KEGG   PATHWAY: ipu04916
Entry
ipu04916                    Pathway                                
Name
Melanogenesis - Ictalurus punctatus (channel catfish)
Description
Cutaneous melanin pigment plays a critical role in camouflage, mimicry, social communication, and protection against harmful effects of solar radiation. Melanogenesis is under complex regulatory control by multiple agents. The most important positive regulator of melanogenesis is the MC1 receptor with its ligands melanocortic peptides. MC1R activates the cyclic AMP (cAMP) response-element binding protein (CREB). Increased expression of MITF and its activation by phosphorylation (P) stimulate the transcription of tyrosinase (TYR), tyrosinase-related protein 1 (TYRP1), and dopachrome tautomerase (DCT), which produce melanin. Melanin synthesis takes place within specialized intracellular organelles named melanosomes. Melanin-containing melanosomes then move from the perinuclear region to the dendrite tips and are transferred to keratinocytes by a still not well-characterized mechanism.
Class
Organismal Systems; Endocrine system
Pathway map
ipu04916  Melanogenesis
ipu04916

Organism
Ictalurus punctatus (channel catfish) [GN:ipu]
Gene
108257754  pomcb; proopiomelanocortin b [KO:K05228]
100304596  pomca; proopiomelanocortin a precursor [KO:K05228]
108272652  guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(s) subunit alpha isoform X3 [KO:K04632]
108265241  guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(s) subunit alpha isoform X3 [KO:K04632]
108257925  adcy1a; adenylate cyclase type 1 [KO:K08041] [EC:4.6.1.1]
108267157  adcy1b; adenylate cyclase type 1b [KO:K08041] [EC:4.6.1.1]
108272199  adcy2a; adenylate cyclase type 2 [KO:K08042] [EC:4.6.1.1]
108272792  adcy2b; adenylate cyclase type 2b isoform X1 [KO:K08042] [EC:4.6.1.1]
108275460  adenylate cyclase type 3-like [KO:K08043] [EC:4.6.1.1]
108271861  adcy3a; adenylate cyclase type 3 isoform X1 [KO:K08043] [EC:4.6.1.1]
108260803  adenylate cyclase type 4 isoform X1 [KO:K08044] [EC:4.6.1.1]
108266230  adenylate cyclase type 5 isoform X2 [KO:K08045] [EC:4.6.1.1]
108276068  adcy6b; adenylate cyclase type 6 [KO:K08046] [EC:4.6.1.1]
108259218  adenylate cyclase type 7 isoform X1 [KO:K08047] [EC:4.6.1.1]
108257757  si:dkey-206f10.1; adenylate cyclase type 8 [KO:K08048] [EC:4.6.1.1]
108280230  adenylate cyclase type 8 isoform X2 [KO:K08048] [EC:4.6.1.1]
108259388  adenylate cyclase type 9 [KO:K08049] [EC:4.6.1.1]
108258341  prkacab; cAMP-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit alpha [KO:K04345] [EC:2.7.11.11]
108267323  prkacbb; protein kinase, cAMP-dependent, catalytic, beta b isoform X1 [KO:K04345] [EC:2.7.11.11]
108270713  prkacba; protein kinase, cAMP-dependent, catalytic, beta a [KO:K04345] [EC:2.7.11.11]
100528913  prkacaa; protein kinase, cAMP-dependent, catalytic, alpha, genome duplicate a [KO:K04345] [EC:2.7.11.11]
108258958  creb1a; cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 1a [KO:K05870]
108267006  creb1b; cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 1b [KO:K05870]
108259676  cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 3-like protein 1 [KO:K09048]
108263495  creb3l4; cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 3-like protein 4 [KO:K09048]
108280078  cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 3-like protein 2 isoform X2 [KO:K09048]
108264943  creb3l3l; cAMP responsive element binding protein 3-like 3 like [KO:K09048]
108280217  creb3l3b; cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 3-like protein 3-B [KO:K09048]
108271409  creb3l3a; cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 3-like protein 3-A [KO:K09048]
108279275  crebbpb; CREB binding protein b isoform X1 [KO:K04498] [EC:2.3.1.48]
108273944  ep300a; histone acetyltransferase p300 isoform X1 [KO:K04498] [EC:2.3.1.48]
108272975  ep300b; histone acetyltransferase p300 isoform X1 [KO:K04498] [EC:2.3.1.48]
108259383  crebbpa; CREB-binding protein isoform X1 [KO:K04498] [EC:2.3.1.48]
108276335  microphthalmia-associated transcription factor isoform X1 [KO:K09455]
108271587  mitfa; melanocyte inducing transcription factor a isoform X1 [KO:K09455]
