KEGG   PATHWAY: mlx05207
Entry
mlx05207                    Pathway                                
Name
Chemical carcinogenesis - receptor activation - Mirounga leonina (Southern elephant seal)
Description
Carcinogenesis is a multistage process that consists of initiation, promotion, and progression stages. Chemicals or environmental factors may act at any of these stages to induce and/or enhance the carcinogenic process. Based on their mode-of-action, carcinogens can be classified as genotoxic or non-genotoxic. Genotoxic agent begins their action at the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) level, causing DNA damage through several mechanisms. Non-genotoxic carcinogens are chemicals that cause the development of tumors through multiple non-genotoxic events and epigenetic alterations without direct interaction with DNA. One non-genotoxic mechanism involves receptor activation. Biological mechanisms involving receptor activation fall into two broad categories: (i) those that involve cell surface receptors and some intracellular receptors that activate signal transduction pathways, resulting in biological responses, including gene transcription, and (ii) those that involve intracellular receptors that translocate into the nucleus and act as transcription factors regulating gene expression. Both classes of receptors can be involved in mechanisms of carcinogenesis.
Class
Human Diseases; Cancer: overview
Pathway map
mlx05207  Chemical carcinogenesis - receptor activation
mlx05207

Organism
Mirounga leonina (Southern elephant seal) [GN:mlx]
Gene
118022967  neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-7 [KO:K04809]
117999973  ARRB2; beta-arrestin-2 [KO:K04439]
118004271  ARRB1; beta-arrestin-1 isoform X1 [KO:K04439]
118011463  SRC; proto-oncogene tyrosine-protein kinase Src [KO:K05704] [EC:2.7.10.2]
118005431  RAF1; RAF proto-oncogene serine/threonine-protein kinase isoform X1 [KO:K04366] [EC:2.7.11.1]
118009434  RB1; retinoblastoma-associated protein [KO:K06618]
118011049  E2F1; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: transcription factor E2F1 [KO:K17454]
118024214  BIRC5; baculoviral IAP repeat-containing protein 5 [KO:K08731]
118012582  XIAP; E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase XIAP isoform X1 [KO:K04725] [EC:2.3.2.27]
118024861  CDC6; cell division control protein 6 homolog [KO:K02213]
118005263  CDC25A; M-phase inducer phosphatase 1 isoform X1 [KO:K06645] [EC:3.1.3.48]
118026348  JAK2; tyrosine-protein kinase JAK2 isoform X1 [KO:K04447] [EC:2.7.10.2]
118024910  STAT3; signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 isoform X1 [KO:K04692]
118014127  IKBKE; inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa-B kinase subunit epsilon isoform X1 [KO:K07211] [EC:2.7.11.10]
118016166  CCND1; G1/S-specific cyclin-D1 [KO:K04503]
118024112  CHRNA4; neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-4 isoform X1 [KO:K04806]
118013604  CHRNB2; neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-2 [KO:K04813]
118023213  CHRNA3; neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-3 [KO:K04805]
118023174  CHRNB4; neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-4 [KO:K04815]
118025809  CACNA1C; voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1C isoform X1 [KO:K04850]
118006050  CACNA1D; voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1D isoform X1 [KO:K04851]
118008972  CACNA1F; voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1F isoform X1 [KO:K04853]
118014221  CACNA1S; voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1S isoform X1 [KO:K04857]
118017467  CACNA1B; voltage-dependent N-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1B isoform X1 [KO:K04849]
