KEGG Modules

Carbohydrate metabolism
Central carbohydrate metabolism
M00001 Glycolysis (Embden-Meyerhof pathway), glucose => pyruvate [PATH:spe00010 spe01200 spe01100]
M00002 Glycolysis, core module involving three-carbon compounds [PATH:spe00010 spe01200 spe01230 spe01100]
M00003 Gluconeogenesis, oxaloacetate => fructose-6P [PATH:spe00010 spe00020 spe01100]
M00307 Pyruvate oxidation, pyruvate => acetyl-CoA [PATH:spe00010 spe00020 spe00620 spe00785 spe01200 spe01210 spe01100]
M00009 Citrate cycle (TCA cycle, Krebs cycle) [PATH:spe00020 spe01200 spe01100]
M00010 Citrate cycle, first carbon oxidation, oxaloacetate => 2-oxoglutarate [PATH:spe00020 spe01200 spe01210 spe01230 spe01100]
M00011 Citrate cycle, second carbon oxidation, 2-oxoglutarate => oxaloacetate [PATH:spe00020 spe01200 spe01210 spe01100]
M00004 Pentose phosphate pathway (Pentose phosphate cycle) [PATH:spe00030 spe01200 spe01100 spe01120]
M00006 Pentose phosphate pathway, oxidative phase, glucose 6P => ribulose 5P [PATH:spe00030 spe01200 spe01100 spe01120]
M00007 Pentose phosphate pathway, non-oxidative phase, fructose 6P => ribose 5P [PATH:spe00030 spe01200 spe01230 spe01100 spe01120]
M00580 Pentose phosphate pathway, archaea, fructose 6P => ribose 5P [PATH:spe00030 spe01200 spe01230 spe01100 spe01120]
M00005 PRPP biosynthesis, ribose 5P => PRPP [PATH:spe00030 spe00230 spe01200 spe01230 spe01100]
M00008 Entner-Doudoroff pathway, glucose-6P => glyceraldehyde-3P + pyruvate [PATH:spe00030 spe01200 spe01100 spe01120]

Other carbohydrate metabolism
M00631 D-Galacturonate degradation (bacteria), D-galacturonate => pyruvate + D-glyceraldehyde 3P [PATH:spe00040 spe00030 spe01100]
M00061 D-Glucuronate degradation, D-glucuronate => pyruvate + D-glyceraldehyde 3P [PATH:spe00040 spe00030 spe01100]
M00081 Pectin degradation [PATH:spe00040 spe01100]
M00632 Galactose degradation, Leloir pathway, galactose => alpha-D-glucose-1P [PATH:spe00052 spe01100]
M00552 D-galactonate degradation, De Ley-Doudoroff pathway, D-galactonate => glycerate-3P [PATH:spe00052 spe01100]
M00114 Ascorbate biosynthesis, plants, fructose-6P => ascorbate [PATH:spe00051 spe00053 spe01240 spe01100 spe01110]
M00854 Glycogen biosynthesis, glucose-1P => glycogen/starch [PATH:spe00500 spe01100]
M00855 Glycogen degradation, glycogen => glucose-6P [PATH:spe00500 spe01100]
M00549 Nucleotide sugar biosynthesis, glucose => UDP-glucose [PATH:spe00520 spe01250 spe01100]
M00554 Nucleotide sugar biosynthesis, galactose => UDP-galactose [PATH:spe00520 spe00052 spe01250 spe01100]
M00892 UDP-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine biosynthesis, eukaryotes, glucose => UDP-GlcNAc [PATH:spe00520 spe01250 spe01100]
M00909 UDP-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine biosynthesis, prokaryotes, glucose => UDP-GlcNAc [PATH:spe00520 spe01250 spe01100]
M00761 Undecaprenylphosphate alpha-L-Ara4N biosynthesis, UDP-GlcA => undecaprenyl phosphate alpha-L-Ara4N [PATH:spe00520 spe01100]
M00012 Glyoxylate cycle [PATH:spe00630 spe01200 spe01100 spe01110]
M00532 Photorespiration [PATH:spe00630 spe01200 spe01100 spe01110]
M00741 Propanoyl-CoA metabolism, propanoyl-CoA => succinyl-CoA [PATH:spe00280 spe00630 spe00640 spe01200 spe01100]
M00132 Inositol phosphate metabolism, Ins(1,3,4)P3 => phytate [PATH:spe00562 spe01100]

