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hsa04657
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IL-17 signaling pathway
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The interleukin 17 (IL-17) family, a subset of cytokines consisting of IL-17A-F, plays crucial roles in both acute and chronic inflammatory responses. IL-17A, the hallmark cytokine of the newly defined ...
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3551 (IKBKB), H00093 (Combined immunodeficiency), D04050 (Ertiprotafib (USAN/INN))
6885 (MAP3K7), H02226 (Cardiospondylocarpofacial syndrome), H02227 (Frontometaphyseal dysplasia)
1147 (CHUK), H00882 (Cocoon ...
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IKKβ
TAK1
IKKα
TRAF6
IL-6
TAB3
TAB2
IκBα
IKKγ
IL-17 SIGNALING PATHWAY
MAPKsignaling pathway
Monocyte
Inflammation Host defence Autoimmune
+p
+p
IKK
NF-κB
AP-1
NF-κ B signaling pathway
IL-17E
IL-17RA
IL-17RB
IL-17A
IL-17F
IL-17C
IL-17RA
IL-17RE
IL-17B
IL-17RB
TRAF6
Act1
Act1
IL-17A ...
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hsa04658
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Th1 and Th2 cell differentiation
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Immunity to different classes of microorganisms is orchestrated by separate lineages of effector T helper (TH)-cells, which differentiate from naive CD4+ precursor cells in response to cues provided by ...
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C00165 (Diacylglycerol)
C00076 (Calcium cation)
C01245 (D-myo-Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate)
3458 (IFNG), H00083 (Allograft rejection), H00084 (Graft-versus-host disease), H00342 (Tuberculosis), H01132 ...
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DAG
IFN-γ
IL-5
IκB
NFκB
IKK
PKCθ
NFAT
CaN
ZAP70
CD3ε
CD3δ
TCRβ
TCRα
CD3ζ
CD3ζ
CD3γ
CD3ε
Cell adhesion molecules
Th1 AND Th2 CELL DIFFERENTIATION
ERK
p38
MAPK signaling pathway
Calcium signaling ...
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hsa04659
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Th17 cell differentiation
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Interleukin (IL)-17-producing helper T (Th17) cells serve as a subset of CD4+ T cells involved in epithelial cell- and neutrophil mediated immune responses against extracellular microbes and in the pathogenesis ...
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C00165 (Diacylglycerol)
C00076 (Calcium cation)
C01245 (D-myo-Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate)
C00777 (Retinoate)
4792 (NFKBIA), 4793 (NFKBIB), 4794 (NFKBIE), H00007 (Hodgkin lymphoma), H00095 (Ectodermal ...
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DAG
IκB
NFκB
IKK
PKCθ
NFAT
CaN
ZAP70
TCRβ
TCRα
Cell adhesion molecules
Th17 CELL DIFFERENTIATION
ERK
p38
MAPK signaling pathway
Calcium signaling pathway
NF-κ B signaling pathway
JNK
Jun
LAT
Fos
PLCγ1
IP3
CD4
Lck
T ...
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hsa04660
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T cell receptor signaling pathway
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Activation of T lymphocytes is a key event for an efficient response of the immune system. It requires the involvement of the T-cell receptor (TCR) as well as costimulatory molecules such as CD28. Engagement ...
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C05981 (Phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-trisphosphate)
C00165 (Diacylglycerol)
C00076 (Calcium cation)
C01245 (D-myo-Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate)
1019 (CDK4), H00030 (Cervical cancer), H00038 (Melanoma), H00042 ...
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PIP
DAG
CDK4
TNFα
GM-CSF
IFN-γ
IL-10
IL-5
IL-4
IL-2
IκB
NFκB
IKKβ
IKKγ
IKKα
NIK
COT
AKT
MALT1
BCL-10
CARMA1
PKCθ
PDK1
GRB2
PI3K
CD28
ICOS
CD40L
SOS
RasGRP1
Ras
AP1
NFAT
CaN
ITK
PLC-γ1
GRB2
LAT
GADS
VAV
Rho/Cdc42
PAK
NCK
SLP-76
ZAP70
CD3ε
CD3δ
TCRβ
TCRα
CD3ζ
CD3ζ
FYN
CD3γ
CD3ε
CD4/8
CBL
LCK
CD45
HP1/2
CTLA4
PD-1
Cell ...
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hsa04662
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B cell receptor signaling pathway
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B cells are an important component of adaptive immunity. They produce and secrete millions of different antibody molecules, each of which recognizes a different (foreign) antigen. The B cell receptor (BCR) ...
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C05981 (Phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-trisphosphate)
C00165 (Diacylglycerol)
C00076 (Calcium cation)
C01245 (D-myo-Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate)
4792 (NFKBIA), 4793 (NFKBIB), 4794 (NFKBIE), H00007 (Hodgkin ...
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PIP
DAG
IκB
NFκB
IKKβ
IKKγ
IKKα
GSK3β
MALT1
BCL-10
CARMA1
AKT
PKCβ
VAV
PI3K
CD21
CD19
CD81
LEU13
SHIP
FcgRIIB
AP1
Ras
RasGRP3
NFAT
CaN
Rac
VAV
PLC-γ2
BLNK
BTK
LYN
Igβ
Igα
BCR
SYK
SHP1
CD72
CD22
PIR-B
Ubiquitin ...
