KEGG Modules

Carbohydrate metabolism
Central carbohydrate metabolism
M00001 Glycolysis (Embden-Meyerhof pathway), glucose => pyruvate
M00002 Glycolysis, core module involving three-carbon compounds
M00003 Gluconeogenesis, oxaloacetate => fructose-6P
M00307 Pyruvate oxidation, pyruvate => acetyl-CoA
M00009 Citrate cycle (TCA cycle, Krebs cycle)
M00010 Citrate cycle, first carbon oxidation, oxaloacetate => 2-oxoglutarate
M00011 Citrate cycle, second carbon oxidation, 2-oxoglutarate => oxaloacetate
M00004 Pentose phosphate pathway (Pentose phosphate cycle)
M00006 Pentose phosphate pathway, oxidative phase, glucose-6P => ribulose-5P
M00007 Pentose phosphate pathway, non-oxidative phase, fructose-6P => ribose-5P
M00580 Pentose phosphate pathway, archaea, fructose-6P => ribose-5P
M00005 PRPP biosynthesis, ribose-5P => PRPP
M00008 Entner-Doudoroff pathway, glucose-6P => glyceraldehyde-3P + pyruvate
M00308 Semi-phosphorylative Entner-Doudoroff pathway, gluconate => glycerate-3P

Other carbohydrate metabolism
M00631 Galacturonate degradation, bacteria, galacturonate => pyruvate + glyceraldehyde-3P
M00061 Glucuronate degradation, glucuronate => pyruvate + glyceraldehyde-3P
M00632 Galactose degradation, Leloir pathway, galactose => alpha-D-glucose-1P
M00552 Galactonate degradation, De Ley-Doudoroff pathway, galactonate => glycerate-3P
M00129 Ascorbate biosynthesis, animals, glucose-1P => ascorbate
M00550 Ascorbate degradation, ascorbate => D-xylulose-5P
M00854 Glycogen biosynthesis, glucose-1P => glycogen/starch
M00855 Glycogen degradation, glycogen => glucose-6P
M00012 Glyoxylate cycle
M00373 Ethylmalonyl pathway
M00741 Propanoyl-CoA metabolism, propanoyl-CoA => succinyl-CoA
M00982 Methylcitrate cycle

Energy metabolism
Carbon fixation
M00165 Reductive pentose phosphate cycle (Calvin cycle)
M00168 CAM (Crassulacean acid metabolism), dark
M00169 CAM (Crassulacean acid metabolism), light
M00170 C4-dicarboxylic acid cycle, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase type
M00579 Phosphate acetyltransferase-acetate kinase pathway, acetyl-CoA => acetate

Methane metabolism
M00358 Coenzyme M biosynthesis
M00174 Methane oxidation, methanotroph, methane => formaldehyde
M00346 Formaldehyde assimilation, serine pathway
M00345 Formaldehyde assimilation, ribulose monophosphate pathway
M00378 F420 biosynthesis, archaea

Nitrogen metabolism
M00175 Nitrogen fixation, nitrogen => ammonia
M00531 Assimilatory nitrate reduction, nitrate => ammonia
M00530 Dissimilatory nitrate reduction, nitrate => ammonia
M00529 Denitrification, nitrate => nitrogen

Sulfur metabolism
M00176 Assimilatory sulfate reduction, sulfate => H2S
M00596 Dissimilatory sulfate reduction, sulfate => H2S
M00595 Sulfur oxidation, SOX system, thiosulfate => sulfate
M00985 Sulfide oxidation, sulfide => sulfur
M00990 Dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP) degradation, demethylation pathway, DMSP => methane..

ATP synthesis
M00144 NADH:quinone oxidoreductase, prokaryotes
M00149 Succinate dehydrogenase, prokaryotes
M00150 Fumarate reductase, prokaryotes
M00151 Cytochrome bc1 complex respiratory unit
M00155 Cytochrome c oxidase, prokaryotes
M00153 Cytochrome bd ubiquinol oxidase
M00417 Cytochrome o ubiquinol oxidase
M00156 Cytochrome c oxidase, cbb3-type
M00157 F-type ATPase, prokaryotes and chloroplasts

Lipid metabolism
Fatty acid metabolism
M00082 Fatty acid biosynthesis, initiation
M00083 Fatty acid biosynthesis, elongation
M00873 Fatty acid biosynthesis in mitochondria, animals
M00085 Fatty acid elongation in mitochondria
M00086 beta-Oxidation, acyl-CoA synthesis
M00087 beta-Oxidation