108276209  protein Wnt-1 [KO:K03209]
108263957  protein Wnt-2 [KO:K00182]
108271793  wnt2ba; wingless-type MMTV integration site family, member 2Ba isoform X1 [KO:K00182]
108266047  wnt2bb; wingless-type MMTV integration site family, member 2Bb isoform X1 [KO:K00182]
108267526  protein Wnt-3a [KO:K00312]
108273758  wnt3; proto-oncogene Wnt-3 [KO:K00312]
108263562  wnt4b; wingless-type MMTV integration site family, member 4b [KO:K00408]
108255178  protein Wnt-4a isoform X1 [KO:K00408]
108279752  wnt5b; protein Wnt-5b [KO:K00444]
108265003  protein Wnt-5a [KO:K00444]
108266110  wnt6b; protein Wnt-6 isoform X1 [KO:K00445]
108273177  wnt6a; protein Wnt-6 isoform X1 [KO:K00445]
108275429  wnt7bb; protein Wnt-7b isoform X1 [KO:K00572]
108276349  protein Wnt-7a [KO:K00572]
108280000  wnt7ba; protein Wnt-7b [KO:K00572]
108255289  wnt7aa; wingless-type MMTV integration site family, member 7Aa [KO:K00572]
108268464  protein Wnt-8a isoform X1 [KO:K00714]
108268465  protein Wnt-8a isoform X1 [KO:K00714]
108262937  protein Wnt-8b [KO:K00714]
108267524  protein Wnt-9a [KO:K01064]
108259511  wnt9b; protein Wnt-9b [KO:K01064]
108266076  protein Wnt-10a [KO:K01357]
108276208  wnt10b; protein Wnt-10b [KO:K01357]
108259816  wnt11f2; protein Wnt-11 isoform X1 [KO:K01384]
108277378  protein Wnt-11 [KO:K01384]
128632699  protein Wnt-11-like isoform X1 [KO:K01384]
108279512  protein Wnt-16 [KO:K01558]
108273289  fzd7b; frizzled-7b [KO:K02432]
108267025  fzd7a; frizzled-7a [KO:K02432]
108259097  frizzled-2 [KO:K02235]
108257739  fzd3a; frizzled-3a isoform X1 [KO:K02329]
108270052  fzd3b; frizzled-3b isoform X1 [KO:K02329]
108277754  frizzled-4 [KO:K02354]
108266738  frizzled-5 [KO:K02375]
108272300  fzd8a; frizzled-8a [KO:K02375]
108256595  frizzled-6 [KO:K02376]
108260460  fzd9a; frizzled-9 [KO:K02842]
108266036  fzd10; frizzled-10 [KO:K02842]
108263895  fzd9b; frizzled-9b [KO:K02842]
108264367  gnao1a; guanine nucleotide binding protein (G protein), alpha activating activity polypeptide O, a isoform X1 [KO:K04534]
108271008  gnao1b; guanine nucleotide binding protein (G protein), alpha activating activity polypeptide O, b [KO:K04534]
108260018  guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(q) subunit alpha [KO:K04634]
108260019  guanine nucleotide-binding protein subunit alpha-11 [KO:K04634]
108268006  dvl3a; segment polarity protein dishevelled homolog DVL-3a [KO:K02353]
108264349  segment polarity protein dishevelled homolog DVL-3 [KO:K02353]
108268205  segment polarity protein dishevelled homolog DVL-2 [KO:K02353]
108276110  dvl1a; segment polarity protein dishevelled homolog DVL-1 [KO:K02353]
108258646  gsk3bb; glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta, genome duplicate b isoform X1 [KO:K03083] [EC:2.7.11.26]
108266408  gsk3ba; glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta isoform X1 [KO:K03083] [EC:2.7.11.26]
108268846  catenin beta-1 isoform X1 [KO:K02105]
108256545  catenin beta-1 [KO:K02105]
108278866  transcription factor 7 isoform X1 [KO:K02620]
108265410  tcf7l1b; transcription factor 7-like 1-B [KO:K04490]
108274114  transcription factor 7-like 2 isoform X1 [KO:K04491]
108262963  lymphoid enhancer-binding factor 1 isoform X1 [KO:K04492]
108280131  kitlgb; kit ligand b [KO:K05461]
108269259  kitlga; kit ligand a [KO:K05461]
108260969  kitb; KIT proto-oncogene, receptor tyrosine kinase b isoform X1 [KO:K05091] [EC:2.7.10.1]
108258027  kita; mast/stem cell growth factor receptor kita isoform X1 [KO:K05091] [EC:2.7.10.1]
100528230  hrasa; HRas proto-oncogene, GTPase a [KO:K02833]
108259582  hrasb; HRas proto-oncogene, GTPase b [KO:K02833]
108258948  zgc:55558; GTPase KRas isoform X1 [KO:K07827]
108274959  kras; GTPase KRas isoform X2 [KO:K07827]
100305071  GTPase NRas [KO:K07828]
108276324  raf1a; raf-1 proto-oncogene, serine/threonine kinase a isoform X5 [KO:K04366] [EC:2.7.11.1]
108255012  raf1b; RAF proto-oncogene serine/threonine-protein kinase isoform X1 [KO:K04366] [EC:2.7.11.1]
124627985  dual specificity mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 1 [KO:K04368] [EC:2.7.12.2]
100528123  map2k2b; dual specificity mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 2b [KO:K04369] [EC:2.7.12.2]