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hsa04664
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Fc epsilon RI signaling pathway
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Fc epsilon RI-mediated signaling pathways in mast cells are initiated by the interaction of antigen (Ag) with IgE bound to the extracellular domain of the alpha chain of Fc epsilon RI. The activation pathways ...
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C00696 (Prostaglandin D2)
C05952 (Leukotriene E4)
C05951 (Leukotriene D4)
C02166 (Leukotriene C4)
C00219 (Arachidonate)
C00374 (Heparin)
C00388 (Histamine)
C00076 (Calcium cation)
C00165 (Diacylglycerol)
C05981 ...
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IgE
IgE
FcεRIγ
FcεRIβ
FcεRIα
PGD
LTE
LTD
LTC
Arachidonic acid
Heparin
Histamine
DAG
FcεRIβ
FcεRIα
Fyn
TNFα
PIP
IL-13
IL-4
AKT
GM-CSF
p38
MKK4/7
MKK3/6
PDK1
PI3K
PKC
Gab2
SLP-76
Btk
Syk
Lyn
LAT
PLCγ
SHIP
FcεRIγ
ERK
MEK
Raf-1
Ras
Sos
Grb2
cPLA2
JNK
RAC
Vav
IL-5
IL-3
Phosphatidyl ...
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hsa04666
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Fc gamma R-mediated phagocytosis
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Phagocytosis plays an essential role in host-defense mechanisms through the uptake and destruction of infectious pathogens. Specialized cell types including macrophages, neutrophils, and monocytes take ...
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C05981 (Phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-trisphosphate)
C01245 (D-myo-Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate)
C00165 (Diacylglycerol)
C00076 (Calcium cation)
C04637 (1-Phosphatidyl-D-myo-inositol 4,5-bisphosphate)
C00416 ...
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Macrophage
Monocyte
Neutrophil
FcγRIIIA
FcγRIIB
FcγRIIA
FcγRI
Src
Syk
CD45
IgG
PI3K
SHIP
LAT
PIP
PLCγ
DAG
PKC
Raf1
MEK
ERK1/2
cPLA2
Akt
p70S6K
Vav
Rac
WAVE
Arp2/3
Cdc42
WASP
PIP
DOCK180
CrkII
PLD
PAK1
VASP
LIMK
Cofilin
PAG3
Pseudopod ...
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hsa04668
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TNF signaling pathway
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Tumor necrosis factor (TNF), as a critical cytokine, can induce a wide range of intracellular signal pathways including apoptosis and cell survival as well as inflammation and immunity. Activated TNF is ...
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7124 (TNF), H00079 (Asthma), H00080 (Systemic lupus erythematosus), H00083 (Allograft rejection), H00084 (Graft-versus-host disease), H00361 (Malaria), D00742 (Etanercept (USAN/INN)), D00754 (Thalidomide ...
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TNF SIGNALING PATHWAY
TNF
TNFR1
TRADD
TRAF2/5
RIP1
cIAP1/2
TAK1
MKK4/7
MKK3/6
p38
JNK1/2
IKKγ
IKKβ
IκBα
NF-κB
NF-κB
Tpl2
MEK1
ERK1/2
MSK1/2
CREB
c/EBPβ
AP-1
RIP1
DNA
TNF/LTA
TNFR2
TRAF1
TRAF2
cIAP1/2
PI3K
Akt
NIK
IKKs
TRAF3
cIAP1/2 ...
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hsa04670
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Leukocyte transendothelial migration
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Leukocyte migaration from the blood into tissues is vital for immune surveillance and inflammation. During this diapedesis of leukocytes, the leukocytes bind to endothelial cell adhesion molecules (CAM) ...
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C00027 (Hydrogen peroxide)
C00076 (Calcium cation)
C00076 (Calcium cation)
C00575 (3',5'-Cyclic AMP)
C04637 (1-Phosphatidyl-D-myo-inositol 4,5-bisphosphate)
100132463 (CLDN24), 100288814 (CLDN34), 100506658 ...
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CAMs
MMPs
CAMs
SHP-2
CDH5
CD99
PECAM1
ITGB2
p120ctn
p130
AF-6
SPA-1
PECAM1
JAM1
ITGAL
CDH5
SHP-2
CD99
ITGB1
ITGA4
JAM2
ITGB2
ITGAM
PI3K
β-Catenin
Actin
Cell adhesion molecules
Regulation of actin cytoskeleton
MLC
ROCK
PKC
FAK
RhoA
JAM3
LEUKOCYTE ...
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hsa04672
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Intestinal immune network for IgA production
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The intestine is the largest lymphoid tissue in the body. One striking feature of intestinal immunity is its ability to generate great amounts of noninflammatory immunoglobulin A (IgA) antibodies that ...
