KEGG Modules

Carbohydrate metabolism
Central carbohydrate metabolism
M00001 Glycolysis (Embden-Meyerhof pathway), glucose => pyruvate [PATH:bco00010 bco01200 bco01100]
M00002 Glycolysis, core module involving three-carbon compounds [PATH:bco00010 bco01200 bco01230 bco01100]
M00003 Gluconeogenesis, oxaloacetate => fructose-6P [PATH:bco00010 bco00020 bco01100]
M00307 Pyruvate oxidation, pyruvate => acetyl-CoA [PATH:bco00010 bco00020 bco00620 bco01200 bco01100]
M00009 Citrate cycle (TCA cycle, Krebs cycle) [PATH:bco00020 bco01200 bco01100]
M00010 Citrate cycle, first carbon oxidation, oxaloacetate => 2-oxoglutarate [PATH:bco00020 bco01200 bco01210 bco01230 bco01100]
M00011 Citrate cycle, second carbon oxidation, 2-oxoglutarate => oxaloacetate [PATH:bco00020 bco01200 bco01100]
M00004 Pentose phosphate pathway (Pentose phosphate cycle) [PATH:bco00030 bco01200 bco01100 bco01120]
M00006 Pentose phosphate pathway, oxidative phase, glucose 6P => ribulose 5P [PATH:bco00030 bco01200 bco01100 bco01120]
M00007 Pentose phosphate pathway, non-oxidative phase, fructose 6P => ribose 5P [PATH:bco00030 bco01200 bco01230 bco01100 bco01120]
M00005 PRPP biosynthesis, ribose 5P => PRPP [PATH:bco00030 bco00230 bco01200 bco01230 bco01100]
M00008 Entner-Doudoroff pathway, glucose-6P => glyceraldehyde-3P + pyruvate [PATH:bco00030 bco01200 bco01100 bco01120]

Other carbohydrate metabolism
M00014 Glucuronate pathway (uronate pathway) [PATH:bco00040 bco01100]
M00630 D-Galacturonate degradation (fungi), D-galacturonate => glycerol [PATH:bco00040 bco01100]
M00631 D-Galacturonate degradation (bacteria), D-galacturonate => pyruvate + D-glyceraldehyde 3P [PATH:bco00040 bco00030 bco01100]
M00061 D-Glucuronate degradation, D-glucuronate => pyruvate + D-glyceraldehyde 3P [PATH:bco00040 bco00030 bco01100]
M00632 Galactose degradation, Leloir pathway, galactose => alpha-D-glucose-1P [PATH:bco00052 bco01100]
M00552 D-galactonate degradation, De Ley-Doudoroff pathway, D-galactonate => glycerate-3P [PATH:bco00052 bco01100]
M00129 Ascorbate biosynthesis, animals, glucose-1P => ascorbate [PATH:bco00040 bco00053 bco01240 bco01100]
M00854 Glycogen biosynthesis, glucose-1P => glycogen/starch [PATH:bco00500 bco01100]
M00855 Glycogen degradation, glycogen => glucose-6P [PATH:bco00500 bco01100]
M00549 Nucleotide sugar biosynthesis, glucose => UDP-glucose [PATH:bco00520 bco01250 bco01100]
M00554 Nucleotide sugar biosynthesis, galactose => UDP-galactose [PATH:bco00520 bco00052 bco01250 bco01100]
M00892 UDP-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine biosynthesis, eukaryotes, glucose => UDP-GlcNAc [PATH:bco00520 bco01250 bco01100]
M00909 UDP-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine biosynthesis, prokaryotes, glucose => UDP-GlcNAc [PATH:bco00520 bco01250 bco01100]
M00012 Glyoxylate cycle [PATH:bco00630 bco01200 bco01100 bco01110]
M00013 Malonate semialdehyde pathway, propanoyl-CoA => acetyl-CoA [PATH:bco00410 bco00640 bco01200 bco01100]
M00130 Inositol phosphate metabolism, PI=> PIP2 => Ins(1,4,5)P3 => Ins(1,3,4,5)P4 [PATH:bco00562 bco01100]
M00131 Inositol phosphate metabolism, Ins(1,3,4,5)P4 => Ins(1,3,4)P3 => myo-inositol [PATH:bco00562 bco01100]

Energy metabolism
Carbon fixation
M00168 CAM (Crassulacean acid metabolism), dark [PATH:bco00620 bco01200 bco01100 bco01120]
M00579 Phosphate acetyltransferase-acetate kinase pathway, acetyl-CoA => acetate [PATH:bco00430 bco00620 bco01200 bco01100 bco01120]