108271291  map2k2a; dual specificity mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 2a [KO:K04369] [EC:2.7.12.2]
108255782  mitogen-activated protein kinase 1 [KO:K04371] [EC:2.7.11.24]
108256206  mapk3; mitogen-activated protein kinase 3 [KO:K04371] [EC:2.7.11.24]
108277956  tyr; tyrosinase [KO:K00505] [EC:1.14.18.1]
100304491  tyrosinase precursor [KO:K00505] [EC:1.14.18.1]
108260967  5,6-dihydroxyindole-2-carboxylic acid oxidase [KO:K00506] [EC:1.14.18.-]
108260798  tyrosinase-related protein 1b [KO:K00506] [EC:1.14.18.-]
108266888  L-dopachrome tautomerase [KO:K01827] [EC:5.3.3.12]
108257472  endothelin-1 [KO:K16366]
108258323  ednrba; endothelin receptor Ba isoform X1 [KO:K04198]
108268917  endothelin receptor type B isoform X2 [KO:K04198]
108279833  gnai1; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(i) subunit alpha-1 [KO:K04630]
108265813  gnai3; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(i) subunit alpha isoform X2 [KO:K04630]
100526828  gnaia; guanine nucleotide binding protein (G protein), alpha inhibiting activity polypeptide a [KO:K04630]
108254730  gnai2a; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(i) subunit alpha-2a isoform X1 [KO:K04630]
108271854  gnai2b; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(i) subunit alpha-2b isoform X1 [KO:K04630]
108269611  1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase beta-2 [KO:K05858] [EC:3.1.4.11]
108258041  1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase beta-4 isoform X1 [KO:K05858] [EC:3.1.4.11]
108258091  1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase beta-1 isoform X1 [KO:K05858] [EC:3.1.4.11]
108267602  plcb3; 1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase beta-3 isoform X1 [KO:K05858] [EC:3.1.4.11]
108270307  1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase beta-1 [KO:K05858] [EC:3.1.4.11]
108270308  1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase beta-4 isoform X1 [KO:K05858] [EC:3.1.4.11]
108270185  calm1a; calmodulin-1a [KO:K02183]
108277932  calm3a; calmodulin 3a (phosphorylase kinase, delta) [KO:K02183]
108279128  calm3b; calmodulin 3b (phosphorylase kinase, delta) [KO:K02183]
100305090  calm2b; calmodulin 2b, (phosphorylase kinase, delta) [KO:K02183]
108263280  calm2a; calmodulin 2a (phosphorylase kinase, delta) [KO:K02183]
100528973  calml4a; calmodulin-like protein 4a [KO:K02183]
108258233  calmodulin-1b [KO:K02183]
100528746  calml6; calmodulin-like protein 6 [KO:K02183]
108267517  camk2d1; calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase type II delta 1 chain isoform X4 [KO:K04515] [EC:2.7.11.17]
108255499  camk2b1; calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase (CaM kinase) II beta 1 isoform X2 [KO:K04515] [EC:2.7.11.17]
108273829  camk2g1; calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase (CaM kinase) II gamma 1 isoform X1 [KO:K04515] [EC:2.7.11.17]
108278566  camk2a; calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase type II subunit alpha [KO:K04515] [EC:2.7.11.17]
108277079  calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase type II subunit beta isoform X13 [KO:K04515] [EC:2.7.11.17]
108260541  camk2d2; calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase type II delta 2 chain isoform X1 [KO:K04515] [EC:2.7.11.17]
108263497  camk2g2; calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase type II subunit gamma isoform X1 [KO:K04515] [EC:2.7.11.17]
108259727  prkcab; protein kinase C alpha type isoform X1 [KO:K02677] [EC:2.7.11.13]
108273127  prkcaa; protein kinase C, alpha, a isoform X2 [KO:K02677] [EC:2.7.11.13]
108258960  prkcba; protein kinase C, beta a isoform X1 [KO:K19662] [EC:2.7.11.13]
108260780  prkcbb; protein kinase C beta type isoform X1 [KO:K19662] [EC:2.7.11.13]
108266582  prkcg; protein kinase C gamma type isoform X1 [KO:K19663] [EC:2.7.11.13]
Compound
C00076  Calcium cation
C00082  L-Tyrosine
C00165  Diacylglycerol
C00575  3',5'-Cyclic AMP
C01245  D-myo-Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate
C05606  Melanin
Reference
PMID:15383650
  Authors
Slominski A, Tobin DJ, Shibahara S, Wortsman J.