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C00777 (Retinoate), C15493 (9-cis-Retinoic acid)
7040 (TGFB1), H00083 (Allograft rejection), H00084 (Graft-versus-host disease), H00218 (Cystic fibrosis), H00434 (Camurati-Engelmann disease), H02669 (Inflammatory ...
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TGFβ
Gut lumen
M cell
Antigen processing and presentation
T cell receptor signaling pathway
B cell receptor signaling pathway
Peyer's patch
IL-5
IL-6
IgA-plasma cell
APRIL
BAFF
CD40L
CD40
Lamina propria
B ...
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hsa04710
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Circadian rhythm
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Circadian rhythm is an internal biological clock, which enables to sustain an approximately 24-hour rhythm in the absence of environmental cues. In mammals, the circadian clock mechanism consists of cell-autonomous ...
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C00076 (Calcium cation)
C00575 (3',5'-Cyclic AMP)
1407 (CRY1), 1408 (CRY2), H00689 (Delayed sleep phase disorder)
5187 (PER1), 8863 (PER3), 8864 (PER2), H00688 (Familial advanced sleep phase syndrome)
102800317 ...
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CIRCADIAN RHYTHM
CRY
PER
CKlε/δ
BMAL1
CLOCK
CRY
PER
CKlε/δ
DNA
CRY
PER
DBP
REV-ERB
CRY
PER
SCF
β-TrCP
SCF
FBXL21
Proteasomal degradation
DNA
ROR
DBP
NFIL3
ROR
REV-ERB
NFIL3
BMAL1
CRY
SCF
FBXL3
Proteasomal ...
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hsa04713
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Circadian entrainment
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Circadian entrainment is a fundamental property by which the period of the internal biological clock is entrained by recurring exogenous signals, such that the organism's endocrine and behavioral rhythms ...
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C00076 (Calcium cation)
C00533 (Nitric oxide)
C00942 (3',5'-Cyclic GMP)
C00165 (Diacylglycerol)
C01598 (Melatonin)
C01330 (Sodium cation)
C00575 (3',5'-Cyclic AMP)
C00076 (Calcium cation)
C01330 (Sodium ...
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CIRCADIAN ENTRAINMENT
NMDAR
CaM
CaMKII
nNOS
cGMP
PKG
PLC
DAG
PKC
Melatonin
T-VDCC
RyR
Postsynaptic suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) neuron
AMPAR
Pineal gland
ERK
PAC1
cAMP
PKA
Dexras1
NMDAR
CaM
CaMKII
nNOS
AMPAR
PAC1
cAMP
PKA
Dexras1
L-VDCC
ERK
Gβγ
MAPK ...
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hsa04714
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Thermogenesis
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Thermogenesis is essential for warm-blooded animals, ensuring normal cellular and physiological function under conditions of environmental challenge. Thermogenesis in brown and beige adipose tissue is ...
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C00547 (L-Noradrenaline)
C00575 (3',5'-Cyclic AMP)
C00040 (Acyl-CoA)
C00942 (3',5'-Cyclic GMP)
C00002 (ATP)
C01885 (1-Acylglycerol)
C00165 (Diacylglycerol)
C00162 (Fatty acid)
C02301 (O-Acylcarnitine)
C00040 ...
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THERMOGENESIS
CREB
PKA
p38
β3-AR
ATF2
cAMP
Acyl-CoA
FGF21
UCP1
PGC-1α
Mitochondrion
Nucleus
UCP1
Secreted
MARK signaling pathway
PPARγ
SIRT6
NP-R
PKG
cGMP
JMJD1A
SWI/SNF
ATP
HSL
PLIN
cAMP signaling pathway
cGMP-PKG ...
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hsa04720
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Long-term potentiation
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Hippocampal long-term potentiation (LTP), a long-lasting increase in synaptic efficacy, is the molecular basis for learning and memory. Tetanic stimulation of afferents in the CA1 region of the hippocampus ...
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C00305 (Magnesium cation)
C00076 (Calcium cation)
C01245 (D-myo-Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate)
C01330 (Sodium cation)
C00165 (Diacylglycerol)
C00575 (3',5'-Cyclic AMP)
C00025 (L-Glutamate)
5578 (PRKCA) ...
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PKC
CaMKIV
CBP
DAG
cAMP
CaMKII
Glutamate
CaN
CaM
Rsk
CREB
NMDAR
PKA
VDCC
PP1
AC1/8
AMPAR
EPAC1
ERK1/2
MEK1/2
Raf
Ras
Rap1
I-1
mGluR
PLC
IP3R
LONG-TERM POTENTIATION
MAPK signaling pathway
Calcium ...
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hsa04721
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Synaptic vesicle cycle
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Communication between neurons is mediated by the release of neurotransmitter from synaptic vesicles (SVs). At the nerve terminal, SVs cycle through repetitive episodes of exocytosis and endocytosis. SVs ...
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C00076 (Calcium cation)
C00080 (H+)
C00080 (H+)
C03758 (Dopamine), C01996 (Acetylcholine), C00334 (4-Aminobutanoate), C00025 (L-Glutamate), C16041 (Leu-enkephalin), C00037 (Glycine), C00547 (L-Noradrenaline) ...