Methane metabolism
M00344 Formaldehyde assimilation, xylulose monophosphate pathway [PATH:bco00680 bco01200 bco01100 bco01120]

Nitrogen metabolism
M00531 Assimilatory nitrate reduction, nitrate => ammonia [PATH:bco00910 bco01100 bco01120]
M00530 Dissimilatory nitrate reduction, nitrate => ammonia [PATH:bco00910 bco01100 bco01120]

Sulfur metabolism
M00176 Assimilatory sulfate reduction, sulfate => H2S [PATH:bco00920 bco01100 bco01120]

Photosynthesis
ATP synthesis
M00144 NADH:quinone oxidoreductase, prokaryotes [PATH:bco00190]
M00143 NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) Fe-S protein/flavoprotein complex, mitochondria [PATH:bco00190]
M00147 NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) 1 beta subcomplex [PATH:bco00190]
M00149 Succinate dehydrogenase, prokaryotes [PATH:bco00190]
M00148 Succinate dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) [PATH:bco00190]
M00151 Cytochrome bc1 complex respiratory unit [PATH:bco00190]
M00152 Cytochrome bc1 complex [PATH:bco00190]
M00155 Cytochrome c oxidase, prokaryotes [PATH:bco00190]
M00153 Cytochrome bd ubiquinol oxidase [PATH:bco00190]
M00417 Cytochrome o ubiquinol oxidase [PATH:bco00190]
M00416 Cytochrome aa3-600 menaquinol oxidase [PATH:bco00190]
M00157 F-type ATPase, prokaryotes and chloroplasts [PATH:bco00190]
M00160 V-type ATPase, eukaryotes [PATH:bco00190]

Lipid metabolism
Fatty acid metabolism
M00082 Fatty acid biosynthesis, initiation [PATH:bco00061 bco01212 bco01100]
M00083 Fatty acid biosynthesis, elongation [PATH:bco00061 bco01212 bco01100]
M00085 Fatty acid elongation in mitochondria [PATH:bco01212 bco01100]
M00415 Fatty acid elongation in endoplasmic reticulum [PATH:bco01212 bco01100]
M00086 beta-Oxidation, acyl-CoA synthesis [PATH:bco00061 bco00071 bco01212 bco01100]
M00087 beta-Oxidation [PATH:bco00071 bco01212 bco01100]
M00861 beta-Oxidation, peroxisome, VLCFA [PATH:bco01212 bco01100]

Sterol biosynthesis
Lipid metabolism
M00089 Triacylglycerol biosynthesis [PATH:bco00561 bco01100]
M00098 Acylglycerol degradation [PATH:bco00561 bco01100]
M00091 Phosphatidylcholine (PC) biosynthesis, PE => PC [PATH:bco00564 bco01100]
M00092 Phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) biosynthesis, ethanolamine => PE [PATH:bco00564 bco01100]
M00093 Phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) biosynthesis, PA => PS => PE [PATH:bco00564 bco01100]
M00094 Ceramide biosynthesis [PATH:bco00600 bco01100]
M00099 Sphingosine biosynthesis [PATH:bco00600 bco01100]
M00100 Sphingosine degradation [PATH:bco00600 bco01100]

Nucleotide metabolism
Purine metabolism
M00048 De novo purine biosynthesis, PRPP + glutamine => IMP [PATH:bco00230 bco01100]
M00049 Adenine ribonucleotide biosynthesis, IMP => ADP,ATP [PATH:bco00230 bco01232 bco01240 bco01100]
M00050 Guanine ribonucleotide biosynthesis, IMP => GDP,GTP [PATH:bco00230 bco01232 bco01100]
M00053 Deoxyribonucleotide biosynthesis, ADP/GDP/CDP/UDP => dATP/dGTP/dCTP/dUTP [PATH:bco00230 bco00240 bco01232 bco01100]
M00958 Adenine ribonucleotide degradation, AMP => Urate [PATH:bco00230 bco01232]
M00959 Guanine ribonucleotide degradation, GMP => Urate [PATH:bco00230 bco01232]
M00546 Purine degradation, xanthine => urea [PATH:bco00230 bco01100]