Lipid metabolism
M00088 Ketone body biosynthesis, acetyl-CoA => acetoacetate/3-hydroxybutyrate/acetone
M00089 Triacylglycerol biosynthesis
M00098 Acylglycerol degradation
M00090 Phosphatidylcholine (PC) biosynthesis, choline => PC
M00091 Phosphatidylcholine (PC) biosynthesis, PE => PC
M00092 Phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) biosynthesis, ethanolamine => PE
M00093 Phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) biosynthesis, PA => PS => PE
M00094 Ceramide biosynthesis
M00066 Lactosylceramide biosynthesis
M00099 Sphingosine biosynthesis
M00100 Sphingosine degradation

Nucleotide metabolism
Purine metabolism
M00048 De novo purine biosynthesis, PRPP + glutamine => IMP
M00049 Adenine ribonucleotide biosynthesis, IMP => ADP,ATP
M00050 Guanine ribonucleotide biosynthesis, IMP => GDP,GTP
M00053 Deoxyribonucleotide biosynthesis, ADP/GDP/CDP/UDP => dATP/dGTP/dCTP/dUTP
M00958 Adenine ribonucleotide degradation, AMP => Urate
M00959 Guanine ribonucleotide degradation, GMP => Urate
M00546 Purine degradation, xanthine => urea

Pyrimidine metabolism
M00051 De novo pyrimidine biosynthesis, glutamine (+ PRPP) => UMP
M00052 Pyrimidine ribonucleotide biosynthesis, UMP => UDP/UTP,CDP/CTP
M00938 Pyrimidine deoxyribonucleotide biosynthesis, UDP => dTTP
M00046 Pyrimidine degradation, uracil => beta-alanine, thymine => 3-aminoisobutanoate
M00939 Pyrimidine degradation, uracil => 3-hydroxypropanoate

Amino acid metabolism
Serine and threonine metabolism
M00020 Serine biosynthesis, glycerate-3P => serine
M00018 Threonine biosynthesis, aspartate => homoserine => threonine
M00621 Glycine cleavage system
M00555 Betaine biosynthesis, choline => betaine
M00974 Betaine metabolism, animals, betaine => glycine
M00975 Betaine degradation, bacteria, betaine => pyruvate
M00033 Ectoine biosynthesis, aspartate => ectoine
M00919 Ectoine degradation, ectoine => aspartate

Cysteine and methionine metabolism
M00021 Cysteine biosynthesis, serine => cysteine
M00338 Cysteine biosynthesis, homocysteine + serine => cysteine
M00017 Methionine biosynthesis, aspartate => homoserine => methionine
M00034 Methionine salvage pathway
M00035 Methionine degradation

Branched-chain amino acid metabolism
M00019 Valine/isoleucine biosynthesis, pyruvate => valine / 2-oxobutanoate => isoleucine
M00535 Isoleucine biosynthesis, pyruvate => 2-oxobutanoate
M00570 Isoleucine biosynthesis, threonine => 2-oxobutanoate => isoleucine
M00432 Leucine biosynthesis, 2-oxoisovalerate => 2-oxoisocaproate
M00036 Leucine degradation, leucine => acetoacetate + acetyl-CoA

Lysine metabolism
M00016 Lysine biosynthesis, succinyl-DAP pathway, aspartate => lysine
M00527 Lysine biosynthesis, DAP aminotransferase pathway, aspartate => lysine
M00031 Lysine biosynthesis, mediated by LysW, 2-aminoadipate => lysine
M00956 Lysine degradation, bacteria, L-lysine => succinate

Arginine and proline metabolism
M00028 Ornithine biosynthesis, glutamate => ornithine
M00844 Arginine biosynthesis, ornithine => arginine
M00845 Arginine biosynthesis, glutamate => acetylcitrulline => arginine
M00029 Urea cycle
M00015 Proline biosynthesis, glutamate => proline
M00970 Proline degradation, proline => glutamate
M00972 Proline metabolism
M00879 Arginine succinyltransferase pathway, arginine => glutamate

Polyamine biosynthesis
M00133 Polyamine biosynthesis, arginine => agmatine => putrescine => spermidine
M00134 Polyamine biosynthesis, arginine => ornithine => putrescine
M00135 GABA biosynthesis, eukaryotes, putrescine => GABA

Histidine metabolism
M00026 Histidine biosynthesis, PRPP => histidine
M00045 Histidine degradation, histidine => N-formiminoglutamate => glutamate

Aromatic amino acid metabolism
M00022 Shikimate pathway, phosphoenolpyruvate + erythrose-4P => chorismate
M00023 Tryptophan biosynthesis, chorismate => tryptophan
M00024 Phenylalanine biosynthesis, chorismate => phenylpyruvate => phenylalanine
M00025 Tyrosine biosynthesis, chorismate => HPP => tyrosine
M00040 Tyrosine biosynthesis, chorismate => arogenate => tyrosine
M00043 Thyroid hormone biosynthesis, tyrosine => triiodothyronine/thyroxine
M00044 Tyrosine degradation, tyrosine => homogentisate
M00533 Homoprotocatechuate degradation, homoprotocatechuate => 2-oxohept-3-enedioate
M00038 Tryptophan metabolism, tryptophan => kynurenine => 2-aminomuconate