118005966  CACNA1A; voltage-dependent P/Q-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1A isoform X1 [KO:K04344]
118004424  PIK3CB; phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit beta isoform [KO:K00922] [EC:2.7.1.153]
118020028  PIK3CD; phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit delta isoform isoform X1 [KO:K00922] [EC:2.7.1.153]
118006556  PIK3CA; phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit alpha isoform [KO:K00922] [EC:2.7.1.153]
118016863  PIK3R1; phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase regulatory subunit alpha isoform X1 [KO:K02649]
118019468  PIK3R3; phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase regulatory subunit gamma [KO:K02649]
118006042  PIK3R2; phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase regulatory subunit beta [KO:K02649]
118022658  AKT2; RAC-beta serine/threonine-protein kinase isoform X1 [KO:K04456] [EC:2.7.11.1]
118002024  AKT1; RAC-alpha serine/threonine-protein kinase [KO:K04456] [EC:2.7.11.1]
118014553  AKT3; RAC-gamma serine/threonine-protein kinase isoform X1 [KO:K04456] [EC:2.7.11.1]
118020008  MTOR; serine/threonine-protein kinase mTOR isoform X1 [KO:K07203] [EC:2.7.11.1]
118027047  NFKB1; nuclear factor NF-kappa-B p105 subunit isoform X1 [KO:K02580]
118016059  RELA; transcription factor p65 [KO:K04735]
118016228  HRAS; GTPase HRas isoform X1 [KO:K02833]
118025572  KRAS; GTPase KRas isoform X1 [KO:K07827]
118000495  NRAS; GTPase NRas [KO:K07828]
118003336  MAP2K1; dual specificity mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 1 isoform X1 [KO:K04368] [EC:2.7.12.2]
118004882  MAP2K2; dual specificity mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 2 [KO:K04369] [EC:2.7.12.2]
117999637  MAPK3; mitogen-activated protein kinase 3 isoform X1 [KO:K04371] [EC:2.7.11.24]
117999826  MAPK1; mitogen-activated protein kinase 1 isoform X1 [KO:K04371] [EC:2.7.11.24]
118002212  FOS; proto-oncogene c-Fos [KO:K04379]
118019356  JUN; transcription factor AP-1 [KO:K04448]
118015212  MYC; myc proto-oncogene protein [KO:K04377]
118004389  BCL2; apoptosis regulator Bcl-2 isoform X1 [KO:K02161]
118024347  PRKCA; protein kinase C alpha type isoform X1 [KO:K02677] [EC:2.7.11.13]
117999123  PRKCB; protein kinase C beta type isoform X1 [KO:K19662] [EC:2.7.11.13]
117997993  PRKCG; protein kinase C gamma type [KO:K19663] [EC:2.7.11.13]
118001628  VEGFA; vascular endothelial growth factor A [KO:K05448]
118022565  FGF2; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: fibroblast growth factor 2 [KO:K18497]
118026567  ADRB1; beta-1 adrenergic receptor [KO:K04141]
118006623  beta-2 adrenergic receptor [KO:K04142]
118006789  ADRB2; beta-2 adrenergic receptor [KO:K04142]
118009967  ADRB3; beta-3 adrenergic receptor isoform X1 [KO:K04143]
118023087  LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(s) subunit alpha-like [KO:K04632]
118024008  neuroendocrine secretory protein 55 [KO:K04632]
118024010  guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(s) subunit alpha isoforms XLas isoform X1 [KO:K04632]
118024512  ADCY1; adenylate cyclase type 1 [KO:K08041] [EC:4.6.1.1]
118006264  ADCY2; adenylate cyclase type 2 [KO:K08042] [EC:4.6.1.1]
118007652  ADCY3; adenylate cyclase type 3 isoform X1 [KO:K08043] [EC:4.6.1.1]
118003693  ADCY4; adenylate cyclase type 4 isoform X1 [KO:K08044] [EC:4.6.1.1]
118007016  ADCY5; adenylate cyclase type 5 [KO:K08045] [EC:4.6.1.1]
118008901  ADCY6; adenylate cyclase type 6 isoform X1 [KO:K08046] [EC:4.6.1.1]
118023800  ADCY7; adenylate cyclase type 7 isoform X1 [KO:K08047] [EC:4.6.1.1]
118015219  ADCY8; adenylate cyclase type 8 [KO:K08048] [EC:4.6.1.1]
