KEGG Modules

Carbohydrate metabolism
Central carbohydrate metabolism
M00001 Glycolysis (Embden-Meyerhof pathway), glucose => pyruvate [PATH:cit00010 cit01200 cit01100]
M00002 Glycolysis, core module involving three-carbon compounds [PATH:cit00010 cit01200 cit01230 cit01100]
M00003 Gluconeogenesis, oxaloacetate => fructose-6P [PATH:cit00010 cit00020 cit01100]
M00307 Pyruvate oxidation, pyruvate => acetyl-CoA [PATH:cit00010 cit00020 cit00620 cit00785 cit01200 cit01210 cit01100]
M00009 Citrate cycle (TCA cycle, Krebs cycle) [PATH:cit00020 cit01200 cit01100]
M00010 Citrate cycle, first carbon oxidation, oxaloacetate => 2-oxoglutarate [PATH:cit00020 cit01200 cit01210 cit01230 cit01100]
M00011 Citrate cycle, second carbon oxidation, 2-oxoglutarate => oxaloacetate [PATH:cit00020 cit01200 cit01210 cit01100]
M00004 Pentose phosphate pathway (Pentose phosphate cycle) [PATH:cit00030 cit01200 cit01100]
M00006 Pentose phosphate pathway, oxidative phase, glucose-6P => ribulose-5P [PATH:cit00030 cit01200 cit01100]
M00007 Pentose phosphate pathway, non-oxidative phase, fructose-6P => ribose-5P [PATH:cit00030 cit01200 cit01230 cit01100]
M00580 Pentose phosphate pathway, archaea, fructose-6P => ribose-5P [PATH:cit00030 cit01200 cit01230 cit01100]
M00005 PRPP biosynthesis, ribose-5P => PRPP [PATH:cit00030 cit00230 cit01200 cit01230 cit01100]
M00008 Entner-Doudoroff pathway, glucose-6P => glyceraldehyde-3P + pyruvate [PATH:cit00030 cit01200 cit01100]

Other carbohydrate metabolism
M00631 D-Galacturonate degradation (bacteria), D-galacturonate => pyruvate + D-glyceraldehyde-3P [PATH:cit00040 cit00030 cit01100]
M00061 D-Glucuronate degradation, D-glucuronate => pyruvate + D-glyceraldehyde-3P [PATH:cit00040 cit00030 cit01100]
M00081 Pectin degradation [PATH:cit00040 cit01100]
M00632 Galactose degradation, Leloir pathway, galactose => alpha-D-glucose-1P [PATH:cit00052 cit01100]
M00552 D-galactonate degradation, De Ley-Doudoroff pathway, D-galactonate => glycerate-3P [PATH:cit00052 cit01100]
M00114 Ascorbate biosynthesis, plants, fructose-6P => ascorbate [PATH:cit00051 cit00053 cit01240 cit01100 cit01110]
M00550 Ascorbate degradation, ascorbate => D-xylulose-5P [PATH:cit00053 cit01100]
M00854 Glycogen biosynthesis, glucose-1P => glycogen/starch [PATH:cit00500 cit01100]
M00855 Glycogen degradation, glycogen => glucose-6P [PATH:cit00500 cit01100]
M00012 Glyoxylate cycle [PATH:cit00630 cit01200 cit01100 cit01110]
M00532 Photorespiration [PATH:cit00630 cit01200 cit01100 cit01110]
M00982 Methylcitrate cycle [PATH:cit00640 cit00020 cit01200 cit01100]
M00132 Inositol phosphate metabolism, Ins(1,3,4)P3 => phytate [PATH:cit00562 cit01100]

Energy metabolism
Carbon fixation
M00165 Reductive pentose phosphate cycle (Calvin cycle) [PATH:cit00710 cit01200 cit01100]
M00168 CAM (Crassulacean acid metabolism), dark [PATH:cit00620 cit00710 cit01200 cit01100]
M00169 CAM (Crassulacean acid metabolism), light [PATH:cit00620 cit00710 cit01200 cit01100]
M00172 C4-dicarboxylic acid cycle, NADP - malic enzyme type [PATH:cit00620 cit00710 cit01200 cit01100]
M00171 C4-dicarboxylic acid cycle, NAD - malic enzyme type [PATH:cit00710 cit01200 cit01100]
M00170 C4-dicarboxylic acid cycle, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase type [PATH:cit00710 cit01200 cit01100]
M00579 Phosphate acetyltransferase-acetate kinase pathway, acetyl-CoA => acetate [PATH:cit00430 cit00620 cit01200 cit01100]

