coregulated pilus (TCP) and cholera toxin (CTX), essential for colonization of the host and enterotoxicity, respectively. The VarS/VarA signaling system responds to an unknown environmental cue and represses biofilm production by process which involves the regulatory sRNAs CsrB, CsrC and CsrD and the RNA-binding protein CsrA, interfering with LuxO of the QS pathway. The second messenger cAMP acts as a repressor of biofilm formation. cAMP is generated by adenylate cyclase CyaA, and in complex with cAMP receptor protein (CRP), this nucleotide has been shown to upregulate HapR production through the positive regulation of the CAI-I synthase CqsA and the negative regulation of Fis. The second messenger c-di-GMP is a key signalling molecule controlling motility and biofilm matrix production. High cellular levels of c-di-GMP promote enhanced transcription of genes involved in biofilm formation, possibly by promoting VpsT-mediated transcriptional activation of vps genes.
Class
Cellular Processes; Cellular community - prokaryotes
Pathway map
vch05111  Biofilm formation - Vibrio cholerae
vch05111

Module
vch_M00852  Vibrio cholerae pathogenicity signature, toxin coregulated pilus [PATH:vch05111]
Organism
Vibrio cholerae O1 El Tor N16961 [GN:vch]
Gene
VC_0557  autoinducer-2 production protein [KO:K07173] [EC:4.4.1.21]
VC_A0736  sensor histidine kinase LuxQ [KO:K10909] [EC:2.7.13.3 3.1.3.-]
VC_A0737  luxP protein [KO:K10910]
VC_A0523  aminotransferase, class II [KO:K10915] [EC:2.3.-.-]
VC_A0522  sensor histidine kinase/response regulator LuxN [KO:K10916] [EC:2.7.13.3 3.1.3.-]
VC_1022  phosphorelay protein [KO:K10911]
VC_1021  LuxO repressor protein [KO:K10912]
VC_0347  host factor-I, putative [KO:K03666]
VC_2647  conserved hypothetical protein [KO:K10917]
VC_1049  transcriptional regulator, LysR family [KO:K10918]
VC_A0952  transcriptional regulator, LuxR family [KO:K20918]
VC_0665  sigma-54 dependent transcriptional regulator [KO:K20919]
VC_0916  phosphotyrosine protein phosphatase [KO:K20945] [EC:3.1.3.48]
VC_0917  UDP-N-acetylglucosamine 2-epimerase [KO:K01791] [EC:5.1.3.14]
VC_0918  UDP-N-acetyl-D-mannosaminuronic acid dehydrogenase [KO:K02472] [EC:1.1.1.336]
VC_0919  serine acetyltransferase-related protein [KO:K00640] [EC:2.3.1.30]
VC_0923  serine acetyltransferase-related protein [KO:K00640] [EC:2.3.1.30]
VC_2649  serine acetyltransferase [KO:K00640] [EC:2.3.1.30]
VC_0920  exopolysaccharide biosynthesis protein EpsF, putative [KO:K20921]
VC_0921  polysaccharide export protein, putative [KO:K20946]
VC_0922  hypothetical protein [KO:K20947]
VC_0925  polysaccharide biosynthesis protein, putative [KO:K20922]
VC_0926  hypothetical protein [KO:K20948]
VC_0927  UDP-N-acetyl-D-mannosamine transferase [KO:K25886]
VC_0934  capsular polysaccharide biosynthesis glycosyltransferase, putative [KO:K03606] [EC:2.7.8.31]
VC_0935  hypothetical protein [KO:K20920]
VC_0936  polysaccharide export-related protein [KO:K20988]
VC_0937  exopolysaccharide biosynthesis protein, putative [KO:K16554] [EC:2.7.10.3]
VC_0938  hypothetical protein [KO:K20949]
VC_0939  hypothetical protein [KO:K20950]
VC_2734  general secretion pathway protein C [KO:K02452]
VC_2732  general secretion pathway protein E [KO:K02454] [EC:7.4.2.8]
VC_2731  general secretion pathway protein F [KO:K02455]
VC_2730  general secretion pathway protein G [KO:K02456]