118021775  ADCY9; adenylate cyclase type 9 isoform X1 [KO:K08049] [EC:4.6.1.1]
118005070  PRKACA; cAMP-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit alpha [KO:K04345] [EC:2.7.11.11]
118019227  PRKACB; cAMP-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit beta isoform X1 [KO:K04345] [EC:2.7.11.11]
118012101  CREB1; cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 1 isoform X1 [KO:K05870]
118012308  ATF2; cyclic AMP-dependent transcription factor ATF-2 isoform X1 [KO:K04450]
117998657  ATF4; cyclic AMP-dependent transcription factor ATF-4 [KO:K04374]
118015807  CREB3L1; cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 3-like protein 1 [KO:K09048]
118017967  CREB3; cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 3 isoform X1 [KO:K09048]
118005189  CREB3L3; cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 3-like protein 3 [KO:K09048]
118013832  CREB3L4; cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 3-like protein 4 isoform X1 [KO:K09048]
118021134  CREB3L2; cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 3-like protein 2 [KO:K09048]
118021299  CREB5; cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 5 [KO:K09047]
118027308  ATF6B; cyclic AMP-dependent transcription factor ATF-6 beta isoform X1 [KO:K09049]
118019030  GNAI3; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(i) subunit alpha [KO:K04630]
118005775  GNAI2; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(i) subunit alpha-2 [KO:K04630]
118020679  GNAI1; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(i) subunit alpha-1 [KO:K04630]
118016000  BAD; bcl2-associated agonist of cell death [KO:K02158]
118010254  CHRNA9; neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-9 [KO:K04810]
118001843  ribosomal protein S6 kinase alpha-2-like isoform X1 [KO:K04373] [EC:2.7.11.1]
118001950  ribosomal protein S6 kinase alpha-2 isoform X1 [KO:K04373] [EC:2.7.11.1]
118026062  RPS6KA6; ribosomal protein S6 kinase alpha-6 [KO:K04373] [EC:2.7.11.1]
118019834  RPS6KA1; ribosomal protein S6 kinase alpha-1 isoform X1 [KO:K04373] [EC:2.7.11.1]
118007563  RPS6KA3; ribosomal protein S6 kinase alpha-3 isoform X1 [KO:K04373] [EC:2.7.11.1]
118001078  ESR1; estrogen receptor [KO:K08550]
118002390  ESR2; estrogen receptor beta isoform X1 [KO:K08551]
118008915  VDR; vitamin D3 receptor [KO:K08539]
118001139  CCND3; G1/S-specific cyclin-D3 [KO:K10152]
118024535  EGFR; epidermal growth factor receptor [KO:K04361] [EC:2.7.10.1]
118024273  GRB2; growth factor receptor-bound protein 2 [KO:K04364]
118007794  SOS1; son of sevenless homolog 1 [KO:K03099]
118002069  SOS2; son of sevenless homolog 2 isoform X1 [KO:K03099]
118009966  EIF4EBP1; eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E-binding protein 1 [KO:K07205]
118016129  RPS6KB2; ribosomal protein S6 kinase beta-2 isoform X1 [KO:K04688] [EC:2.7.11.1]
118024673  RPS6KB1; ribosomal protein S6 kinase beta-1 isoform X1 [KO:K04688] [EC:2.7.11.1]
118019853  PAQR7; membrane progestin receptor alpha [KO:K25039]
118001206  PAQR8; membrane progestin receptor beta isoform X1 [KO:K25040]
118003316  PAQR5; membrane progestin receptor gamma [KO:K25041]
118013416  PGR; progesterone receptor [KO:K08556]
118009176  TNFSF11; tumor necrosis factor ligand superfamily member 11 [KO:K05473]
118024912  signal transducer and activator of transcription 5A [KO:K11223]
118024913  STAT5B; signal transducer and activator of transcription 5B isoform X1 [KO:K11224]
118006931  BCL6; B-cell lymphoma 6 protein isoform X1 [KO:K15618]
118009340  KLF5; Krueppel-like factor 5 isoform X1 [KO:K09206]
118017846  KLF4; Krueppel-like factor 4 isoform X1 [KO:K17846]
118008496  WNT1; proto-oncogene Wnt-1 [KO:K03209]
118000453  NOTCH2; neurogenic locus notch homolog protein 2 isoform X1 [KO:K20994]