Energy metabolism
Carbon fixation
M00165 Reductive pentose phosphate cycle (Calvin cycle) [PATH:spe00710 spe01200 spe01100 spe01120]
M00168 CAM (Crassulacean acid metabolism), dark [PATH:spe00620 spe00710 spe01200 spe01100 spe01120]
M00169 CAM (Crassulacean acid metabolism), light [PATH:spe00620 spe00710 spe01200 spe01100 spe01120]
M00172 C4-dicarboxylic acid cycle, NADP - malic enzyme type [PATH:spe00620 spe00710 spe01200 spe01100 spe01120]
M00171 C4-dicarboxylic acid cycle, NAD - malic enzyme type [PATH:spe00710 spe01200 spe01100 spe01120]
M00170 C4-dicarboxylic acid cycle, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase type [PATH:spe00710 spe01200 spe01100 spe01120]
M00579 Phosphate acetyltransferase-acetate kinase pathway, acetyl-CoA => acetate [PATH:spe00430 spe00620 spe00720 spe01200 spe01100 spe01120]

Methane metabolism
Nitrogen metabolism
M00175 Nitrogen fixation, nitrogen => ammonia [PATH:spe00910 spe01100 spe01120]
M00531 Assimilatory nitrate reduction, nitrate => ammonia [PATH:spe00910 spe01100 spe01120]
M00530 Dissimilatory nitrate reduction, nitrate => ammonia [PATH:spe00910 spe01100 spe01120]

Sulfur metabolism
M00176 Assimilatory sulfate reduction, sulfate => H2S [PATH:spe00920 spe01100 spe01120]

Photosynthesis
M00161 Photosystem II [PATH:spe01100]
M00163 Photosystem I [PATH:spe01100]

ATP synthesis
M00144 NADH:quinone oxidoreductase, prokaryotes [PATH:spe00190 spe01100]
M00145 NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase, chloroplasts and cyanobacteria [PATH:spe00190 spe01100]
M00142 NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase, mitochondria [PATH:spe00190 spe01100]
M00143 NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) Fe-S protein/flavoprotein complex, mitochondria [PATH:spe00190 spe01100]
M00149 Succinate dehydrogenase, prokaryotes [PATH:spe00190 spe01100]
M00150 Fumarate reductase, prokaryotes [PATH:spe00190 spe01100]
M00148 Succinate dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) [PATH:spe00190 spe01100]
M00151 Cytochrome bc1 complex respiratory unit [PATH:spe00190 spe01100]
M00155 Cytochrome c oxidase, prokaryotes [PATH:spe00190 spe01100]
M00153 Cytochrome bd ubiquinol oxidase [PATH:spe00190]
M00417 Cytochrome o ubiquinol oxidase [PATH:spe00190 spe01100]
M00416 Cytochrome aa3-600 menaquinol oxidase [PATH:spe00190 spe01100]
M00157 F-type ATPase, prokaryotes and chloroplasts [PATH:spe00190 spe01100]
M00159 V/A-type ATPase, prokaryotes [PATH:spe00190 spe01100]

Lipid metabolism
Fatty acid metabolism
M00082 Fatty acid biosynthesis, initiation [PATH:spe00061 spe01212 spe01100]
M00083 Fatty acid biosynthesis, elongation [PATH:spe00061 spe01212 spe01100]
M00415 Fatty acid elongation in endoplasmic reticulum [PATH:spe01040 spe01212 spe01100]
M00086 beta-Oxidation, acyl-CoA synthesis [PATH:spe00061 spe00071 spe01212 spe01100]
M00087 beta-Oxidation [PATH:spe00071 spe01212 spe01100]