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SYNAPTIC VESICLE CYCLE
Neuron (Presynaptic terminal)
Neuron (Postsynaptic cell)
VGCC
Glutamatergic synapse
Cholinergic synapse
Synaptic vesicle
Synaptic cleft
Docking
Priming
Full fusion
Receptors
Syntaxin
RIM
Complexin
Rab3A
VAMP
SNAP25
Fusion ...
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hsa04722
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Neurotrophin signaling pathway
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Neurotrophins are a family of trophic factors involved in differentiation and survival of neural cells. The neurotrophin family consists of nerve growth factor (NGF), brain derived neurotrophic factor ...
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C00165 (Diacylglycerol)
C01245 (D-myo-Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate)
C00076 (Calcium cation)
C00195 (N-Acylsphingosine)
C05981 (Phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-trisphosphate)
4914 (NTRK1), H00032 (Thyroid cancer) ...
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Plasticity
Cell survival
TrkA
TrkB
TrkC
Apoptosis
BDNF
NT4
NT3
Cellular differentiation
PI3K
PLCγ
DAG
Ubiquitin mediated proteolysis
Shc
GRB2
PKCδ
NGF
p75NTR
Akt
DNA
Ras
MEK1/2
Raf
MAPK signaling ...
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hsa04723
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Retrograde endocannabinoid signaling
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Endogenous cannabinoids (endocannabinoids) serve as retrograde messengers at synapses in various regions of the brain. The family of endocannabinoids includes at least five derivatives of arachidonic acid; ...
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C01245 (D-myo-Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate)
C00165 (Diacylglycerol)
C00076 (Calcium cation)
C00076 (Calcium cation)
C00076 (Calcium cation)
C00076 (Calcium cation)
C13856 (2-Arachidonoylglycerol)
C13856 ...
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RETROGRADE ENDOCANNABINOID SIGNALING
Neuron (Presynaptic terminal)
Neuron (Postsynaptic cell)
vGLUT
PLCβ
DAG
PKC
Endocytosis
Exocytosis
VGCC
VGCC
Cox-2
Synaptic vesicle cycle
Calcium signaling pathway
GABA
Synaptic ...
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hsa04724
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Glutamatergic synapse
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Glutamate is the major excitatory neurotransmitter in the mammalian central nervous system(CNS). Glutamate is packaged into synaptic vesicles in the presynaptic terminal. Once released into the synaptic ...
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C00025 (L-Glutamate)
C00064 (L-Glutamine)
C00064 (L-Glutamine)
C00025 (L-Glutamate)
C00025 (L-Glutamate)
C00076 (Calcium cation), C01330 (Sodium cation)
C00064 (L-Glutamine)
C01245 (D-myo-Inositol 1,4 ...
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GLUTAMATERGIC SYNAPSE
Glial cell
Neuron (Presynaptic terminal)
Neuron (Postsynaptic cell)
mGluR7/8
AMPA
NMDAR
mGluR1/5
mGluR2/3
mGluR4/6
EAAT
VGCC
EAAT
mGluR5
mGluR2/3
SN1
GLNT
vGLUT
Glu
Gln
Gln
Glu
Glu
PKA
PLC
Ca ...
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hsa04725
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Cholinergic synapse
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Acetylcholine (ACh) is a neurotransmitter widely distributed in the central (and also peripheral, autonomic and enteric) nervous system (CNS). In the CNS, ACh facilitates many functions, such as learning ...
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C00024 (Acetyl-CoA)
C01996 (Acetylcholine)
C01996 (Acetylcholine)
C00575 (3',5'-Cyclic AMP)
C01245 (D-myo-Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate)
C00165 (Diacylglycerol)
C00076 (Calcium cation)
C01330 (Sodium cation) ...
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CHOLINERGIC SYNAPSE
Neuron (Presynaptic terminal)
Neuron (Postsynaptic cell)
nAChR
AChE
vAChT
AcCoA
ACh
ACh
PKA
/11
PLC
cAMP
DAG
PKC
Na , Ca
ChAT
CHT
Choline
Endocytosis
Exocytosis
VGCC
Gi/o
ACh
Choline
Acetate
CoA
Choline
Acetate
AChE
/Kir2
Glycerophospholipid ...
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hsa04726
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Serotonergic synapse
|
Serotonin (5-Hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) is a monoamine neurotransmitter that plays important roles in physiological functions such as learning and memory, emotion, sleep, pain, motor function and endocrine ...
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C00643 (5-Hydroxy-L-tryptophan)
C00780 (Serotonin)
C00780 (Serotonin)
C00575 (3',5'-Cyclic AMP)
C01245 (D-myo-Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate)
C00165 (Diacylglycerol)
C00076 (Calcium cation)
C00780 (Serotonin)
C00780 ...
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SEROTONERGIC SYNAPSE
Glial cell
Neuron (Presynaptic terminal)
Neuron (Postsynaptic cell)
5-HT 4, 6, 7
5-HT
VMAT
5-HTP
5-HT
5-HT
AC5
PKA
PLC
cAMP
DAG
PKC
5-HT
DDC
SERT
5-HT
Endocytosis
Exocytosis
VGCC
5-HT ...