VC_2729  general secretion pathway protein H [KO:K02457]
VC_2728  general secretion pathway protein I [KO:K02458]
VC_2727  general secretion pathway protein J [KO:K02459]
VC_2726  general secretion pathway protein K [KO:K02460]
VC_2725  general secretion pathway protein L [KO:K02461]
VC_2724  cholera toxin secretion protein EpsM [KO:K02462]
VC_2723  general secretion pathway protein N [KO:K02463]
VC_1888  hemolysin-related protein [KO:K20951]
VC_0930  hemolysin-related protein [KO:K20952]
VC_0928  hypothetical protein [KO:K20953]
VC_0826  toxin co-regulated pilus biosynthesis protein P [KO:K10920]
VC_0827  toxin co-regulated pilus biosynthesis protein H [KO:K10919]
VC_0984  cholera toxin transcriptional activator [KO:K10921]
VC_0983  regulatory protein ToxS [KO:K10922]
VC_0838  TCP pilus virulence regulatory protein [KO:K10923]
VC_1854  porin, putative [KO:K10940]
VC_0633  outer membrane protein OmpU [KO:K08720]
VC_0828  toxin co-regulated pilin [KO:K10930]
VC_0829  toxin co-regulated pilus biosynthesis protein B [KO:K10931]
VC_0831  toxin co-regulated pilus biosynthesis outer membrane protein C [KO:K10932]
VC_0833  toxin co-regulated pilus biosynthesis protein D [KO:K10933]
VC_0836  toxin co-regulated pilus biosynthesis protein E [KO:K10934]
VC_0837  toxin co-regulated pilus biosynthesis protein F [KO:K10935]
VC_0825  toxin co-regulated pilus biosynthesis protein I [KO:K10961]
VC_0830  toxin co-regulated pilus biosynthesis protein Q [KO:K10962]
VC_0832  toxin co-regulated pilus biosynthesis protein R [KO:K10963]
VC_0834  toxin co-regulated pilus biosynthesis protein S [KO:K10964]
VC_0835  toxin co-regulated pilus biosynthesis protein T [KO:K10965]
VC_0844  accessory colonization factor AcfA [KO:K10936]
VC_0840  accessory colonization factor AcfB [KO:K10937]
VC_0841  accessory colonization factor AcfC [KO:K10938]
VC_0845  conserved hypothetical protein [KO:K10939]
VC_1457  cholera enterotoxin, A subunit [KO:K10928] [EC:2.4.2.36]
VC_1456  cholera enterotoxin, B subunit [KO:K10929]
VC_A0865  hemagglutinin/protease [KO:K08604] [EC:3.4.24.25]
VC_2453  sensor histidine kinase/response regulator [KO:K07678] [EC:2.7.13.3]
VC_1213  transcriptional regulator, LuxR family [KO:K07689]
VC_0548  carbon storage regulator [KO:K03563]
VC_0964  PTS system, glucose-specific IIA component [KO:K02777] [EC:2.7.1.-]
VC_2013  PTS system, glucose-specific IIBC component [KO:K02779] [EC:2.7.1.199]
VC_0122  adenylate cyclase [KO:K05851] [EC:4.6.1.1]
VC_2614  cyclic AMP receptor protein [KO:K10914]
VC_0290  factor-for-inversion stimulation protein [KO:K03557]
VC_1593  GGDEF family protein [KO:K20954] [EC:2.7.7.65]
VC_1104  GGDEF family protein [KO:K20955] [EC:2.7.7.65]
VC_A0074  GGDEF family protein [KO:K20956] [EC:2.7.7.65]
VC_1067  conserved hypothetical protein [KO:K20957] [EC:2.7.7.65]
VC_2285  GGDEF family protein [KO:K20958] [EC:2.7.7.65]
VC_1376  GGDEF family protein [KO:K20959] [EC:2.7.7.65]
VC_A0939  sensory box/GGDEF family protein [KO:K20960] [EC:2.7.7.65]
VC_2454  GGDEF family protein [KO:K20961] [EC:2.7.7.65]
VC_A0785  GGDEF family protein [KO:K20962] [EC:3.1.4.52]
VC_1592  conserved hypothetical protein [KO:K20963] [EC:3.1.4.52]
VC_1652  response regulator VieA [KO:K13246] [EC:3.1.4.52]
VC_0137  conserved hypothetical protein [KO:K07181] [EC:3.1.4.52]
VC_0130  GGDEF family protein [KO:K20964] [EC:3.1.4.52]