Pyrimidine metabolism
M00051 De novo pyrimidine biosynthesis, glutamine (+ PRPP) => UMP [PATH:bco00240 bco01240 bco01100]
M00052 Pyrimidine ribonucleotide biosynthesis, UMP => UDP/UTP,CDP/CTP [PATH:bco00240 bco01232 bco01240 bco01100]
M00938 Pyrimidine deoxyribonucleotide biosynthesis, UDP => dTTP [PATH:bco00240 bco01232 bco01100]
M00046 Pyrimidine degradation, uracil => beta-alanine, thymine => 3-aminoisobutanoate [PATH:bco00240 bco01100]

Amino acid metabolism
Serine and threonine metabolism
M00020 Serine biosynthesis, glycerate-3P => serine [PATH:bco00260 bco00680 bco01200 bco01230 bco01100]
M00018 Threonine biosynthesis, aspartate => homoserine => threonine [PATH:bco00260 bco01230 bco01100 bco01110]
M00555 Betaine biosynthesis, choline => betaine [PATH:bco00260 bco01100]
M00033 Ectoine biosynthesis, aspartate => ectoine [PATH:bco00260 bco01210 bco01230 bco01100 bco01120]

Cysteine and methionine metabolism
M00021 Cysteine biosynthesis, serine => cysteine [PATH:bco00270 bco00920 bco01200 bco01230 bco01100 bco01110]
M00338 Cysteine biosynthesis, homocysteine + serine => cysteine [PATH:bco00260 bco00270 bco01230 bco01100]
M00609 Cysteine biosynthesis, methionine => cysteine [PATH:bco00270 bco01230 bco01100]
M00017 Methionine biosynthesis, aspartate => homoserine => methionine [PATH:bco00270 bco01230 bco01100]
M00034 Methionine salvage pathway [PATH:bco00270 bco01100]
M00035 Methionine degradation [PATH:bco00270 bco01100]

Branched-chain amino acid metabolism
M00019 Valine/isoleucine biosynthesis, pyruvate => valine / 2-oxobutanoate => isoleucine [PATH:bco00290 bco00770 bco01210 bco01230 bco01100 bco01110]
M00570 Isoleucine biosynthesis, threonine => 2-oxobutanoate => isoleucine [PATH:bco00290 bco01230 bco01100]
M00432 Leucine biosynthesis, 2-oxoisovalerate => 2-oxoisocaproate [PATH:bco00290 bco01210 bco01230 bco01100 bco01110]
M00036 Leucine degradation, leucine => acetoacetate + acetyl-CoA [PATH:bco00280 bco01100]

Lysine metabolism
M00016 Lysine biosynthesis, succinyl-DAP pathway, aspartate => lysine [PATH:bco00300 bco01230 bco01100]
M00525 Lysine biosynthesis, acetyl-DAP pathway, aspartate => lysine [PATH:bco00300 bco01230 bco01100]
M00526 Lysine biosynthesis, DAP dehydrogenase pathway, aspartate => lysine [PATH:bco00300 bco01230 bco01100]
M00527 Lysine biosynthesis, DAP aminotransferase pathway, aspartate => lysine [PATH:bco00300 bco01230 bco01100 bco01110]
M00030 Lysine biosynthesis, AAA pathway, 2-oxoglutarate => 2-aminoadipate => lysine [PATH:bco00300 bco01230 bco01100]
M00433 Lysine biosynthesis, 2-oxoglutarate => 2-oxoadipate [PATH:bco00300 bco01210 bco01230 bco01100]

Arginine and proline metabolism
M00028 Ornithine biosynthesis, glutamate => ornithine [PATH:bco00220 bco01210 bco01230 bco01100]
M00844 Arginine biosynthesis, ornithine => arginine [PATH:bco00220 bco01230 bco01100]
M00015 Proline biosynthesis, glutamate => proline [PATH:bco00330 bco01230 bco01100]
M00879 Arginine succinyltransferase pathway, arginine => glutamate [PATH:bco00330 bco01100]

Polyamine biosynthesis
M00133 Polyamine biosynthesis, arginine => agmatine => putrescine => spermidine [PATH:bco00330 bco01100]
M00134 Polyamine biosynthesis, arginine => ornithine => putrescine [PATH:bco00330 bco01100]

Histidine metabolism
M00026 Histidine biosynthesis, PRPP => histidine [PATH:bco00340 bco01230 bco01100 bco01110]
M00045 Histidine degradation, histidine => N-formiminoglutamate => glutamate [PATH:bco00340 bco01100]

