KEGG Modules

Carbohydrate metabolism
Central carbohydrate metabolism
M00001 Glycolysis (Embden-Meyerhof pathway), glucose => pyruvate [PATH:spen00010 spen01200 spen01100]
M00002 Glycolysis, core module involving three-carbon compounds [PATH:spen00010 spen01200 spen01230 spen01100]
M00003 Gluconeogenesis, oxaloacetate => fructose-6P [PATH:spen00010 spen00020 spen01100]
M00307 Pyruvate oxidation, pyruvate => acetyl-CoA [PATH:spen00010 spen00020 spen00620 spen00785 spen01200 spen01210 spen01100]
M00009 Citrate cycle (TCA cycle, Krebs cycle) [PATH:spen00020 spen01200 spen01100]
M00010 Citrate cycle, first carbon oxidation, oxaloacetate => 2-oxoglutarate [PATH:spen00020 spen01200 spen01210 spen01230 spen01100]
M00011 Citrate cycle, second carbon oxidation, 2-oxoglutarate => oxaloacetate [PATH:spen00020 spen01200 spen01210 spen01100]
M00004 Pentose phosphate pathway (Pentose phosphate cycle) [PATH:spen00030 spen01200 spen01100]
M00006 Pentose phosphate pathway, oxidative phase, glucose 6P => ribulose 5P [PATH:spen00030 spen01200 spen01100]
M00007 Pentose phosphate pathway, non-oxidative phase, fructose 6P => ribose 5P [PATH:spen00030 spen01200 spen01230 spen01100]
M00005 PRPP biosynthesis, ribose 5P => PRPP [PATH:spen00030 spen00230 spen01200 spen01230 spen01100]

Other carbohydrate metabolism
M00081 Pectin degradation [PATH:spen00040 spen01100]
M00114 Ascorbate biosynthesis, plants, fructose-6P => ascorbate [PATH:spen00051 spen00053 spen01240 spen01100 spen01110]
M00854 Glycogen biosynthesis, glucose-1P => glycogen/starch [PATH:spen00500 spen01100]
M00012 Glyoxylate cycle [PATH:spen00630 spen01200 spen01100 spen01110]
M00532 Photorespiration [PATH:spen00630 spen01200 spen01100 spen01110]
M00132 Inositol phosphate metabolism, Ins(1,3,4)P3 => phytate [PATH:spen00562 spen01100]

Energy metabolism
Carbon fixation
M00165 Reductive pentose phosphate cycle (Calvin cycle) [PATH:spen00710 spen01200 spen01100]
M00168 CAM (Crassulacean acid metabolism), dark [PATH:spen00620 spen00710 spen01200 spen01100]
M00169 CAM (Crassulacean acid metabolism), light [PATH:spen00620 spen00710 spen01200 spen01100]
M00172 C4-dicarboxylic acid cycle, NADP - malic enzyme type [PATH:spen00620 spen00710 spen01200 spen01100]
M00171 C4-dicarboxylic acid cycle, NAD - malic enzyme type [PATH:spen00710 spen01200 spen01100]
M00170 C4-dicarboxylic acid cycle, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase type [PATH:spen00710 spen01200 spen01100]

Methane metabolism
Nitrogen metabolism
M00531 Assimilatory nitrate reduction, nitrate => ammonia [PATH:spen00910 spen01310 spen01100]

Sulfur metabolism
M00987 Assimilatory sulfate reduction, plants, sulfate => H2S [PATH:spen00920 spen01320 spen01100]

Photosynthesis
M00161 Photosystem II [PATH:spen00195 spen01100]
M00163 Photosystem I [PATH:spen00195 spen01100]

ATP synthesis
M00145 NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase, chloroplasts and cyanobacteria [PATH:spen00190 spen01100]
M00142 NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase, mitochondria [PATH:spen00190 spen01100]
M00143 NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) Fe-S protein/flavoprotein complex, mitochondria [PATH:spen00190 spen01100]
M00148 Succinate dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) [PATH:spen00190 spen01100]
M00151 Cytochrome bc1 complex respiratory unit [PATH:spen00190 spen01100]
M00157 F-type ATPase, prokaryotes and chloroplasts [PATH:spen00190 spen00195 spen01100]