VC_0653  c-di-GMP phosphodiesterase A-related protein [KO:K20965] [EC:3.1.4.52]
VC_0703  c-di-GMP phosphodiesterase A-related protein [KO:K20966] [EC:3.1.4.52]
VC_0405  MSHA biogenesis protein MshE [KO:K12276]
VC_0409  MSHA pilin protein MshA [KO:K10924]
VC_0408  MSHA pilin protein MshB [KO:K10925]
VC_0410  MSHA pilin protein MshC [KO:K10926]
VC_0411  MSHA pilin protein MshD [KO:K10927]
VC_2137  sigma-54 dependent transcriptional activator [KO:K10941]
VC_2529  RNA polymerase sigma-54 factor [KO:K03092]
VC_0534  RNA polymerase sigma-38 factor [KO:K03087]
VC_2136  sensory box sensor histidine kinase [KO:K10942] [EC:2.7.13.3]
VC_2135  sigma-54 dependent response regulator [KO:K10943]
VC_2066  RNA polymerase sigma factor for flagellar operon FliA [KO:K02405]
Compound
C00031  D-Glucose
C00044  GTP
C00092  D-Glucose 6-phosphate
C00575  3',5'-Cyclic AMP
C16421  AI-2
C16463  3',5'-Cyclic diGMP
C16640  CAI-1
C18076  5'-Phosphoguanylyl(3'->5')guanosine
Reference
  Authors
Teschler JK, Zamorano-Sanchez D, Utada AS, Warner CJ, Wong GC, Linington RG, Yildiz FH
  Title
Living in the matrix: assembly and control of Vibrio cholerae biofilms.
  Journal
Nat Rev Microbiol 13:255-68 (2015)
DOI:10.1038/nrmicro3433
Reference
  Authors
Dang H, Lovell CR
  Title
Microbial Surface Colonization and Biofilm Development in Marine Environments.
  Journal
Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 80:91-138 (2016)
DOI:10.1128/MMBR.00037-15
Reference
  Authors
Hengge R
  Title
Principles of c-di-GMP signalling in bacteria.
  Journal
Nat Rev Microbiol 7:263-73 (2009)
DOI:10.1038/nrmicro2109
Reference
  Authors
Liang ZX
  Title
The expanding roles of c-di-GMP in the biosynthesis of exopolysaccharides and secondary metabolites.
  Journal
Nat Prod Rep 32:663-83 (2015)
DOI:10.1039/c4np00086b
Reference
PMID:9371445
  Authors
Sandkvist M, Michel LO, Hough LP, Morales VM, Bagdasarian M, Koomey M, DiRita VJ, Bagdasarian M
  Title
General secretion pathway (eps) genes required for toxin secretion and outer membrane biogenesis in Vibrio cholerae.
  Journal
J Bacteriol 179:6994-7003 (1997)
DOI:10.1128/JB.179.22.6994-7003.1997
Reference
  Authors
Lenz DH, Miller MB, Zhu J, Kulkarni RV, Bassler BL
  Title
CsrA and three redundant small RNAs regulate quorum sensing in Vibrio cholerae.
  Journal
Mol Microbiol 58:1186-202 (2005)
DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2958.2005.04902.x
Reference
  Authors
Houot L, Watnick PI
  Title
A novel role for enzyme I of the Vibrio cholerae phosphoenolpyruvate phosphotransferase system in regulation of growth in a biofilm.
  Journal
J Bacteriol 190:311-20 (2008)
DOI:10.1128/JB.01410-07
Reference
  Authors
Liang W, Silva AJ, Benitez JA
  Title
The cyclic AMP receptor protein modulates colonial morphology in Vibrio cholerae.
  Journal
Appl Environ Microbiol 73:7482-7 (2007)
DOI:10.1128/AEM.01564-07
Reference
  Authors
Lenz DH, Bassler BL
  Title
The small nucleoid protein Fis is involved in Vibrio cholerae quorum sensing.
  Journal
Mol Microbiol 63:859-71 (2007)
DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2958.2006.05545.x
Related
pathway
vch02024  Quorum sensing
vch02040  Flagellar assembly
vch03070  Bacterial secretion system
vch05110  Vibrio cholerae infection
KO pathway
ko05111   
LinkDB

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