Methane metabolism
M00345 Formaldehyde assimilation, ribulose monophosphate pathway [PATH:cit00030 cit01200 cit01230 cit01100]

Nitrogen metabolism
M00531 Assimilatory nitrate reduction, nitrate => ammonia [PATH:cit00910 cit01310 cit01100]
M00530 Dissimilatory nitrate reduction, nitrate => ammonia [PATH:cit00910 cit01310 cit01100]

Sulfur metabolism
M00987 Assimilatory sulfate reduction, plants, sulfate => H2S [PATH:cit00920 cit01320 cit01100]
M00176 Assimilatory sulfate reduction, sulfate => H2S [PATH:cit00920 cit01320 cit01100]

Photosynthesis
M00161 Photosystem II [PATH:cit00195 cit01100]
M00163 Photosystem I [PATH:cit00195 cit01100]

ATP synthesis
M00144 NADH:quinone oxidoreductase, prokaryotes [PATH:cit00190 cit01100]
M00145 NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase, chloroplasts and cyanobacteria [PATH:cit00190 cit01100]
M00142 NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase, mitochondria [PATH:cit00190 cit01100]
M00143 NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) Fe-S protein/flavoprotein complex, mitochondria [PATH:cit00190 cit01100]
M00149 Succinate dehydrogenase, prokaryotes [PATH:cit00190 cit01100]
M00150 Fumarate reductase, prokaryotes [PATH:cit00190 cit01100]
M00151 Cytochrome bc1 complex respiratory unit [PATH:cit00190 cit01100]
M00153 Cytochrome bd ubiquinol oxidase [PATH:cit00190 cit01100]
M00417 Cytochrome o ubiquinol oxidase [PATH:cit00190 cit01100]
M00157 F-type ATPase, prokaryotes and chloroplasts [PATH:cit00190 cit00195 cit01100]

Lipid metabolism
Fatty acid metabolism
M00082 Fatty acid biosynthesis, initiation [PATH:cit00061 cit01212 cit01100]
M00083 Fatty acid biosynthesis, elongation [PATH:cit00061 cit01212 cit01100]
M00415 Fatty acid elongation in endoplasmic reticulum [PATH:cit00062 cit01040 cit01212 cit01100]
M00086 beta-Oxidation, acyl-CoA synthesis [PATH:cit00061 cit00071 cit01212 cit01100]
M00087 beta-Oxidation [PATH:cit00071 cit01212 cit01100]

Sterol biosynthesis
M00917 Phytosterol biosynthesis, squalene 2,3-epoxide => campesterol/sitosterol [PATH:cit00100 cit01100 cit01110]

Lipid metabolism
M00089 Triacylglycerol biosynthesis [PATH:cit00561 cit01100]
M00098 Acylglycerol degradation [PATH:cit00561 cit01100]
M00092 Phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) biosynthesis, ethanolamine => PE [PATH:cit00564 cit01100]
M00093 Phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) biosynthesis, PA => PS => PE [PATH:cit00564 cit01100]
M00094 Ceramide biosynthesis [PATH:cit00600 cit01100]
M00099 Sphingosine biosynthesis [PATH:cit00600 cit01100]
M00100 Sphingosine degradation [PATH:cit00600 cit01100]
M00113 Jasmonic acid biosynthesis [PATH:cit00592 cit01100 cit01110]

Nucleotide metabolism
Purine metabolism
M00048 De novo purine biosynthesis, PRPP + glutamine => IMP [PATH:cit00230 cit01100]
M00049 Adenine ribonucleotide biosynthesis, IMP => ADP,ATP [PATH:cit00230 cit01232 cit01240 cit01100]
M00050 Guanine ribonucleotide biosynthesis, IMP => GDP,GTP [PATH:cit00230 cit01232 cit01100]
M00053 Deoxyribonucleotide biosynthesis, ADP/GDP/CDP/UDP => dATP/dGTP/dCTP/dUTP [PATH:cit00230 cit00240 cit01232 cit01100]