Sterol biosynthesis
M00917 Phytosterol biosynthesis, squalene 2,3-epoxide => campesterol/sitosterol [PATH:spe01100 spe01110]

Lipid metabolism
M00089 Triacylglycerol biosynthesis [PATH:spe00561 spe01100]
M00098 Acylglycerol degradation [PATH:spe00561 spe01100]
M00092 Phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) biosynthesis, ethanolamine => PE [PATH:spe00564 spe01100]
M00093 Phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) biosynthesis, PA => PS => PE [PATH:spe00564 spe01100]
M00100 Sphingosine degradation [PATH:spe00600 spe01100]
M00113 Jasmonic acid biosynthesis [PATH:spe00592 spe01100 spe01110]

Nucleotide metabolism
Purine metabolism
M00048 De novo purine biosynthesis, PRPP + glutamine => IMP [PATH:spe00230 spe01100]
M00049 Adenine ribonucleotide biosynthesis, IMP => ADP,ATP [PATH:spe00230 spe01232 spe01240 spe01100]
M00050 Guanine ribonucleotide biosynthesis, IMP => GDP,GTP [PATH:spe00230 spe01232 spe01100]
M00053 Deoxyribonucleotide biosynthesis, ADP/GDP/CDP/UDP => dATP/dGTP/dCTP/dUTP [PATH:spe00230 spe00240 spe01232 spe01100]
M00958 Adenine ribonucleotide degradation, AMP => Urate [PATH:spe00230 spe01232 spe01100]
M00959 Guanine ribonucleotide degradation, GMP => Urate [PATH:spe00230 spe01232 spe01100]

Pyrimidine metabolism
M00051 De novo pyrimidine biosynthesis, glutamine (+ PRPP) => UMP [PATH:spe00240 spe01240 spe01100]
M00052 Pyrimidine ribonucleotide biosynthesis, UMP => UDP/UTP,CDP/CTP [PATH:spe00240 spe01232 spe01240 spe01100]
M00938 Pyrimidine deoxyribonucleotide biosynthesis, UDP => dTTP [PATH:spe00240 spe01232 spe01100]
M00046 Pyrimidine degradation, uracil => beta-alanine, thymine => 3-aminoisobutanoate [PATH:spe00240 spe00410 spe00770 spe01100]
M00939 Pyrimidine degradation, uracil => 3-hydroxypropanoate [PATH:spe00240 spe01100]

Amino acid metabolism
Serine and threonine metabolism
M00020 Serine biosynthesis, glycerate-3P => serine [PATH:spe00260 spe00680 spe01200 spe01230 spe01100]
M00018 Threonine biosynthesis, aspartate => homoserine => threonine [PATH:spe00260 spe01230 spe01100 spe01110]
M00621 Glycine cleavage system [PATH:spe00260 spe00630 spe00785 spe01200 spe01100]
M00555 Betaine biosynthesis, choline => betaine [PATH:spe00260 spe01100]
M00033 Ectoine biosynthesis, aspartate => ectoine [PATH:spe00260 spe01210 spe01230 spe01100 spe01120]

Cysteine and methionine metabolism
M00021 Cysteine biosynthesis, serine => cysteine [PATH:spe00270 spe00920 spe01200 spe01230 spe01100 spe01110]
M00338 Cysteine biosynthesis, homocysteine + serine => cysteine [PATH:spe00260 spe00270 spe01230 spe01100]
M00017 Methionine biosynthesis, aspartate => homoserine => methionine [PATH:spe00270 spe01230 spe01100]
M00034 Methionine salvage pathway [PATH:spe00270 spe01100]
M00035 Methionine degradation [PATH:spe00270 spe01100]
M00368 Ethylene biosynthesis, methionine => ethylene [PATH:spe00270 spe01100 spe01110]