Lipid metabolism
Fatty acid metabolism
M00082 Fatty acid biosynthesis, initiation [PATH:spen00061 spen01212 spen01100]
M00083 Fatty acid biosynthesis, elongation [PATH:spen00061 spen01212 spen01100]
M00415 Fatty acid elongation in endoplasmic reticulum [PATH:spen00062 spen01040 spen01212 spen01100]
M00086 beta-Oxidation, acyl-CoA synthesis [PATH:spen00061 spen00071 spen01212 spen01100]
M00087 beta-Oxidation [PATH:spen00071 spen01212 spen01100]

Sterol biosynthesis
M00917 Phytosterol biosynthesis, squalene 2,3-epoxide => campesterol/sitosterol [PATH:spen00100 spen01100 spen01110]

Lipid metabolism
M00089 Triacylglycerol biosynthesis [PATH:spen00561 spen01100]
M00098 Acylglycerol degradation [PATH:spen00561 spen01100]
M00092 Phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) biosynthesis, ethanolamine => PE [PATH:spen00564 spen01100]
M00094 Ceramide biosynthesis [PATH:spen00600 spen01100]
M00099 Sphingosine biosynthesis [PATH:spen00600 spen01100]
M00100 Sphingosine degradation [PATH:spen00600 spen01100]
M00113 Jasmonic acid biosynthesis [PATH:spen00592 spen01100 spen01110]

Nucleotide metabolism
Purine metabolism
M00048 De novo purine biosynthesis, PRPP + glutamine => IMP [PATH:spen00230 spen01100]
M00049 Adenine ribonucleotide biosynthesis, IMP => ADP,ATP [PATH:spen00230 spen01232 spen01240 spen01100]
M00050 Guanine ribonucleotide biosynthesis, IMP => GDP,GTP [PATH:spen00230 spen01232 spen01100]
M00053 Deoxyribonucleotide biosynthesis, ADP/GDP/CDP/UDP => dATP/dGTP/dCTP/dUTP [PATH:spen00230 spen00240 spen01232 spen01100]

Pyrimidine metabolism
M00052 Pyrimidine ribonucleotide biosynthesis, UMP => UDP/UTP,CDP/CTP [PATH:spen00240 spen01232 spen01240 spen01100]
M00938 Pyrimidine deoxyribonucleotide biosynthesis, UDP => dTTP [PATH:spen00240 spen01232 spen01100]
M00046 Pyrimidine degradation, uracil => beta-alanine, thymine => 3-aminoisobutanoate [PATH:spen00240 spen00410 spen00770 spen01100]

Amino acid metabolism
Serine and threonine metabolism
M00020 Serine biosynthesis, glycerate-3P => serine [PATH:spen00260 spen01200 spen01230 spen01100]
M00018 Threonine biosynthesis, aspartate => homoserine => threonine [PATH:spen00260 spen01230 spen01100 spen01110]
M00621 Glycine cleavage system [PATH:spen00260 spen00630 spen00670 spen00785 spen01200 spen01100]
M00555 Betaine biosynthesis, choline => betaine [PATH:spen00260 spen00670 spen01100]

Cysteine and methionine metabolism
M00021 Cysteine biosynthesis, serine => cysteine [PATH:spen00270 spen00920 spen01320 spen01200 spen01230 spen01100 spen01110]
M00034 Methionine salvage pathway [PATH:spen00270 spen01100]
M00368 Ethylene biosynthesis, methionine => ethylene [PATH:spen00270 spen01100 spen01110]

Branched-chain amino acid metabolism
M00019 Valine/isoleucine biosynthesis, pyruvate => valine / 2-oxobutanoate => isoleucine [PATH:spen00290 spen00770 spen01210 spen01230 spen01100 spen01110]
M00570 Isoleucine biosynthesis, threonine => 2-oxobutanoate => isoleucine [PATH:spen00290 spen01230 spen01100]
M00432 Leucine biosynthesis, 2-oxoisovalerate => 2-oxoisocaproate [PATH:spen00290 spen01210 spen01230 spen01100 spen01110]
M00036 Leucine degradation, leucine => acetoacetate + acetyl-CoA [PATH:spen00280 spen01100]