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hsa04727
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GABAergic synapse
|
Gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA) is the most abundant inhibitory neurotransmitter in the mammalian central nervous system (CNS). When released in the synaptic cleft, GABA binds to three major classes of ...
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C00025 (L-Glutamate)
C00334 (4-Aminobutanoate)
C00334 (4-Aminobutanoate)
C00334 (4-Aminobutanoate)
C00334 (4-Aminobutanoate)
C00076 (Calcium cation)
C00064 (L-Glutamine)
C00334 (4-Aminobutanoate)
C00025 ...
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GABAERGIC SYNAPSE
Glial cell
Neuron (Presynaptic terminal)
Neuron (Postsynaptic cell)
GABA
GAT2/3
VGAT
Glu
GABA
GABA
GABA
GAD
GAT
GABA
Endocytosis
Exocytosis
VGCC
Gi/o
Gln
GABA
Alanine, aspartate and ...
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hsa04728
|
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Dopaminergic synapse
|
Dopamine (DA) is an important and prototypical slow neurotransmitter in the mammalian brain, where it controls a variety of functions including locomotor activity, motivation and reward, learning and memory ...
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C03758 (Dopamine)
C00355 (3,4-Dihydroxy-L-phenylalanine)
C03758 (Dopamine)
C03758 (Dopamine)
C00575 (3',5'-Cyclic AMP)
C01245 (D-myo-Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate)
C00165 (Diacylglycerol)
C00076 (Calcium ...
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DOPAMINERGIC SYNAPSE
Glial cell
Neuron (Presynaptic terminal)
Neuron (Postsynaptic cell)
DAT
VMAT
L-Dopa
Gs/olf
AC5
PKA
PLC
cAMP
DAG
PKC
Parkinson's disease
DDC
MAO
DAT
Endocytosis
Exocytosis
VGCC
Gi/o
Akt
GSK-3
CREB
DARPP32
MAPK
L-tyrosine
D3 ...
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hsa04730
|
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Long-term depression
|
Cerebellar long-term depression (LTD), thought to be a molecular and cellular basis for cerebellar learning, is a process involving a decrease in the synaptic strength between parallel fiber (PF) and Purkinje ...
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C00219 (Arachidonate)
C00533 (Nitric oxide)
C00641 (1,2-Diacyl-sn-glycerol)
C01245 (D-myo-Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate)
C01330 (Sodium cation)
C01330 (Sodium cation)
C00025 (L-Glutamate)
C00942 (3',5'-Cyclic ...
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Parallel fiber
PLC
AMPAR
RyR
PLA2
PLA2
NOS
DAG
PLC
mGluR1
Glutamate
PKC
cGMP
IGF1R
CRFR1
DAG
Glutamate
CRF
IGF1
GUCY
δ2R
PKG
VGCC
AMPAR
ERK1/2
MEK1/2
Raf
Ras
PP2A
PTK
mGluR1
IP3R
LONG-TERM DEPRESSION
Calcium ...
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hsa04740
|
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Olfactory transduction
|
Within the compact cilia of the olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs) a cascade of enzymatic activity transduces the binding of an odorant molecule to a receptor into an electrical signal that can be transmitted ...
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C00575 (3',5'-Cyclic AMP)
C00076 (Calcium cation)
C00698 (Cl-)
C01330 (Sodium cation)
C00942 (3',5'-Cyclic GMP)
C00076 (Calcium cation)
C01330 (Sodium cation)
C00575 (3',5'-Cyclic AMP)
C01330 (Sodium cation)
C00238 ...
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OLFACTORY TRANSDUCTION
cAMP
Golf
ACⅢ
CNG
CaCC
Olfactory receptor neuron (ORN)
Depolarization
ODOR DETECTION
Plasma membrane
cGMP
GC-D
CNGA3
PKG
cAMP
CAMKII
Golf
CaM
PDE
PKA
ACⅢ
Arrestin
GRK
+p
+p
RECOVERY ...
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hsa04742
|
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Taste transduction
|
Five basic tastes are recognized by humans and most other animals - bitter, sweet, sour, salty and umami. In vertebrates, taste stimuli are detected by taste receptor cells (TRCs). At least three distinct ...
|
C00076 (Calcium cation)
C01330 (Sodium cation)
C01330 (Sodium cation)
C01451 (Salicin)
C00076 (Calcium cation)
C01245 (D-myo-Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate)
C12284 (Saccharin sodium anhydrous), D08836 (Acesulfame ...
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TASTE TRANSDUCTION
TRPM5
+
Type Ⅱ receptor cell
Bitter
Depolarization
T1R2
Salicin
PLCβ2
2+
IP3R
Calcium signaling pathway
Sweeteners
Sugars
GMP
VGNC
+
Depolarization
PDE
AMP
cAMP
Neurotransmitter ...
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hsa04744
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Phototransduction
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Phototransduction is a biochemical process by which the photoreceptor cells generate electrical signals in response to captured photons. The vertebrate cascade starts with the absorption of photons by ...