Branched-chain amino acid metabolism
M00019 Valine/isoleucine biosynthesis, pyruvate => valine / 2-oxobutanoate => isoleucine [PATH:spe00290 spe00770 spe01210 spe01230 spe01100 spe01110]
M00570 Isoleucine biosynthesis, threonine => 2-oxobutanoate => isoleucine [PATH:spe00290 spe01230 spe01100]
M00432 Leucine biosynthesis, 2-oxoisovalerate => 2-oxoisocaproate [PATH:spe00290 spe01210 spe01230 spe01100 spe01110]
M00036 Leucine degradation, leucine => acetoacetate + acetyl-CoA [PATH:spe00280 spe01100]

Lysine metabolism
M00016 Lysine biosynthesis, succinyl-DAP pathway, aspartate => lysine [PATH:spe00300 spe01230 spe01100]
M00527 Lysine biosynthesis, DAP aminotransferase pathway, aspartate => lysine [PATH:spe00300 spe01230 spe01100 spe01110]

Arginine and proline metabolism
M00028 Ornithine biosynthesis, glutamate => ornithine [PATH:spe00220 spe01210 spe01230 spe01100]
M00844 Arginine biosynthesis, ornithine => arginine [PATH:spe00220 spe01230 spe01100]
M00015 Proline biosynthesis, glutamate => proline [PATH:spe00330 spe01230 spe01100]
M00970 Proline degradation, proline => glutamate [PATH:spe00330 spe01100]
M00972 Proline metabolism [PATH:spe00330 spe01100]
M00879 Arginine succinyltransferase pathway, arginine => glutamate [PATH:spe00330 spe01100]

Polyamine biosynthesis
M00133 Polyamine biosynthesis, arginine => agmatine => putrescine => spermidine [PATH:spe00330 spe01100]
M00134 Polyamine biosynthesis, arginine => ornithine => putrescine [PATH:spe00330 spe01100]
M00136 GABA biosynthesis, prokaryotes, putrescine => GABA [PATH:spe00330 spe01100]

Histidine metabolism
M00026 Histidine biosynthesis, PRPP => histidine [PATH:spe00340 spe01230 spe01100 spe01110]
M00045 Histidine degradation, histidine => N-formiminoglutamate => glutamate [PATH:spe00340 spe01100]

Aromatic amino acid metabolism
M00022 Shikimate pathway, phosphoenolpyruvate + erythrose-4P => chorismate [PATH:spe00400 spe01230 spe01100 spe01110]
M00023 Tryptophan biosynthesis, chorismate => tryptophan [PATH:spe00400 spe01230 spe01100 spe01110]
M00024 Phenylalanine biosynthesis, chorismate => phenylpyruvate => phenylalanine [PATH:spe00400 spe01230 spe01100 spe01110]
M00910 Phenylalanine biosynthesis, chorismate => arogenate => phenylalanine [PATH:spe00400 spe01230 spe01100 spe01110]
M00025 Tyrosine biosynthesis, chorismate => HPP => tyrosine [PATH:spe00400 spe01230 spe01100]
M00040 Tyrosine biosynthesis, chorismate => arogenate => tyrosine [PATH:spe00400 spe01230 spe01100 spe01110]
M00044 Tyrosine degradation, tyrosine => homogentisate [PATH:spe00350 spe01100]
M00533 Homoprotocatechuate degradation, homoprotocatechuate => 2-oxohept-3-enedioate [PATH:spe00350 spe01220 spe01100 spe01120]
M00936 Melatonin biosynthesis, plants, tryptophan => serotonin => melatonin [PATH:spe00380 spe01100 spe01110]

Other amino acid metabolism
M00027 GABA (gamma-Aminobutyrate) shunt [PATH:spe00250 spe00650 spe01100]
M00118 Glutathione biosynthesis, glutamate => glutathione [PATH:spe00480 spe01240 spe01100]
M00948 Hydroxyproline degradation, trans-4-hydroxy-L-proline => 2-oxoglutarate [PATH:spe00470 spe01100]

Glycan metabolism
Glycan biosynthesis
M00055 N-glycan precursor biosynthesis [PATH:spe01100]
M00073 N-glycan precursor trimming [PATH:spe01100]