Lysine metabolism
M00527 Lysine biosynthesis, DAP aminotransferase pathway, aspartate => lysine [PATH:spen00300 spen01230 spen01100 spen01110]

Arginine and proline metabolism
M00028 Ornithine biosynthesis, glutamate => ornithine [PATH:spen00220 spen01210 spen01230 spen01100]
M00844 Arginine biosynthesis, ornithine => arginine [PATH:spen00220 spen01230 spen01100]
M00015 Proline biosynthesis, glutamate => proline [PATH:spen00330 spen01230 spen01100]
M00970 Proline degradation, proline => glutamate [PATH:spen00330 spen01100]
M00972 Proline metabolism [PATH:spen00330 spen01100]

Polyamine biosynthesis
M00134 Polyamine biosynthesis, arginine => ornithine => putrescine [PATH:spen00330 spen01100]

Histidine metabolism
M00026 Histidine biosynthesis, PRPP => histidine [PATH:spen00340 spen01230 spen01100 spen01110]

Aromatic amino acid metabolism
M00022 Shikimate pathway, phosphoenolpyruvate + erythrose-4P => chorismate [PATH:spen00400 spen01230 spen01100 spen01110]
M00023 Tryptophan biosynthesis, chorismate => tryptophan [PATH:spen00400 spen01230 spen01100 spen01110]
M00910 Phenylalanine biosynthesis, chorismate => arogenate => phenylalanine [PATH:spen00400 spen01230 spen01100 spen01110]
M00040 Tyrosine biosynthesis, chorismate => arogenate => tyrosine [PATH:spen00400 spen01230 spen01100 spen01110]
M00044 Tyrosine degradation, tyrosine => homogentisate [PATH:spen00350 spen01100]
M00936 Melatonin biosynthesis, plants, tryptophan => serotonin => melatonin [PATH:spen00380 spen01100 spen01110]

Other amino acid metabolism
M00027 GABA (gamma-Aminobutyrate) shunt [PATH:spen00250 spen00650 spen01100]
M00118 Glutathione biosynthesis, glutamate => glutathione [PATH:spen00480 spen01240 spen01100]

Glycan metabolism
Nucleotide sugar biosynthesis
M00892 UDP-GlcNAc biosynthesis, eukaryotes, Fru-6P => UDP-GlcNAc [PATH:spen00520 spen01250 spen01100]
M01003 UDP-GlcNAc biosynthesis, GlcNAc => UDP-GlcNAc [PATH:spen00520]
M00549 UDP-Glc biosynthesis, Glc => UDP-Glc [PATH:spen00520 spen01250 spen01100]
M00998 UDP-L-Ara biosynthesis, L-Ala => UDP-L-Ala [PATH:spen00520]
M00997 UDP-Xyl/L-Ara biosynthesis, UDP-Glc => UDP-Xyl => UDP-L-Ala [PATH:spen00520]
M00994 UDP-GlcA biosynthesis, myo-inositol => GlcA => UDP-GlcA [PATH:spen00562 spen00520 spen00053 spen00040]
M00999 UDP-GlcA/GalA biosynthesis, UDP-Glc => UDP-GlcA => UDP-GalA [PATH:spen00520 spen00053]
M01000 GDP-Man biosynthesis, Fru-6P => GDP-Man [PATH:spen00520]
M01001 GDP-L-Fuc biosynthesis, L-Fuc => GDP-L-Fuc [PATH:spen00520]

Glycan biosynthesis
M00055 N-glycan precursor biosynthesis [PATH:spen00510 spen01100]
M00072 N-glycosylation by oligosaccharyltransferase [PATH:spen00510 spen00513 spen01100]
M00073 N-glycan precursor trimming [PATH:spen00510 spen01100]