Aromatic amino acid metabolism
M00022 Shikimate pathway, phosphoenolpyruvate + erythrose-4P => chorismate [PATH:bco00400 bco01230 bco01100 bco01110]
M00023 Tryptophan biosynthesis, chorismate => tryptophan [PATH:bco00400 bco01230 bco01100 bco01110]
M00024 Phenylalanine biosynthesis, chorismate => phenylpyruvate => phenylalanine [PATH:bco00400 bco01230 bco01100 bco01110]
M00025 Tyrosine biosynthesis, chorismate => HPP => tyrosine [PATH:bco00400 bco01230 bco01100]
M00044 Tyrosine degradation, tyrosine => homogentisate [PATH:bco00350 bco01100]
M00533 Homoprotocatechuate degradation, homoprotocatechuate => 2-oxohept-3-enedioate [PATH:bco00350 bco01220 bco01100 bco01120]

Other amino acid metabolism
M00027 GABA (gamma-Aminobutyrate) shunt [PATH:bco00250 bco00650 bco01100]
M00118 Glutathione biosynthesis, glutamate => glutathione [PATH:bco00480 bco01240 bco01100]
M00948 Hydroxyproline degradation, trans-4-hydroxy-L-proline => 2-oxoglutarate [PATH:bco00470 bco01100]

Glycan metabolism
Glycan biosynthesis
M00055 N-glycan precursor biosynthesis [PATH:bco01100]
M00072 N-glycosylation by oligosaccharyltransferase [PATH:bco01100]
M00073 N-glycan precursor trimming [PATH:bco01100]

Glycosaminoglycan metabolism
M00057 Glycosaminoglycan biosynthesis, linkage tetrasaccharide [PATH:bco01100]
M00058 Glycosaminoglycan biosynthesis, chondroitin sulfate backbone [PATH:bco01100]
M00059 Glycosaminoglycan biosynthesis, heparan sulfate backbone [PATH:bco01100]
M00076 Dermatan sulfate degradation [PATH:bco01100]

Lipopolysaccharide metabolism
M00063 CMP-KDO biosynthesis [PATH:bco00540 bco01250 bco01100]

Metabolism of cofactors and vitamins
Cofactor and vitamin metabolism
M00127 Thiamine biosynthesis, prokaryotes, AIR (+ DXP/tyrosine) => TMP/TPP [PATH:bco00730 bco01240 bco01100]
M00895 Thiamine biosynthesis, prokaryotes, AIR (+ DXP/glycine) => TMP/TPP [PATH:bco00730 bco01240 bco01100]
M00898 Thiamine biosynthesis, pyridoxal-5P => TMP/thiamine/TPP [PATH:bco00730 bco01240 bco01100]
M00899 Thiamine salvage pathway, HMP/HET => TMP [PATH:bco00730 bco01100]
M00125 Riboflavin biosynthesis, plants and bacteria, GTP => riboflavin/FMN/FAD [PATH:bco00740 bco01240 bco01100 bco01110]
M00916 Pyridoxal-P biosynthesis, R5P + glyceraldehyde-3P + glutamine => pyridoxal-P [PATH:bco00750 bco01240 bco01100]
M00115 NAD biosynthesis, aspartate => quinolinate => NAD [PATH:bco00760 bco01240 bco01100]
M00912 NAD biosynthesis, tryptophan => quinolinate => NAD [PATH:bco00380 bco00760 bco01240 bco01100]
M00622 Nicotinate degradation, nicotinate => fumarate [PATH:bco00760 bco01100 bco01120]
M00119 Pantothenate biosynthesis, valine/L-aspartate => pantothenate [PATH:bco00770 bco01240 bco01100 bco01110]
M00120 Coenzyme A biosynthesis, pantothenate => CoA [PATH:bco00770 bco01240 bco01100]
M00123 Biotin biosynthesis, pimeloyl-ACP/CoA => biotin [PATH:bco00780 bco01240 bco01100]
M00881 Lipoic acid biosynthesis, plants and bacteria, octanoyl-ACP => dihydrolipoyl-E2/H [PATH:bco00785 bco01240 bco01100]
M00882 Lipoic acid biosynthesis, eukaryotes, octanoyl-ACP => dihydrolipoyl-H [PATH:bco00785 bco01240 bco01100]
M00883 Lipoic acid biosynthesis, animals and bacteria, octanoyl-ACP => dihydrolipoyl-H => dihydrolipoyl-E2 [PATH:bco00785 bco01240 bco01100]
M00126 Tetrahydrofolate biosynthesis, GTP => THF [PATH:bco00790 bco00670 bco01240 bco01100]
M00842 Tetrahydrobiopterin biosynthesis, GTP => BH4 [PATH:bco00790 bco01240 bco01100]
M00880 Molybdenum cofactor biosynthesis, GTP => molybdenum cofactor [PATH:bco00790 bco01240 bco01100]
M00140 C1-unit interconversion, prokaryotes [PATH:bco00670 bco01240 bco01100]
M00141 C1-unit interconversion, eukaryotes [PATH:bco00670 bco01240 bco01100]
M00846 Siroheme biosynthesis, glutamyl-tRNA => siroheme [PATH:bco00860 bco01240 bco01100 bco01110]
M00868 Heme biosynthesis, animals and fungi, glycine => heme [PATH:bco00860 bco01240 bco01100 bco01110]
M00121 Heme biosynthesis, plants and bacteria, glutamate => heme [PATH:bco00860 bco01240 bco01100 bco01110]
M00926 Heme biosynthesis, bacteria, glutamyl-tRNA => coproporphyrin III => heme [PATH:bco00860 bco01240 bco01100]
M00924 Cobalamin biosynthesis, anaerobic, uroporphyrinogen III => sirohydrochlorin => cobyrinate a,c-diamide [PATH:bco00860 bco01240 bco01100]
M00122 Cobalamin biosynthesis, cobyrinate a,c-diamide => cobalamin [PATH:bco00860 bco01240 bco01100]
M00117 Ubiquinone biosynthesis, prokaryotes, chorismate (+ polyprenyl-PP) => ubiquinol [PATH:bco00130 bco01240 bco01100 bco01110]
M00128 Ubiquinone biosynthesis, eukaryotes, 4-hydroxybenzoate + polyprenyl-PP => ubiquinol [PATH:bco00130 bco01240 bco01100]
M00116 Menaquinone biosynthesis, chorismate (+ polyprenyl-PP) => menaquinol [PATH:bco00130 bco01240 bco01100 bco01110]