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C00076 (Calcium cation)
C01330 (Sodium cation)
C00942 (3',5'-Cyclic GMP)
C00144 (GMP)
C00942 (3',5'-Cyclic GMP)
C00942 (3',5'-Cyclic GMP)
C00238 (Potassium cation)
C00076 (Calcium cation)
C01330 (Sodium ...
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PHOTOTRANSDUCTION
DARK
LIGHT
Disc membrane
Disc membrane
CNG
CNG
Hyperpolarization (Light response)
PDE
Open
Closed
LIGHT
PDE
cGMP
GMP
cGMP
cGMP
NCKX
NCKX
4Na
4Na
Transducin
Transducin
cGMP
Depolarization
GCAP
GCAP
Vertebrate ...
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hsa04750
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Inflammatory mediator regulation of TRP channels
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The TRP channels that exhibit a unique response to temperature have been given the name thermo-TRPs. Among all thermo- TRP channels, TRPV1-4, TRPM8, and TRPA1 are expressed in subsets of nociceptive dorsal ...
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C00002 (ATP)
C00780 (Serotonin)
C00388 (Histamine)
C00584 (Prostaglandin E2)
C00076 (Calcium cation), C01330 (Sodium cation)
C00165 (Diacylglycerol)
C01245 (D-myo-Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate)
C00575 (3' ...
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Mast cell
INFLAMMATORY MEDIATOR REGULATION OF TRP CHANNELS
P2YR
B1/B2
5HTR
TRPV1
ASIC
IL1R
TrkA
IL-1β
NGF
PLA2
PLCβ
12-LOX
PKCε
PKA
CAMKII
p38/JNK
PLCγ
PI3K
PKCε
PKCδ
Src
TRPV1
ATP
5HT
HIS
PGE2
Ca ...
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hsa04810
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Regulation of actin cytoskeleton
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C04637 (1-Phosphatidyl-D-myo-inositol 4,5-bisphosphate), C11554 (1-Phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 3,4-bisphosphate)
C04637 (1-Phosphatidyl-D-myo-inositol 4,5-bisphosphate), C11554 (1-Phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol ...
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PIP
PIP
PIP
Acetylcholine
TMSB4
Arp2/3
PFN
WAVE2
WAVE1
HSPC300
APC
NWASP
Asef
Abi2
Nap125
PIR121
IRSp53
SSH
CFN
LIMK
GSN
VCL
PI4P5K
PFN
mDia
PI4P5K
ACTN
VCL
ERM
PXN
NHE1
MLCP
MLC
MLCK
GIT1
Mena
IRSp53
Drf3
ROCK
PAK
PIX
Cdc42
Rac
Rho
RhoGEF
IQGAP
GRLF1
Vav/Tiam1
ERK
MEK
Raf
PI3K
Rac1GEF
Dock180
FGD1/3
Gβγ
CrkII
Cas
FAK
GPCR
c-Src
ITG
FN1
Ras
Gα12 ...
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hsa04814
|
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Motor proteins
|
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1778 (DYNC1H1), H00264 (Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease), H00455 (Spinal muscular atrophy), H00773 (Autosomal dominant intellectual developmental disorder), H01881 (Complex cortical dysplasia with other brain ...
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MOTOR PROTEINS
Dynein
Dynein
Dynactin
KIF5
Myosin
Cargo
Myosin V
Myosin II
Microtubule
Actin fillament
motor domain
linker
stalk
strut
LC8
Tctex
LIC
MTBD
light chain
heavy chain
motor domain (MD)
calmodulin ...
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hsa04820
|
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Cytoskeleton in muscle cells
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1605 (DAG1), H00120 (Muscular dystrophy-dystroglycanopathy type A), H00593 (Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy), H01959 (Muscular dystrophy-dystroglycanopathy type C), H02307 (Muscular dystrophy-dystroglycanopathy)
8082 ...
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hsa04910
|
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Insulin signaling pathway
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Insulin binding to its receptor results in the tyrosine phosphorylation of insulin receptor substrates (IRS) by the insulin receptor tyrosine kinase (INSR). This allows association of IRSs with the regulatory ...
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C00369 (Starch)
C00575 (3',5'-Cyclic AMP)
C00031 (D-Glucose)
C05981 (Phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-trisphosphate)
7248 (TSC1), H00896 (Lymphangioleiomyomatosis), H00915 (Tuberous sclerosis complex), H01251 ...
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TSC1
SKIP
SHIP2
IKK
JNK
LAR
PTP1B
SOCS
Elk1
MNK
ERK1/2
FAS
AMPK
Glycogen
cAMP
INS
Glucose
HSL
PP1
PYK
GYS
PHK
PKA
ACC
4EBP1
PYG
FOXO1
Raptor
SOS
Ras
eIF4E
MEK1/2
SHC
CIP4/2
INSR
p70S6K
GRB2
BAD
TSC2
Raf
PEPCK
G6PC
mTOR
PDE3
FBP
Exo70
PGC-1α
CAP
Rheb
Akt
P13K
TC10
GSK-3β
SREBP-1c
GRF2
CrkII
aPKC
APS
GLUT4
PDK1/2
Cbl
IRS
PIP
Flotillin
INSULIN ...
