Entry
Name
Glucagon signaling pathway - Macaca mulatta (rhesus monkey)
Description
Glucagon is conventionally regarded as a counterregulatory hormone for insulin and plays a critical anti-hypoglycemic role by maintaining glucose homeostasis in both animals and humans. To increase blood glucose, glucagon promotes hepatic glucose output by increasing glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis and by decreasing glycogenesis and glycolysis in a concerted fashion via multiple mechanisms. Glucagon also stimulates hepatic mitochondrial beta-oxidation to supply energy for glucose production. Glucagon performs its main effect via activation of adenylate cyclase. The adenylate-cyclase-derived cAMP activates protein kinase A (PKA), which then phosphorylates downstream targets, such as cAMP response element binding protein (CREB) and the bifunctional enzyme 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase/ fructose-2,6-bisphosphatase (one of the isoforms being PFK/FBPase 1, encoded by PFKFB1).
Class
Organismal Systems; Endocrine system
BRITE hierarchy
Pathway map
Ortholog table
Organism
Macaca mulatta (rhesus monkey) [GN:
mcc ]
Gene
694289 guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(s) subunit alpha isoforms XLas isoform X2 [KO:K04632 ]
718632 PRKACA; cAMP-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit alpha isoform X1 [KO:K04345 ] [EC:2.7.11.11 ]
708717 CREB1; cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 1 [KO:K05870 ]
699072 ATF2; cyclic AMP-dependent transcription factor ATF-2 isoform X1 [KO:K04450 ]
703965 ATF4; cyclic AMP-dependent transcription factor ATF-4 [KO:K04374 ]
714981 CREB3L2; cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 3-like protein 2 [KO:K09048 ]
713391 CREB3L1; cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 3-like protein 1 isoform X1 [KO:K09048 ]
696350 CREB3; cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 3 [KO:K09048 ]
721825 CREB3L3; cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 3-like protein 3 isoform X1 [KO:K09048 ]
715951 CREB3L4; cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 3-like protein 4 [KO:K09048 ]
697718 CREB5; cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 5 isoform X1 [KO:K09047 ]
718961 PPP4R3B; serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 4 regulatory subunit 3B isoform X9 [KO:K17491 ]
100428159 PPP4R3A; serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 4 regulatory subunit 3A [KO:K17491 ]
715908 CRTC2; CREB-regulated transcription coactivator 2 [KO:K16333 ]
715762 PPARGC1A; peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha isoform X3 [KO:K07202 ]
705680 GNAQ; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(q) subunit alpha [KO:K04634 ]
701951 PLCB2; 1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase beta-2 [KO:K05858 ] [EC:3.1.4.11 ]
718418 PLCB4; 1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase beta-4 isoform X3 [KO:K05858 ] [EC:3.1.4.11 ]
718387 PLCB1; 1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase beta-1 [KO:K05858 ] [EC:3.1.4.11 ]
717764 PLCB3; 1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase beta-3 [KO:K05858 ] [EC:3.1.4.11 ]
703669 ITPR1; inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor type 1 isoform X1 [KO:K04958 ]
708714 ITPR2; inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor type 2 isoform X1 [KO:K04959 ]
718040 ITPR3; inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor type 3 isoform X1 [KO:K04960 ]
706955 PPP3CB; serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2B catalytic subunit beta isoform isoform X7 [KO:K04348 ] [EC:3.1.3.16 ]
708233 PPP3CC; serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2B catalytic subunit gamma isoform isoform X2 [KO:K04348 ] [EC:3.1.3.16 ]
709773 PPP3CA; serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2B catalytic subunit alpha isoform [KO:K04348 ] [EC:3.1.3.16 ]
705980 CAMK2G; calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase type II subunit gamma [KO:K04515 ] [EC:2.7.11.17 ]
702504 CAMK2D; calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase type II subunit delta isoform X2 [KO:K04515 ] [EC:2.7.11.17 ]
706977 CAMK2B; calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase type II subunit beta isoform X11 [KO:K04515 ] [EC:2.7.11.17 ]
710540 CAMK2A; calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase type II subunit alpha isoform X1 [KO:K04515 ] [EC:2.7.11.17 ]
613250 PPARA; peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha [KO:K07294 ]
696207 PCK1; phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase, cytosolic [GTP] isoform X1 [KO:K01596 ] [EC:4.1.1.32 ]
719429 CPT1C; carnitine O-palmitoyltransferase 1, brain isoform isoform X2 [KO:K19524 ] [EC:2.3.1.21 ]
694376 PHKA2; phosphorylase b kinase regulatory subunit alpha, liver isoform isoform X1 [KO:K07190 ]