  Title
Melanin pigmentation in mammalian skin and its hormonal regulation.
  Journal
Physiol Rev 84:1155-228 (2004)
DOI:10.1152/physrev.00044.2003
Reference
PMID:10841026
  Authors
Busca R, Ballotti R.
  Title
Cyclic AMP a key messenger in the regulation of skin pigmentation.
  Journal
Pigment Cell Res 13:60-9 (2000)
DOI:10.1034/j.1600-0749.2000.130203.x
Reference
PMID:15016298
  Authors
Imokawa G.
  Title
Autocrine and paracrine regulation of melanocytes in human skin and in pigmentary disorders.
  Journal
Pigment Cell Res 17:96-110 (2004)
DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0749.2003.00126.x
Reference
PMID:11023702
  Authors
Wikberg JE, Muceniece R, Mandrika I, Prusis P, Lindblom J, Post C, Skottner A.
  Title
New aspects on the melanocortins and their receptors.
  Journal
Pharmacol Res 42:393-420 (2000)
DOI:10.1006/phrs.2000.0725
Reference
PMID:12894244
  Authors
Chin L.
  Title
The genetics of malignant melanoma: lessons from mouse and man.
  Journal
Nat Rev Cancer 3:559-70 (2003)
DOI:10.1038/nrc1145
Reference
PMID:16822996
  Authors
Miller AJ, Mihm MC Jr.
  Title
Melanoma.
  Journal
N Engl J Med 355:51-65 (2006)
DOI:10.1056/NEJMra052166
Reference
PMID:12753399
  Authors
Saito H, Yasumoto K, Takeda K, Takahashi K, Yamamoto H, Shibahara S.
  Title
Microphthalmia-associated transcription factor in the Wnt signaling pathway.
  Journal
Pigment Cell Res 16:261-5 (2003)
DOI:10.1034/j.1600-0749.2003.00039.x
Reference
PMID:9263329
  Authors
Imokawa G, Kobayashi T, Miyagishi M, Higashi K, Yada Y.
  Title
The role of endothelin-1 in epidermal hyperpigmentation and signaling mechanisms of mitogenesis and melanogenesis.
  Journal
Pigment Cell Res 10:218-28 (1997)
DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0749.1997.tb00488.x
Reference
PMID:10643996
  Authors
Park HY, Gilchrest BA.
  Title
Signaling pathways mediating melanogenesis.
  Journal
Cell Mol Biol (Noisy-le-grand) 45:919-30 (1999)
Reference
PMID:10347209
  Authors
Park HY, Perez JM, Laursen R, Hara M, Gilchrest BA.
  Title
Protein kinase C-beta activates tyrosinase by phosphorylating serine residues in its cytoplasmic domain.
  Journal
J Biol Chem 274:16470-8 (1999)
DOI:10.1074/jbc.274.23.16470
Reference
PMID:11602344
  Authors
Sturm RA, Teasdale RD, Box NF.
  Title
Human pigmentation genes: identification, structure and consequences of polymorphic variation.
  Journal
Gene 277:49-62 (2001)
DOI:10.1016/S0378-1119(01)00694-1
Reference
PMID:11041354
  Authors
Hearing VJ.
  Title
The melanosome: the perfect model for cellular responses to the environment.
  Journal
Pigment Cell Res 13 Suppl 8:23-34 (2000)
DOI:10.1034/j.1600-0749.13.s8.7.x
Reference
PMID:16246839
  Authors
Molina DM, Grewal S, Bardwell L.
  Title
Characterization of an ERK-binding domain in microphthalmia-associated transcription factor and differential inhibition of ERK2-mediated substrate phosphorylation.
  Journal
J Biol Chem 280:42051-60 (2005)
DOI:10.1074/jbc.M510590200
Related
pathway
ipu00350  Tyrosine metabolism
ipu04010  MAPK signaling pathway
ipu04310  Wnt signaling pathway
KO pathway
ko04916   
LinkDB

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