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hsa04911
|
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Insulin secretion
|
Pancreatic beta cells are specialised endocrine cells that continuously sense the levels of blood sugar and other fuels and, in response, secrete insulin to maintain normal fuel homeostasis. Glucose-induced ...
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C00031 (D-Glucose)
C00575 (3',5'-Cyclic AMP)
C00076 (Calcium cation)
C00002 (ATP)
C00092 (D-Glucose 6-phosphate)
C00022 (Pyruvate)
C00031 (D-Glucose)
C01245 (D-myo-Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate)
C00165 ...
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INSULIN SECRETION
GLUT1/2
Kir6.2
VDCC
M3R
GLP-1R
PLC
Glucose
Citrate cycle (TCA cycle)
PKA
Gq/G11
GLP-1
cAMP
ATP
Glucose 6-phosphate
Pyruvate
Glucose
GCK
Insulin Secretory Granules
DAG
DNA
INS
PKC
Acetylcholine
Depolarization
RYR
CREB
Calcium ...
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hsa04912
|
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GnRH signaling pathway
|
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) secretion from the hypothalamus acts upon its receptor in the anterior pituitary to regulate the production and release of the gonadotropins, LH and FSH. The GnRHR ...
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C00076 (Calcium cation)
C00416 (Phosphatidate)
C00219 (Arachidonate)
C00165 (Diacylglycerol)
C01245 (D-myo-Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate)
C00076 (Calcium cation)
C00575 (3',5'-Cyclic AMP)
5578 (PRKCA), ...
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PKC
αGSU
LHβ
PA, PE
DAG
PLCβ
CDC42
cAMP
CREB
CaMK
MKK3/6
p38MAPK
MEKK
BMK
PLA2
IP3R
CaM
q/11
MT1
GnRHR
PLD
GnRH
Src
MMP2
PKA
CACN
Elk1
ERK1/2
FSHβ
MEK1/2
Raf-1
Ras
Sos
Grb2
EGFR
HB-EGF
Pyk2
MKK4/7
JNK
c-Jun
MEKK
GnRH ...
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hsa04913
|
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Ovarian steroidogenesis
|
The ovarian steroids, 17-beta estradiol (E2) and progesterone (P4), are critical for normal uterine function, establishment and maintenance of pregnancy, and mammary gland development. Furthermore, the ...
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C00187 (Cholesterol)
C01953 (Pregnenolone)
C05138 (17alpha-Hydroxypregnenolone)
C01227 (Dehydroepiandrosterone)
C04295 (Androstenediol)
C00535 (Testosterone)
C00410 (Progesterone)
C01176 (17alpha-Hydroxyprogesterone)
C00280 ...
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OVARIAN STEROIDOGENESIS
Steroid hormone biosynthesis
Ovary (theca interstitial cell)
Ovary (granulosa cell)
Cholesterol
Pregnenolone
17-hydroxy-pregnenolone
Dehydroepi-androsterone
Androstenediol
Testosterone
Progesterone
17-hydroxy-progesterone
Androstenedione
3β-HSD
3β-HSD
3β-HSD
3β-HSD
17β-HSD
LHCGR
StAR
CYP11A
CYP17
CYP17
FSH
FSHR
Androstenedione
Testosterone
17β-estradiol
Estrone
4-OH-estradiol
2-OH-estradiol
17β-HSD
CYP19A1
CYP19A1
CYP1B1
CYP1A1
17β-HSD
cAMP
cAMP
17β-HSD
PKA
DNA
DNA
ARTISt
Insulin
INSR
IGF1
IGF1R
Insulin
INSR
IGF1
IGF1R
LDLR
Insulin ...
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hsa04914
|
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Progesterone-mediated oocyte maturation
|
Xenopus oocytes are naturally arrested at G2 of meiosis I. Exposure to either insulin/IGF-1 or the steroid hormone progesterone breaks this arrest and induces resumption of the two meiotic division cycles ...
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C05981 (Phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-trisphosphate), C11554 (1-Phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 3,4-bisphosphate)
C00575 (3',5'-Cyclic AMP)
C00410 (Progesterone)
3480 (IGF1R), H00015 (Malignant pleural mesothelioma) ...
|
IGF1R
IGF-1
Insulin
Mos
CPEB
CycB1/B4
Cdc2
Ras
PI3K
Cdc2
PIP , PIP
Akt/PKB
PDE3
APC/C
Fizzy
Mad1/2/3
Bub1
Cdc25
Plx1
CycB
Hsp90
PKA
Myt1
Rsk1/2
p42MAPK
MEK1
Cdk2
Cdc2
CycA
RINGO
Eg2
MAPK
MAPK signaling ...
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hsa04915
|
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Estrogen signaling pathway
|
Estrogens are steroid hormones that regulate a plethora of physiological processes in mammals, including reproduction, cardiovascular protection, bone integrity, cellular homeostasis, and behavior. Estrogen ...