Pyrimidine metabolism
M00051 De novo pyrimidine biosynthesis, glutamine (+ PRPP) => UMP [PATH:cit00240 cit01240 cit01100]
M00052 Pyrimidine ribonucleotide biosynthesis, UMP => UDP/UTP,CDP/CTP [PATH:cit00240 cit01232 cit01240 cit01100]
M00938 Pyrimidine deoxyribonucleotide biosynthesis, UDP => dTTP [PATH:cit00240 cit01232 cit01100]
M00046 Pyrimidine degradation, uracil => beta-alanine, thymine => 3-aminoisobutanoate [PATH:cit00240 cit00410 cit00770 cit01100]

Amino acid metabolism
Serine and threonine metabolism
M00020 Serine biosynthesis, glycerate-3P => serine [PATH:cit00260 cit01200 cit01230 cit01100]
M00018 Threonine biosynthesis, aspartate => homoserine => threonine [PATH:cit00260 cit01230 cit01100 cit01110]
M00621 Glycine cleavage system [PATH:cit00260 cit00630 cit00670 cit00785 cit01200 cit01100]
M00555 Betaine biosynthesis, choline => betaine [PATH:cit00260 cit00670 cit01100]

Cysteine and methionine metabolism
M00021 Cysteine biosynthesis, serine => cysteine [PATH:cit00270 cit00920 cit01320 cit01200 cit01230 cit01100 cit01110]
M00017 Methionine biosynthesis, aspartate => homoserine => methionine [PATH:cit00270 cit01230 cit01100]
M00034 Methionine salvage pathway [PATH:cit00270 cit01100]
M00368 Ethylene biosynthesis, methionine => ethylene [PATH:cit00270 cit01100 cit01110]

Branched-chain amino acid metabolism
M00019 Valine/isoleucine biosynthesis, pyruvate => valine / 2-oxobutanoate => isoleucine [PATH:cit00290 cit00770 cit01210 cit01230 cit01100 cit01110]
M00570 Isoleucine biosynthesis, threonine => 2-oxobutanoate => isoleucine [PATH:cit00290 cit01230 cit01100]
M00432 Leucine biosynthesis, 2-oxoisovalerate => 2-oxoisocaproate [PATH:cit00290 cit01210 cit01230 cit01100 cit01110]
M00036 Leucine degradation, leucine => acetoacetate + acetyl-CoA [PATH:cit00280 cit01100]

Lysine metabolism
M00016 Lysine biosynthesis, succinyl-DAP pathway, aspartate => lysine [PATH:cit00300 cit01230 cit01100]
M00527 Lysine biosynthesis, DAP aminotransferase pathway, aspartate => lysine [PATH:cit00300 cit01230 cit01100 cit01110]
M00956 Lysine degradation, bacteria, L-lysine => succinate [PATH:cit00310 cit01100]

Arginine and proline metabolism
M00028 Ornithine biosynthesis, glutamate => ornithine [PATH:cit00220 cit01210 cit01230 cit01100]
M00844 Arginine biosynthesis, ornithine => arginine [PATH:cit00220 cit01230 cit01100]
M00015 Proline biosynthesis, glutamate => proline [PATH:cit00330 cit01230 cit01100]
M00970 Proline degradation, proline => glutamate [PATH:cit00330 cit01100]
M00972 Proline metabolism [PATH:cit00330 cit01100]
M00879 Arginine succinyltransferase pathway, arginine => glutamate [PATH:cit00330 cit01100]

Polyamine biosynthesis
M00134 Polyamine biosynthesis, arginine => ornithine => putrescine [PATH:cit00330 cit01100]
M00136 GABA biosynthesis, prokaryotes, putrescine => GABA [PATH:cit00330 cit01100]

Histidine metabolism
M00026 Histidine biosynthesis, PRPP => histidine [PATH:cit00340 cit01230 cit01100 cit01110]
M00045 Histidine degradation, histidine => N-formiminoglutamate => glutamate [PATH:cit00340 cit01100]