Glycosaminoglycan metabolism
Lipopolysaccharide metabolism
Other polysaccharide metabolism
Metabolism of cofactors and vitamins
Cofactor and vitamin metabolism
M00897 Thiamine biosynthesis, plants, AIR (+ NAD+) => TMP/thiamine/TPP [PATH:spen00730 spen01240 spen01100]
M00899 Thiamine salvage pathway, HMP/HET => TMP [PATH:spen00730 spen01100]
M00125 Riboflavin biosynthesis, plants and bacteria, GTP => riboflavin/FMN/FAD [PATH:spen00740 spen01240 spen01100 spen01110]
M00916 Pyridoxal-P biosynthesis, R5P + glyceraldehyde-3P + glutamine => pyridoxal-P [PATH:spen00750 spen01240 spen01100]
M00115 NAD biosynthesis, aspartate => quinolinate => NAD [PATH:spen00760 spen01240 spen01100]
M00120 Coenzyme A biosynthesis, pantothenate => CoA [PATH:spen00770 spen01240 spen01100]
M00123 Biotin biosynthesis, pimeloyl-ACP/CoA => biotin [PATH:spen00780 spen01240 spen01100]
M00881 Lipoic acid biosynthesis, plants and bacteria, octanoyl-ACP => dihydrolipoyl-E2/H [PATH:spen00785 spen01240 spen01100]
M00882 Lipoic acid biosynthesis, eukaryotes, octanoyl-ACP => dihydrolipoyl-H [PATH:spen00785 spen01240 spen01100]
M00880 Molybdenum cofactor biosynthesis, GTP => molybdenum cofactor [PATH:spen00790 spen01240 spen01100]
M00121 Heme biosynthesis, plants and bacteria, glutamate => heme [PATH:spen00860 spen01240 spen01100 spen01110]
M00932 Phylloquinone biosynthesis, chorismate (+ phytyl-PP) => phylloquinol [PATH:spen00130 spen01240 spen01100 spen01110]
M00112 Tocopherol/tocotorienol biosynthesis, homogentisate + phytyl/geranylgeranyl-PP => tocopherol/tocotorienol [PATH:spen00130 spen01240 spen01100 spen01110]
M00933 Plastoquinone biosynthesis, homogentisate + solanesyl-PP => plastoquinol [PATH:spen00130 spen01240 spen01100 spen01110]

Biosynthesis of terpenoids and polyketides
Terpenoid backbone biosynthesis
M00095 C5 isoprenoid biosynthesis, mevalonate pathway [PATH:spen00900 spen01100 spen01110]
M00096 C5 isoprenoid biosynthesis, non-mevalonate pathway [PATH:spen00900 spen01100 spen01110]
M00366 C10-C20 isoprenoid biosynthesis, plants [PATH:spen00900 spen01100 spen01110]

Plant terpenoid biosynthesis
M00097 beta-Carotene biosynthesis, GGAP => beta-carotene [PATH:spen00906 spen01100 spen01110]
M00372 Abscisic acid biosynthesis, beta-carotene => abscisic acid [PATH:spen00906 spen01100 spen01110]
M00371 Castasterone biosynthesis, campesterol => castasterone [PATH:spen00905 spen01100 spen01110]
M00927 Gibberellin A12 biosynthesis, GAPP => GA12 [PATH:spen00904 spen01100 spen01110]
M00928 Gibberellin A4/A1 biosynthesis, GA12/GA53 => GA4/GA1 [PATH:spen00904 spen01100 spen01110]

Macrolide biosynthesis
Enediyne biosynthesis
Type II polyketide biosynthesis
Polyketide sugar unit biosynthesis
Biosynthesis of other secondary metabolites
Biosynthesis of phytochemical compounds
M00039 Monolignol biosynthesis, phenylalanine/tyrosine => monolignol [PATH:spen00940 spen01100 spen01110]
M00137 Flavanone biosynthesis, phenylalanine => naringenin [PATH:spen00940 spen00941 spen01100 spen01110]
M00138 Flavonoid biosynthesis, naringenin => pelargonidin [PATH:spen00941 spen01100 spen01110]

Biosynthesis of beta-lactams
Biosynthesis of other antibiotics
Biosynthesis of other fungal compounds
Biosynthesis of other bacterial compounds
Xenobiotics biodegradation
Aromatics degradation

Gene set
Pathogenicity
Drug resistance
Plant pathogenicity
Symbiosis
Module set
Metabolic capacity
M00611 Oxygenic photosynthesis in plants and cyanobacteria
M00615 Nitrate assimilation