Other amino acid metabolism
M00027 GABA (gamma-Aminobutyrate) shunt
M00118 Glutathione biosynthesis, glutamate => glutathione
M00948 Hydroxyproline degradation, trans-4-hydroxy-L-proline => 2-oxoglutarate

Glycan metabolism
Nucleotide sugar biosynthesis
M00892 UDP-GlcNAc biosynthesis, eukaryotes, Fru-6P => UDP-GlcNAc
M00909 UDP-GlcNAc biosynthesis, prokaryotes, Fru-6P => UDP-GlcNAc
M01003 UDP-GlcNAc biosynthesis, GlcNAc => UDP-GlcNAc
M00996 UDP-MurNAc biosynthesis, anhMurNAc => UDP-MurNAc
M00995 UDP-MurNAc biosynthesis, Fru-6P => UDP-MurNAc
M00549 UDP-Glc biosynthesis, Glc => UDP-Glc
M01004 UDP-Galf biosynthesis, UDP-Glc => UDP-Galf
M00997 UDP-Xyl/L-Ara biosynthesis, UDP-Glc => UDP-Xyl => UDP-L-Ala
M00999 UDP-GlcA/GalA biosynthesis, UDP-Glc => UDP-GlcA => UDP-GalA
M00554 UDP-Gal biosynthesis, Gal => UDP-Gal
M01000 GDP-Man biosynthesis, Fru-6P => GDP-Man
M01015 GDP-Man biosynthesis, Man => GDP-Man
M01001 GDP-L-Fuc biosynthesis, L-Fuc => GDP-L-Fuc
M01036 UDP-GalNAcA biosynthesis, UDP-GlcNAc => UDP-GalNAcA
M01035 UDP-ManNAc3NAcA biosynthesis, UDP-GlcNAc => UDP-ManNAc3NAcA
M00923 UDP-L-FucNAc biosynthesis, UDP-GlcNAc => UDP-L-FucNAc
M01009 UDP-QuiNAc biosynthesis, UDP-GlcNAc => UDP-QuiNAc
M01011 CMP-Leg5Ac7Ac biosynthesis, UDP-BacNAc4NAc => CMP-Leg5Ac7Ac
M00063 CMP-KDO biosynthesis, ribulose-5P => CMP-KDO
M00955 CMP-Neu5Ac/Neu5Gc biosynthesis, animals, UDP-GlcNAc => CMP-Neu5Ac => CMP-Neu5Gc
M01014 UDP-ManNAcA biosynthesis, UDP-GlcNAc => UDP-ManNAcA
M01028 GDP-DDmanHep biosynthesis, sedoheptulose-7P => GDP-DDmanHep
M00064 ADP-LDmanHep biosynthesis, sedoheptulose-7P => ADP-LDmanHep
M00793 dTDP-L-Rha biosynthesis, Glc-1P => dTDP-L-Rha
M01025 dTDP-D-Fuc4NAc biosynthesis, Glc-1P => dTDP-D-Fuc4NAc
M01006 GDP-D-Rha4N biosynthesis, Fru-6P => GDP-D-Rha4N
M01016 GDP-L-Fuc biosynthesis, GDP-Man => GDP-L-Fuc
M01018 GDP-D-Rha biosynthesis, GDP-Man => GDP-D-Rha
M01019 GDP-6-deoxy-Tal biosynthesis, GDP-Man => GDP-6-deoxy-Tal

Glycan biosynthesis
M00070 Glycosphingolipid biosynthesis, lacto-series, LacCer => Lc4Cer
M00071 Glycosphingolipid biosynthesis, neolacto-series, LacCer => nLc4Cer

Glycosaminoglycan metabolism
M00058 Glycosaminoglycan biosynthesis, chondroitin sulfate backbone

Lipopolysaccharide metabolism
M00060 KDO2-lipid A biosynthesis, Raetz pathway, LpxL-LpxM type