Glycosaminoglycan metabolism
Lipopolysaccharide metabolism
M00060 KDO2-lipid A biosynthesis, Raetz pathway, LpxL-LpxM type [PATH:spe00540 spe01100]
M00063 CMP-KDO biosynthesis [PATH:spe00540 spe01250 spe01100]
M00064 ADP-L-glycero-D-manno-heptose biosynthesis [PATH:spe00540 spe01250 spe01100]

Other polysaccharide metabolism
Metabolism of cofactors and vitamins
Cofactor and vitamin metabolism
M00127 Thiamine biosynthesis, prokaryotes, AIR (+ DXP/tyrosine) => TMP/TPP [PATH:spe00730 spe01240 spe01100]
M00897 Thiamine biosynthesis, plants, AIR (+ NAD+) => TMP/thiamine/TPP [PATH:spe00730 spe01240 spe01100]
M00899 Thiamine salvage pathway, HMP/HET => TMP [PATH:spe00730 spe01100]
M00125 Riboflavin biosynthesis, plants and bacteria, GTP => riboflavin/FMN/FAD [PATH:spe00740 spe01240 spe01100 spe01110]
M00124 Pyridoxal-P biosynthesis, erythrose-4P => pyridoxal-P [PATH:spe00750 spe01240 spe01100]
M00916 Pyridoxal-P biosynthesis, R5P + glyceraldehyde-3P + glutamine => pyridoxal-P [PATH:spe00750 spe01240 spe01100]
M00115 NAD biosynthesis, aspartate => quinolinate => NAD [PATH:spe00760 spe01240 spe01100]
M00622 Nicotinate degradation, nicotinate => fumarate [PATH:spe00760 spe01100 spe01120]
M00119 Pantothenate biosynthesis, valine/L-aspartate => pantothenate [PATH:spe00770 spe01240 spe01100 spe01110]
M00120 Coenzyme A biosynthesis, pantothenate => CoA [PATH:spe00770 spe01240 spe01100]
M00123 Biotin biosynthesis, pimeloyl-ACP/CoA => biotin [PATH:spe00780 spe01240 spe01100]
M00577 Biotin biosynthesis, BioW pathway, pimelate => pimeloyl-CoA => biotin [PATH:spe00780 spe01240 spe01100]
M00881 Lipoic acid biosynthesis, plants and bacteria, octanoyl-ACP => dihydrolipoyl-E2/H [PATH:spe00785 spe01240 spe01100]
M00882 Lipoic acid biosynthesis, eukaryotes, octanoyl-ACP => dihydrolipoyl-H [PATH:spe00785 spe01240 spe01100]
M00883 Lipoic acid biosynthesis, animals and bacteria, octanoyl-ACP => dihydrolipoyl-H => dihydrolipoyl-E2 [PATH:spe00785 spe01240 spe01100]
M00126 Tetrahydrofolate biosynthesis, GTP => THF [PATH:spe00790 spe00670 spe01240 spe01100]
M00880 Molybdenum cofactor biosynthesis, GTP => molybdenum cofactor [PATH:spe00790 spe01240 spe01100]
M00140 C1-unit interconversion, prokaryotes [PATH:spe00670 spe01240 spe01100]
M00846 Siroheme biosynthesis, glutamyl-tRNA => siroheme [PATH:spe00860 spe01240 spe01100 spe01110]
M00121 Heme biosynthesis, plants and bacteria, glutamate => heme [PATH:spe00860 spe01240 spe01100 spe01110]
M00926 Heme biosynthesis, bacteria, glutamyl-tRNA => coproporphyrin III => heme [PATH:spe00860 spe01240 spe01100]
M00122 Cobalamin biosynthesis, cobyrinate a,c-diamide => cobalamin [PATH:spe00860 spe01240 spe01100]
M00117 Ubiquinone biosynthesis, prokaryotes, chorismate (+ polyprenyl-PP) => ubiquinol [PATH:spe00130 spe01240 spe01100 spe01110]
M00116 Menaquinone biosynthesis, chorismate (+ polyprenyl-PP) => menaquinol [PATH:spe00130 spe01240 spe01100 spe01110]
M00930 Menaquinone biosynthesis, futalosine pathway [PATH:spe00130 spe01240 spe01100]
M00932 Phylloquinone biosynthesis, chorismate (+ phytyl-PP) => phylloquinol [PATH:spe00130 spe01240 spe01100 spe01110]
M00112 Tocopherol/tocotorienol biosynthesis, homogentisate + phytyl/geranylgeranyl-PP => tocopherol/tocotorienol [PATH:spe00130 spe01240 spe01100 spe01110]
M00933 Plastoquinone biosynthesis, homogentisate + solanesyl-PP => plastoquinol [PATH:spe00130 spe01240 spe01100 spe01110]