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C00951 (Estradiol-17beta)
C00951 (Estradiol-17beta)
C00951 (Estradiol-17beta)
C00575 (3',5'-Cyclic AMP)
C00951 (Estradiol-17beta)
C01245 (D-myo-Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate)
C00165 (Diacylglycerol)
C00575 ...
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ESTROGEN SIGNALING PATHWAY
GPER
c-Src
MMP
HB-EGF
EGFR
HB-EGF
DNA
DNA
cAMP
PKA
Ras
Raf
MEK
ERK1/2
pCREB
DNA
PLC
PKCδ
PKA
GIRK
GABAB
pCREB
MAPK signaling pathway
DAG
DNA
cAMP
c-Src
PI3K
Akt
eNOS
pCREB
DNA
Shc
Grb2
SOS
Hsp90
FKBP52
Hsp70
PI3K-Akt ...
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hsa04916
|
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Melanogenesis
|
Cutaneous melanin pigment plays a critical role in camouflage, mimicry, social communication, and protection against harmful effects of solar radiation. Melanogenesis is under complex regulatory control ...
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C05606 (Melanin)
C00082 (L-Tyrosine)
C00076 (Calcium cation)
C01245 (D-myo-Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate)
C00165 (Diacylglycerol)
C00575 (3',5'-Cyclic AMP)
1855 (DVL1), 1856 (DVL2), 1857 (DVL3), H00485 ...
|
Dvl
DCT
TYRP1
TYR
MITF
DCT
TYRP1
TYR
PKA
CAMK
CAM
Gi/o
ETB-R
c-Kit
MITF
Melanin
Tyrosine
SCF
Frizzled
PLC
ASP
CBP
PKA
TCF/LEF
PKC-β
CREB
PKC
GSK-3β
β-catenin
αMSH
Go/Gq
MC1R
Wnt
ERK1/2
MEK
Raf
Ras
ET-1
MELANOGENESIS
Wnt ...
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hsa04917
|
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Prolactin signaling pathway
|
Prolactin (PRL) is a polypeptide hormone known to be involved in a wide range of biological functions including osmoregulation, lactation, reproduction, growth and development, endocrinology and metabolism ...
|
C05981 (Phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-trisphosphate)
C05981 (Phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-trisphosphate)
C03758 (Dopamine)
C00355 (3,4-Dihydroxy-L-phenylalanine)
C00082 (L-Tyrosine)
C00031 (D-Glucose)
C00092 ...
|
Jak_STAT signaling pathway
MAPK signaling pathway
PIP
Akt/PKB
PI3K
PROLACTIN SIGNALING PATHWAY
ERK
MEK
Raf-1
Ras
DNA
PI3K-Akt signaling pathway
PRL
long R
PRL
short R
JAK2
STAT
SHC
c-Src
Grb2
SOS
JAK2
PIP
Akt/PKB
PI3K
SHC
c-Src
Foxo3a
JNK
p38
DNA
Galt-1
DNA
SOCS
Caseins
Elf5
Wap
Cis
Rankl
(Mammary ...
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hsa04918
|
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Thyroid hormone synthesis
|
Thyroid hormones triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) are essential for normal development, growth and metabolic homeostasis in all vertebrates, and synthesized in the thyroid gland. The functional ...
|
C00165 (Diacylglycerol)
C01245 (D-myo-Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate)
C00575 (3',5'-Cyclic AMP)
C01330 (Sodium cation)
C00708 (Iodide)
C00708 (Iodide)
C02515 (3-Iodo-L-tyrosine)
C01060 (3,5-Diiodo-L-tyrosine)
C02515 ...
|
THYROID HORMONE SYNTHESIS
Blood
Follicular lumen
Tight junction
Apical membrane
Basal membrane
Thyrocyte (thyroid follicular cell)
PKA
Tight junction
Tight junction
TSH
TSHR
PLC
NIS
ATPase
PDS
DUOX2
TPO
DEHAL1
DAG
IP3
cAMP
PKC
TTF1
TTF2
PAX8
CREB
DNA
MIT
DIT
MIT
DIT
MIT
DIT
MIT
DIT
Tyrosine ...
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hsa04919
|
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Thyroid hormone signaling pathway
|
The thyroid hormones (THs) are important regulators of growth, development and metabolism. The action of TH is mainly mediated by T3 (3,5,3'-triiodo-L-thyronine). Thyroid hormones, L-thyroxine (T4) and ...
|
C05981 (Phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-trisphosphate)
C02465 (Triiodothyronine)
C01829 (Thyroxine)
C02465 (Triiodothyronine)
C02465 (Triiodothyronine)
C00575 (3',5'-Cyclic AMP)
C01245 (D-myo-Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate)
C00076 ...
|
MAPK signaling pathway
ITGB
ITGA
PIP
Akt/PKB
PDK1
PI3K
PKC
THYROID HORMONE SIGNALING PATHWAY
Regulation of actin cytoskeleton
β-Catenin
GSK-3β
DNA
Angiogenesis Glycolysis
Contractility
PI3K-Akt signaling ...
|