Cowden syndrome (CS) is an autosomal dominant inherited cancer syndrome characterized by benign and malignant breast, thyroid, and endometrial neoplasias in addition to cutaneous findings and macrocephaly. Germ line PTEN mutations have been found in 85% of those with CS. A large heterogeneous group of individuals with Cowden-like syndrome, who have various combinations of Cowden syndrome features but who do not meet Cowden syndrome diagnostic criteria, have PTEN mutations less than 10% of the time. In the absence of germline PTEN mutations, approximately 10% of individuals with Cowden syndrome or Cowden-like syndrome harbor germline succinate dehydrogenase variants SDHB and SDHD.
Category
Congenital malformation
Brite
Human diseases in ICD-11 classification [BR:br08403]
20 Developmental anomalies
Multiple developmental anomalies or syndromes
LD2D Phakomatoses or hamartoneoplastic syndromes
H01222 Cowden syndrome
Pathway-based classification of diseases [BR:br08402]
Signal transduction
nt06530 PI3K signaling
H01222 Cowden syndrome
Macrocephaly/autism syndrome refers to a subset of individuals within the autism spectrum with extreme macrocephaly or head circumference more than two standard deviations above the mean. The association with mutations in PTEN was confirmed in 10-20% of cases with autism and macrocephaly.
Category
Congenital malformation
Brite
Human diseases in ICD-11 classification [BR:br08403]
20 Developmental anomalies
Multiple developmental anomalies or syndromes
LD20 Syndromes with central nervous system anomalies as a major feature
H02723 Macrocephaly/autism syndrome
Pathway-based classification of diseases [BR:br08402]
Signal transduction
nt06530 PI3K signaling
H02723 Macrocephaly/autism syndrome