Biosynthesis of terpenoids and polyketides
Terpenoid backbone biosynthesis
M00095 C5 isoprenoid biosynthesis, mevalonate pathway [PATH:spe00900 spe01100 spe01110]
M00096 C5 isoprenoid biosynthesis, non-mevalonate pathway [PATH:spe00900 spe01100 spe01110]
M00364 C10-C20 isoprenoid biosynthesis, bacteria [PATH:spe00900 spe01100 spe01110]
M00366 C10-C20 isoprenoid biosynthesis, plants [PATH:spe00900 spe01100 spe01110]

Plant terpenoid biosynthesis
M00097 beta-Carotene biosynthesis, GGAP => beta-carotene [PATH:spe01100 spe01110]
M00372 Abscisic acid biosynthesis, beta-carotene => abscisic acid [PATH:spe01100 spe01110]
M00371 Castasterone biosynthesis, campesterol => castasterone [PATH:spe01100 spe01110]
M00927 Gibberellin A12 biosynthesis, GAPP => GA12 [PATH:spe01100 spe01110]
M00928 Gibberellin A4/A1 biosynthesis, GA12/GA53 => GA4/GA1 [PATH:spe01100 spe01110]

Macrolide biosynthesis
Enediyne biosynthesis
Type II polyketide biosynthesis
M00778 Type II polyketide backbone biosynthesis, acyl-CoA + malonyl-CoA => polyketide [PATH:spe01100 spe01110]

Polyketide sugar unit biosynthesis
M00793 dTDP-L-rhamnose biosynthesis [PATH:spe00521 spe00523 spe00541 spe01250 spe01100 spe01110]

Biosynthesis of other secondary metabolites
Biosynthesis of phytochemical compounds
M00039 Monolignol biosynthesis, phenylalanine/tyrosine => monolignol [PATH:spe01100 spe01110]
M00137 Flavanone biosynthesis, phenylalanine => naringenin [PATH:spe01100 spe01110]
M00138 Flavonoid biosynthesis, naringenin => pelargonidin [PATH:spe01100 spe01110]

Biosynthesis of beta-lactams
Biosynthesis of other antibiotics
M00904 Dapdiamides biosynthesis, L-2,3-diaminopropanoate => dapdiamide A/B/C [PATH:spe00998 spe01100 spe01110]

Biosynthesis of other fungal compounds
Biosynthesis of other bacterial compounds
M00876 Staphyloferrin A biosynthesis, L-ornithine => staphyloferrin A [PATH:spe00997 spe01100 spe01110]
M00918 Aerobactin biosynthesis, lysine => aerobactin [PATH:spe00997 spe01100 spe01110]

Xenobiotics biodegradation
Aromatics degradation
M00878 Phenylacetate degradation, phenylaxetate => acetyl-CoA/succinyl-CoA [PATH:spe00360 spe01100 spe01120]

Gene set
Pathogenicity
Drug resistance
M00700 Multidrug resistance, efflux pump AbcA
M00702 Multidrug resistance, efflux pump NorB

Plant pathogenicity
Symbiosis
Module set
Metabolic capacity
M00611 Oxygenic photosynthesis in plants and cyanobacteria
M00615 Nitrate assimilation
M00616 Sulfate-sulfur assimilation