699764 PHKA1; phosphorylase b kinase regulatory subunit alpha, skeletal muscle isoform [KO:K07190 ]
716390 PHKB; phosphorylase b kinase regulatory subunit beta [KO:K07190 ]
703091 PHKG1; phosphorylase b kinase gamma catalytic chain, skeletal muscle/heart isoform [KO:K00871 ] [EC:2.7.11.19 ]
100423096 PHKG2; phosphorylase b kinase gamma catalytic chain, liver/testis isoform isoform X1 [KO:K00871 ] [EC:2.7.11.19 ]
703514 CALML6; calmodulin-like protein 6 isoform X1 [KO:K02183 ]
693753 CALML4; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: calmodulin-like protein 4 [KO:K02183 ]
695558 PRKAA1; 5'-AMP-activated protein kinase catalytic subunit alpha-1 isoform X1 [KO:K07198 ] [EC:2.7.11.31 ]
695737 PRKAB1; 5'-AMP-activated protein kinase subunit beta-1 [KO:K07199 ]
699806 PRKAB2; 5'-AMP-activated protein kinase subunit beta-2 [KO:K07199 ]
702782 PRKAG3; 5'-AMP-activated protein kinase subunit gamma-3 isoform X2 [KO:K07200 ]
709298 PRKAG1; 5'-AMP-activated protein kinase subunit gamma-1 [KO:K07200 ]
100425255 PRKAG2; 5'-AMP-activated protein kinase subunit gamma-2 isoform X1 [KO:K07200 ]
698931 SLC2A1; solute carrier family 2, facilitated glucose transporter member 1 [KO:K07299 ]
695538 SLC2A2; solute carrier family 2, facilitated glucose transporter member 2 isoform X1 [KO:K07593 ]
722330 PFKP; ATP-dependent 6-phosphofructokinase, platelet type isoform X1 [KO:K00850 ] [EC:2.7.1.11 ]
709359 PDHA2; pyruvate dehydrogenase E1 component subunit alpha, testis-specific form, mitochondrial [KO:K00161 ] [EC:1.2.4.1 ]
100423990 PDHA1; pyruvate dehydrogenase E1 component subunit alpha, somatic form, mitochondrial [KO:K00161 ] [EC:1.2.4.1 ]
574227 PDHB; pyruvate dehydrogenase E1 component subunit beta, mitochondrial [KO:K00162 ] [EC:1.2.4.1 ]
Compound
C00354 D-Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate
C00665 beta-D-Fructose 2,6-bisphosphate
C00668 alpha-D-Glucose 6-phosphate
C01172 beta-D-Glucose 6-phosphate
C01245 D-myo-Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate
Reference
Authors
Jiang G, Zhang BB
Title
Glucagon and regulation of glucose metabolism.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Rui L
Title
Energy metabolism in the liver.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Jitrapakdee S
Title
Transcription factors and coactivators controlling nutrient and hormonal regulation of hepatic gluconeogenesis.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Desvergne B, Michalik L, Wahli W.
Title
Transcriptional regulation of metabolism.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Hardie DG
Title
Organismal carbohydrate and lipid homeostasis.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Hasenour CM, Berglund ED, Wasserman DH
Title
Emerging role of AMP-activated protein kinase in endocrine control of metabolism in the liver.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Quesada I, Tuduri E, Ripoll C, Nadal A
Title
Physiology of the pancreatic alpha-cell and glucagon secretion: role in glucose homeostasis and diabetes.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Oh KJ, Han HS, Kim MJ, Koo SH
Title
CREB and FoxO1: two transcription factors for the regulation of hepatic gluconeogenesis.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Cheng A, Saltiel AR
Title
More TORC for the gluconeogenic engine.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Altarejos JY, Montminy M
Title
CREB and the CRTC co-activators: sensors for hormonal and metabolic signals.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Pernicova I, Korbonits M
Title
Metformin--mode of action and clinical implications for diabetes and cancer.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Hirota K, Fukamizu A
Title
Transcriptional regulation of energy metabolism in the liver.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Chalkiadaki A, Guarente L
Title
Metabolic signals regulate SIRT1 expression.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Chalkiadaki A, Guarente L
Title
Sirtuins mediate mammalian metabolic responses to nutrient availability.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Tang BL, Chua CE
Title
Is systemic activation of Sirt1 beneficial for ageing-associated metabolic disorders?
Journal
Reference
Authors
Ozcan L, Wong CC, Li G, Xu T, Pajvani U, Park SK, Wronska A, Chen BX, Marks AR, Fukamizu A, Backs J, Singer HA, Yates JR 3rd, Accili D, Tabas I
Title
Calcium signaling through CaMKII regulates hepatic glucose production in fasting and obesity.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Wang Y, Li G, Goode J, Paz JC, Ouyang K, Screaton R, Fischer WH, Chen J, Tabas I, Montminy M
Title
Inositol-1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor regulates hepatic gluconeogenesis in fasting and diabetes.
Journal
Related pathway
KO pathway
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