Entry Name Thyroid hormone synthesis - Lynx rufus (bobcat)
Description Thyroid hormones triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) are essential for normal development, growth and metabolic homeostasis in all vertebrates, and synthesized in the thyroid gland. The functional unit of the thyroid gland is the follicle, delimited by a monolayer of thyrocytes. Polarized thyrocytes surround the follicular lumen; with their basal and apical surfaces facing the bloodstream and the lumen, respectively. To synthesize thyroid hormones, thyrocytes take up iodide at their basal side and concentrate it into the lumen. They also secrete in this lumen the specialized protein thyroglobulin (TG) which serves as a store for the hormones. In the follicular lumen oxidation of iodine, iodination of tyrosines (MIT, 3-monoiodotyrosine; DIT, 3,5-diiodotyrosine) and coupling of iodotyrosines takes place on tyrosine residues in TG, resulting in T3 and T4 synthesis. Iodinated TG is resorbed through the apical membrane and degraded to form T3/T4 in lysosomes; the T3/T4 is then secreted through the basal membrane.
Class Organismal Systems; Endocrine systemBRITE hierarchy
Pathway map Ortholog table Other DBs Organism Lynx rufus (bobcat) [GN:
lruf ]
Gene 124503012 guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(s) subunit alpha isoforms XLas isoform X1 [KO:K04632 ]
124528694 guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(q) subunit alpha isoform X1 [KO:K04634 ]
124515221 transcription termination factor 2-like isoform X1 [KO:K15173 ] [EC:5.6.2.-]
124516566 cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 1 isoform X1 [KO:K05870 ]
124514138 cyclic AMP-dependent transcription factor ATF-2 isoform X1 [KO:K04450 ]
124524408 cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 3-like protein 3 isoform X1 [KO:K09048 ]
124506275 cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 3-like protein 1 [KO:K09048 ]
124521809 cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 3-like protein 4 isoform X1 [KO:K09048 ]
124501745 cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 3-like isoform X1 [KO:K09048 ]
124523866 cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 3-like protein 2 [KO:K09048 ]
124524308 cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 5 isoform X1 [KO:K09047 ]
124528650 cyclic AMP-dependent transcription factor ATF-6 beta isoform X1 [KO:K09049 ]
124501326 inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor type 2 isoform X1 [KO:K04959 ]
124528059 inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor type 3 isoform X1 [KO:K04960 ]
124526389 sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase subunit beta-3-like [KO:K01540 ]
124505287 sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase subunit gamma-like [KO:K01538 ]
124515731 low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 2-like [KO:K06233 ]
Compound C01245 D-myo-Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate
Reference Authors Ahad F, Ganie SA
Title Iodine, Iodine metabolism and Iodine deficiency disorders revisited.
Journal Indian J Endocrinol Metab 14:13-7 (2010)
Reference Authors Gillam MP, Kopp P
Title Genetic defects in thyroid hormone synthesis.
Journal Reference Authors Rokita SE, Adler JM, McTamney PM, Watson JA Jr
Title Efficient use and recycling of the micronutrient iodide in mammals.
Journal Reference Authors Massart C, Hoste C, Virion A, Ruf J, Dumont JE, Van Sande J
Title Cell biology of H2O2 generation in the thyroid: investigation of the control of dual oxidases (DUOX) activity in intact ex vivo thyroid tissue and cell lines.
Journal Reference Authors Bizhanova A, Kopp P
Title Minireview: The sodium-iodide symporter NIS and pendrin in iodide homeostasis of the thyroid.
Journal Reference Authors Fong P
Title Thyroid iodide efflux: a team effort?
Journal Reference Authors Song Y, Driessens N, Costa M, De Deken X, Detours V, Corvilain B, Maenhaut C, Miot F, Van Sande J, Many MC, Dumont JE
Title Roles of hydrogen peroxide in thyroid physiology and disease.
Journal Reference Authors Kohn LD, Suzuki K, Nakazato M, Royaux I, Green ED
Title Effects of thyroglobulin and pendrin on iodide flux through the thyrocyte.
Journal Reference Authors Marino M, McCluskey RT
Title Role of thyroglobulin endocytic pathways in the control of thyroid hormone release.
Journal Reference Authors Rivolta CM, Targovnik HM
Title Molecular advances in thyroglobulin disorders.
Journal Reference Authors De La Vieja A, Dohan O, Levy O, Carrasco N
Title Molecular analysis of the sodium/iodide symporter: impact on thyroid and extrathyroid pathophysiology.
Journal Reference Authors Ohye H, Sugawara M
Title Dual oxidase, hydrogen peroxide and thyroid diseases.
Journal Reference Authors Targovnik HM, Esperante SA, Rivolta CM
Title Genetics and phenomics of hypothyroidism and goiter due to thyroglobulin mutations.
Journal Reference Authors Grasberger H
Title Defects of thyroidal hydrogen peroxide generation in congenital hypothyroidism.
Journal Reference Authors Arvan P, Kim PS, Kuliawat R, Prabakaran D, Muresan Z, Yoo SE, Abu Hossain S
Title Intracellular protein transport to the thyrocyte plasma membrane: potential implications for thyroid physiology.
Journal Reference Authors Vono-Toniolo J, Kopp P
Title Thyroglobulin gene mutations and other genetic defects associated with congenital hypothyroidism.
Journal Reference Authors Vitale G, Salvioli S, Franceschi C
Title Oxidative stress and the ageing endocrine system.
Journal Reference Authors Calebiro D, Nikolaev VO, Lohse MJ
Title Imaging of persistent cAMP signaling by internalized G protein-coupled receptors.
Journal Reference Authors Newman CM, Price A, Davies DW, Gray TA, Weetman AP
Title Amiodarone and the thyroid: a practical guide to the management of thyroid dysfunction induced by amiodarone therapy.
Journal Related KO pathway LinkDB All DBs