Metabolism of cofactors and vitamins
Cofactor and vitamin metabolism
M00127 Thiamine biosynthesis, prokaryotes, AIR (+ DXP/tyrosine) => TMP/TPP
M00896 Thiamine biosynthesis, archaea, AIR (+ NAD+) => TMP/TPP
M00899 Thiamine salvage pathway, HMP/HET => TMP
M00125 Riboflavin biosynthesis, plants and bacteria, GTP => riboflavin/FMN/FAD
M00124 Pyridoxal phosphate biosynthesis, erythrose-4P => pyridoxal-P
M00916 Pyridoxal phosphate biosynthesis, R5P + glyceraldehyde-3P + glutamine => pyridoxal-P
M00115 NAD biosynthesis, aspartate => quinolinate => NAD
M00912 NAD biosynthesis, tryptophan => quinolinate => NAD
M00622 Nicotinate degradation, nicotinate => fumarate
M00119 Pantothenate biosynthesis, valine/L-aspartate => pantothenate
M00120 Coenzyme A biosynthesis, pantothenate => CoA
M00914 Coenzyme A biosynthesis, archaea, 2-oxoisovalerate => 4-phosphopantoate => CoA
M00572 Pimeloyl-ACP biosynthesis, BioC-BioH pathway, malonyl-ACP => pimeloyl-ACP
M00123 Biotin biosynthesis, pimeloyl-ACP/CoA => biotin
M00881 Lipoic acid biosynthesis, plants and bacteria, octanoyl-ACP => dihydrolipoyl-E2/H
M00882 Lipoic acid biosynthesis, eukaryotes, octanoyl-ACP => dihydrolipoyl-H
M00883 Lipoic acid biosynthesis, animals and bacteria, octanoyl-ACP => dihydrolipoyl-H => di..
M00126 Tetrahydrofolate biosynthesis, GTP => THF
M00880 Molybdenum cofactor biosynthesis, GTP => molybdenum cofactor
M00988 PreQ1 biosynthesis, GTP => 7-Aminomethyl-7-deazaguanine
M00140 C1-unit interconversion, prokaryotes
M00141 C1-unit interconversion, eukaryotes
M00846 Siroheme biosynthesis, glutamyl-tRNA => siroheme
M00868 Heme biosynthesis, animals and fungi, glycine => heme
M00121 Heme biosynthesis, plants and bacteria, glutamate => heme
M00926 Heme biosynthesis, bacteria, glutamyl-tRNA => coproporphyrin III => heme
M00847 Heme biosynthesis, archaea, siroheme => heme
M00924 Cobalamin biosynthesis, anaerobic, uroporphyrinogen III => sirohydrochlorin => cobyri..
M00925 Cobalamin biosynthesis, aerobic, uroporphyrinogen III => precorrin 2 => cobyrinate a,..
M00122 Cobalamin biosynthesis, cobyrinate a,c-diamide => cobalamin
M00117 Ubiquinone biosynthesis, prokaryotes, chorismate (+ polyprenyl-PP) => ubiquinol
M00989 Ubiquinone biosynthesis, O2-independent, prokaryotes, chorismate (+ polyprenyl-PP) =>..
M00116 Menaquinone biosynthesis, chorismate (+ polyprenyl-PP) => menaquinol
M00930 Menaquinone biosynthesis, futalosine pathway

Biosynthesis of terpenoids and polyketides
Terpenoid backbone biosynthesis
M00095 C5 isoprenoid biosynthesis, mevalonate pathway
M00849 C5 isoprenoid biosynthesis, mevalonate pathway, archaea
M00096 C5 isoprenoid biosynthesis, non-mevalonate pathway
M00364 C10-C20 isoprenoid biosynthesis, bacteria
M00365 C10-C20 isoprenoid biosynthesis, archaea

Terpenoid biosynthesis
M00097 Lycopene biosynthesis, geranylgeranyl-PP => lycopene
M01045 Zeaxanthin biosynthesis, lycopene => beta-carotene => zeaxanthin
M01044 Astaxanthin biosynthesis, beta-carotene => astaxanthin

Biosynthesis of other secondary metabolites
Biosynthesis of other bacterial compounds
M00918 Aerobactin biosynthesis, lysine => aerobactin

Xenobiotics biodegradation
Aromatics degradation
M00548 Benzene degradation, benzene => catechol
M00551 Benzoate degradation, benzoate => catechol / methylbenzoate => methylcatechol
M00568 Catechol ortho-cleavage, catechol => 3-oxoadipate
M00569 Catechol meta-cleavage, catechol => acetyl-CoA / 4-methylcatechol => propanoyl-CoA
M00638 Salicylate degradation, salicylate => gentisate
M00623 Phthalate degradation, phthalate => protocatechuate
M00545 Trans-cinnamate degradation, trans-cinnamate => acetyl-CoA

Gene set
Drug resistance
M00627 beta-Lactam resistance, Bla system
M00641 Multidrug resistance, efflux pump MexEF-OprN
M00642 Multidrug resistance, efflux pump MexJK-OprM

Module set
Metabolic capacity
M00615 Nitrate assimilation
M00616 Sulfate-sulfur assimilation