Aromatic amino acid metabolism
M00022 Shikimate pathway, phosphoenolpyruvate + erythrose-4P => chorismate [PATH:cit00400 cit01230 cit01100 cit01110]
M00023 Tryptophan biosynthesis, chorismate => tryptophan [PATH:cit00400 cit01230 cit01100 cit01110]
M00024 Phenylalanine biosynthesis, chorismate => phenylpyruvate => phenylalanine [PATH:cit00400 cit01230 cit01100 cit01110]
M00910 Phenylalanine biosynthesis, chorismate => arogenate => phenylalanine [PATH:cit00400 cit01230 cit01100 cit01110]
M00025 Tyrosine biosynthesis, chorismate => HPP => tyrosine [PATH:cit00400 cit01230 cit01100]
M00040 Tyrosine biosynthesis, chorismate => arogenate => tyrosine [PATH:cit00400 cit01230 cit01100 cit01110]
M00044 Tyrosine degradation, tyrosine => homogentisate [PATH:cit00350 cit01100]
M00936 Melatonin biosynthesis, plants, tryptophan => serotonin => melatonin [PATH:cit00380 cit01100 cit01110]

Other amino acid metabolism
M00027 GABA (gamma-Aminobutyrate) shunt [PATH:cit00250 cit00650 cit01100]
M00118 Glutathione biosynthesis, glutamate => glutathione [PATH:cit00480 cit01240 cit01100]

Glycan metabolism
Nucleotide sugar biosynthesis
M00892 UDP-GlcNAc biosynthesis, eukaryotes, Fru-6P => UDP-GlcNAc [PATH:cit00520 cit01250 cit01100]
M00909 UDP-GlcNAc biosynthesis, prokaryotes, Fru-6P => UDP-GlcNAc [PATH:cit00520 cit01250 cit01100]
M01003 UDP-GlcNAc biosynthesis, GlcNAc => UDP-GlcNAc [PATH:cit00520 cit01250 cit01100]
M00995 UDP-MurNAc biosynthesis, Fru-6P => UDP-MurNAc [PATH:cit00520 cit01250 cit01100]
M00549 UDP-Glc biosynthesis, Glc => UDP-Glc [PATH:cit00520 cit01250 cit01100]
M00998 UDP-L-Ara biosynthesis, L-Ala => UDP-L-Ala [PATH:cit00520 cit01250 cit01100]
M00997 UDP-Xyl/L-Ara biosynthesis, UDP-Glc => UDP-Xyl => UDP-L-Ala [PATH:cit00520 cit01250 cit01100]
M00994 UDP-GlcA biosynthesis, myo-inositol => GlcA => UDP-GlcA [PATH:cit00562 cit00520 cit00053 cit00040 cit01250 cit01100]
M00999 UDP-GlcA/GalA biosynthesis, UDP-Glc => UDP-GlcA => UDP-GalA [PATH:cit00520 cit00053 cit01250 cit01100]
M00554 UDP-Gal biosynthesis, Gal => UDP-Gal [PATH:cit00520 cit00052 cit01250 cit01100]
M01000 GDP-Man biosynthesis, Fru-6P => GDP-Man [PATH:cit00520 cit00051 cit01250 cit01100]
M01015 GDP-Man biosynthesis, Man => GDP-Man [PATH:cit00520 cit00051 cit01250 cit01100]
M01001 GDP-L-Fuc biosynthesis, L-Fuc => GDP-L-Fuc [PATH:cit00520 cit01250 cit01100]
M00063 CMP-KDO biosynthesis, ribulose-5P => CMP-KDO [PATH:cit00541 cit01250 cit01100]
M01014 UDP-ManNAcA biosynthesis, UDP-GlcNAc => UDP-ManNAcA [PATH:cit00541 cit01250 cit01100]
M00064 ADP-LDmanHep biosynthesis, sedoheptulose-7P => ADP-LDmanHep [PATH:cit00541 cit01250 cit01100]
M01021 UDP-L-Rha biosynthesis, UDP-Glc => UDP-L-Rha [PATH:cit00541 cit01250 cit01100]
M00761 Und-P-alpha-L-Ara4N biosynthesis, UDP-Glc => UDP-L-Ara4FN => Und-P-alpha-L-Ara4N [PATH:cit00541 cit01250 cit01100]
M01025 dTDP-D-Fuc4NAc biosynthesis, Glc-1P => dTDP-D-Fuc4NAc [PATH:cit00541 cit01250 cit01100]
M01016 GDP-L-Fuc biosynthesis, GDP-Man => GDP-L-Fuc [PATH:cit00541 cit00051 cit01250 cit01100]