Biosynthesis of terpenoids and polyketides
Terpenoid backbone biosynthesis
M00095 C5 isoprenoid biosynthesis, mevalonate pathway [PATH:bco00900 bco01100 bco01110]
M00096 C5 isoprenoid biosynthesis, non-mevalonate pathway [PATH:bco00900 bco01100 bco01110]
M00364 C10-C20 isoprenoid biosynthesis, bacteria [PATH:bco00900 bco01100 bco01110]
M00367 C10-C20 isoprenoid biosynthesis, non-plant eukaryotes [PATH:bco00900 bco01100 bco01110]

Plant terpenoid biosynthesis
Macrolide biosynthesis
Enediyne biosynthesis
Type II polyketide biosynthesis
Polyketide sugar unit biosynthesis
M00793 dTDP-L-rhamnose biosynthesis [PATH:bco00521 bco00523 bco00541 bco01250 bco01100 bco01110]

Biosynthesis of other secondary metabolites
Biosynthesis of phytochemical compounds
Biosynthesis of beta-lactams
Biosynthesis of other antibiotics
Biosynthesis of other fungal compounds
Biosynthesis of other bacterial compounds
M00790 Pyrrolnitrin biosynthesis, tryptophan => pyrrolnitrin [PATH:bco01100 bco01110]

Xenobiotics biodegradation
Aromatics degradation
M00548 Benzene degradation, benzene => catechol [PATH:bco00362 bco01220 bco01100 bco01120]
M00551 Benzoate degradation, benzoate => catechol / methylbenzoate => methylcatechol [PATH:bco00362 bco00622 bco01220 bco01100 bco01120]
M00637 Anthranilate degradation, anthranilate => catechol [PATH:bco00627 bco01100 bco01120]
M00568 Catechol ortho-cleavage, catechol => 3-oxoadipate [PATH:bco00362 bco01220 bco01100 bco01120]
M00569 Catechol meta-cleavage, catechol => acetyl-CoA / 4-methylcatechol => propanoyl-CoA [PATH:bco00362 bco00622 bco01220 bco01100 bco01120]
M00545 Trans-cinnamate degradation, trans-cinnamate => acetyl-CoA [PATH:bco00360 bco01220 bco01100 bco01120]

Gene set
Pathogenicity
Drug resistance
M00642 Multidrug resistance, efflux pump MexJK-OprM
M00643 Multidrug resistance, efflux pump MexXY-OprM
M00649 Multidrug resistance, efflux pump AdeABC [PATH:bco01501]
M00698 Multidrug resistance, efflux pump BpeEF-OprC
M00700 Multidrug resistance, efflux pump AbcA

Plant pathogenicity
Symbiosis
Module set
Metabolic capacity
M00615 Nitrate assimilation
M00616 Sulfate-sulfur assimilation