Glycan biosynthesis
M00055 N-glycan precursor biosynthesis [PATH:cit00510 cit01100]
M00072 N-glycosylation by oligosaccharyltransferase [PATH:cit00510 cit00513 cit01100]
M00073 N-glycan precursor trimming [PATH:cit00510 cit01100]

Glycosaminoglycan metabolism
Lipopolysaccharide metabolism
M00060 KDO2-lipid A biosynthesis, Raetz pathway, LpxL-LpxM type [PATH:cit00540 cit01100]

Other polysaccharide metabolism
Metabolism of cofactors and vitamins
Cofactor and vitamin metabolism
M00127 Thiamine biosynthesis, prokaryotes, AIR (+ DXP/tyrosine) => TMP/TPP [PATH:cit00730 cit01240 cit01100]
M00899 Thiamine salvage pathway, HMP/HET => TMP [PATH:cit00730 cit01100]
M00125 Riboflavin biosynthesis, plants and bacteria, GTP => riboflavin/FMN/FAD [PATH:cit00740 cit01240 cit01100 cit01110]
M00124 Pyridoxal phosphate biosynthesis, erythrose-4P => pyridoxal-P [PATH:cit00750 cit01240 cit01100]
M00916 Pyridoxal phosphate biosynthesis, R5P + glyceraldehyde-3P + glutamine => pyridoxal-P [PATH:cit00750 cit01240 cit01100]
M00115 NAD biosynthesis, aspartate => quinolinate => NAD [PATH:cit00760 cit01240 cit01100]
M00119 Pantothenate biosynthesis, valine/L-aspartate => pantothenate [PATH:cit00770 cit01240 cit01100 cit01110]
M00120 Coenzyme A biosynthesis, pantothenate => CoA [PATH:cit00770 cit01240 cit01100]
M00572 Pimeloyl-ACP biosynthesis, BioC-BioH pathway, malonyl-ACP => pimeloyl-ACP [PATH:cit00780 cit01240 cit01100]
M00123 Biotin biosynthesis, pimeloyl-ACP/CoA => biotin [PATH:cit00780 cit01240 cit01100]
M00881 Lipoic acid biosynthesis, plants and bacteria, octanoyl-ACP => dihydrolipoyl-E2/H [PATH:cit00785 cit01240 cit01100]
M00882 Lipoic acid biosynthesis, eukaryotes, octanoyl-ACP => dihydrolipoyl-H [PATH:cit00785 cit01240 cit01100]
M00126 Tetrahydrofolate biosynthesis, GTP => THF [PATH:cit00790 cit00670 cit01240 cit01100]
M00880 Molybdenum cofactor biosynthesis, GTP => molybdenum cofactor [PATH:cit00790 cit01240 cit01100]
M00988 PreQ1 biosynthesis, GTP => 7-Aminomethyl-7-deazaguanine [PATH:cit00790 cit01100]
M00846 Siroheme biosynthesis, glutamyl-tRNA => siroheme [PATH:cit00860 cit01240 cit01100 cit01110]
M00121 Heme biosynthesis, plants and bacteria, glutamate => heme [PATH:cit00860 cit01240 cit01100 cit01110]
M00924 Cobalamin biosynthesis, anaerobic, uroporphyrinogen III => sirohydrochlorin => cobyrinate a,c-diamide [PATH:cit00860 cit01240 cit01100]
M00122 Cobalamin biosynthesis, cobyrinate a,c-diamide => cobalamin [PATH:cit00860 cit01240 cit01100]
M00117 Ubiquinone biosynthesis, prokaryotes, chorismate (+ polyprenyl-PP) => ubiquinol [PATH:cit00130 cit01240 cit01100 cit01110]
M00989 Ubiquinone biosynthesis, O2-independent, prokaryotes, chorismate (+ polyprenyl-PP) => ubiquinol [PATH:cit00130 cit01240 cit01100 cit01110]
M00116 Menaquinone biosynthesis, chorismate (+ polyprenyl-PP) => menaquinol [PATH:cit00130 cit01240 cit01100 cit01110]
M00932 Phylloquinone biosynthesis, chorismate (+ phytyl-PP) => phylloquinol [PATH:cit00130 cit01240 cit01100 cit01110]
M00112 Tocopherol/tocotorienol biosynthesis, homogentisate + phytyl/geranylgeranyl-PP => tocopherol/tocotorienol [PATH:cit00130 cit01240 cit01100 cit01110]
M00933 Plastoquinone biosynthesis, homogentisate + solanesyl-PP => plastoquinol [PATH:cit00130 cit01240 cit01100 cit01110]

Biosynthesis of terpenoids and polyketides
Terpenoid backbone biosynthesis
M00095 C5 isoprenoid biosynthesis, mevalonate pathway [PATH:cit00900 cit01100 cit01110]
M00096 C5 isoprenoid biosynthesis, non-mevalonate pathway [PATH:cit00900 cit01100 cit01110]
M00364 C10-C20 isoprenoid biosynthesis, bacteria [PATH:cit00900 cit01100 cit01110]
M00366 C10-C20 isoprenoid biosynthesis, plants [PATH:cit00900 cit01100 cit01110]

Terpenoid biosynthesis
M00097 Lycopene biosynthesis, geranylgeranyl-PP => lycopene [PATH:cit00906 cit01100 cit01110]
M01040 Lutein biosynthesis, plants, lycopene => lutein [PATH:cit00906 cit01100 cit01110]
M01045 Zeaxanthin biosynthesis, lycopene => beta-carotene => zeaxanthin [PATH:cit00906 cit01100 cit01110]
M01046 Xanthophyll cycle [PATH:cit00906 cit01100 cit01110]
M00372 Abscisic acid biosynthesis, plants, 9'-cis-neoxanthin/9-cis-violaxanthin => abscisic acid [PATH:cit00906 cit01100 cit01110]
M00371 Castasterone biosynthesis, plants, campesterol => castasterone [PATH:cit00905 cit01100 cit01110]
M00927 Gibberellin A12 biosynthesis, plants, GAPP => GA12 [PATH:cit00904 cit01100 cit01110]
M00928 Gibberellin A4/A1 biosynthesis, plants, GA12/GA53 => GA4/GA1 [PATH:cit00904 cit01100 cit01110]

Macrolide biosynthesis
Enediyne biosynthesis
Type II polyketide biosynthesis
Polyketide sugar unit biosynthesis
Biosynthesis of other secondary metabolites
Biosynthesis of phytochemical compounds
M00039 Monolignol biosynthesis, phenylalanine/tyrosine => monolignol [PATH:cit00940 cit01100 cit01110]
M00137 Flavanone biosynthesis, phenylalanine => naringenin [PATH:cit00940 cit00941 cit01100 cit01110]
M00138 Flavonoid biosynthesis, naringenin => pelargonidin [PATH:cit00941 cit01100 cit01110]

Biosynthesis of beta-lactams
Biosynthesis of other antibiotics
Biosynthesis of other fungal compounds
Biosynthesis of other bacterial compounds
Biosynthesis of other compounds
Xenobiotics biodegradation
Aromatics degradation
M00878 Phenylacetate degradation, phenylaxetate => acetyl-CoA/succinyl-CoA [PATH:cit00360 cit01100]
M00545 Trans-cinnamate degradation, trans-cinnamate => acetyl-CoA [PATH:cit00360 cit01100]

Gene set
Pathogenicity
Drug resistance
M00696 Multidrug resistance, efflux pump AcrEF-TolC
M00697 Multidrug resistance, efflux pump MdtEF-TolC

Plant pathogenicity
Symbiosis
Module set
Metabolic capacity
M00611 Oxygenic photosynthesis in plants and cyanobacteria
M00615 Nitrate assimilation
M00616 Sulfate-sulfur assimilation