118011235  JAG1; protein jagged-1 [KO:K06052]
118015769  AR; androgen receptor [KO:K08557]
118027092  EGF; pro-epidermal growth factor isoform X1 [KO:K04357]
118022368  FGF17; fibroblast growth factor 17 isoform X1 [KO:K04358]
118015651  FGF4; fibroblast growth factor 4 [KO:K04358]
118016329  FGF3; fibroblast growth factor 3 [KO:K04358]
118016658  FGF18; fibroblast growth factor 18 [KO:K04358]
118009586  FGF9; fibroblast growth factor 9 [KO:K04358]
118009863  FGF20; fibroblast growth factor 20 [KO:K04358]
118010198  FGF5; fibroblast growth factor 5 isoform X1 [KO:K04358]
118003624  FGF7; fibroblast growth factor 7 isoform X1 [KO:K04358]
118025764  FGF6; fibroblast growth factor 6 [KO:K04358]
118026046  FGF16; fibroblast growth factor 16 [KO:K04358]
118005157  FGF22; fibroblast growth factor 22 isoform X1 [KO:K04358]
118006439  fibroblast growth factor 10 [KO:K04358]
118020821  FGF8; fibroblast growth factor 8 isoform X1 [KO:K04358]
118006573  fibroblast growth factor 10 [KO:K04358]
118022905  DLL3; delta-like protein 3 [KO:K06051]
118001792  delta-like protein 1 [KO:K06051]
118001919  DLL1; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: delta-like protein 1 [KO:K06051]
118003161  DLL4; delta-like protein 4 [KO:K06051]
118008697  PTGES3; prostaglandin E synthase 3 [KO:K15730] [EC:5.3.99.3]
117999932  AIPL1; aryl-hydrocarbon-interacting protein-like 1 [KO:K17767]
118016134  AIP; AH receptor-interacting protein isoform X1 [KO:K17767]
118020835  AHR; aryl hydrocarbon receptor [KO:K09093]
118014942  LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: heat shock protein HSP 90-beta-like [KO:K04079]
118001625  HSP90AB1; heat shock protein HSP 90-beta [KO:K04079]
118002022  HSP90AA1; heat shock protein HSP 90-alpha [KO:K04079]
117998807  HSP90B1; endoplasmin [KO:K09487]
118007034  KPNA1; importin subunit alpha-5 [KO:K23940]
118021962  LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: importin subunit alpha-8-like [KO:K15043]
118024361  KPNA2; importin subunit alpha-1 [KO:K15043]
118011678  LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: importin subunit alpha-8-like [KO:K15043]
118027277  importin subunit alpha-1-like [KO:K15043]
117999362  KPNA7; importin subunit alpha-8 isoform X1 [KO:K15043]
118009456  KPNA3; importin subunit alpha-4 [KO:K23583]
118005883  KPNA4; importin subunit alpha-3 isoform X1 [KO:K23583]
118000596  KPNA5; importin subunit alpha-6 isoform X1 [KO:K15042]
118019759  KPNA6; importin subunit alpha-7 isoform X1 [KO:K15042]
118024821  KPNB1; importin subunit beta-1 [KO:K14293]
118000312  ARNT; aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator isoform X1 [KO:K09097]
118003748  cytochrome P450 1A1 [KO:K07408] [EC:1.14.14.1]
118007783  cytochrome P450 1B1 [KO:K07410] [EC:1.14.14.1]
118013009  EPHX1; epoxide hydrolase 1 [KO:K01253] [EC:3.3.2.9]
118022112  EPHX2; bifunctional epoxide hydrolase 2 isoform X1 [KO:K08726] [EC:3.3.2.10 3.1.3.76]
118005711  EPHX3; epoxide hydrolase 3 [KO:K22368] [EC:3.3.2.10]
118020183  EPHX4; epoxide hydrolase 4 [KO:K22369] [EC:3.3.-.-]
118022303  MGST2; microsomal glutathione S-transferase 2 isoform X1 [KO:K00799] [EC:2.5.1.18]
118000608  LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: glutathione S-transferase-like [KO:K00799] [EC:2.5.1.18]
118001526  glutathione S-transferase A4 [KO:K00799] [EC:2.5.1.18]
118001535  glutathione S-transferase A2 isoform X1 [KO:K00799] [EC:2.5.1.18]
118009589  glutathione S-transferase Mu 3-like [KO:K00799] [EC:2.5.1.18]
118025611  MGST1; microsomal glutathione S-transferase 1 [KO:K00799] [EC:2.5.1.18]
118025932  GSTO1; glutathione S-transferase omega-1 [KO:K00799] [EC:2.5.1.18]
118025941  glutathione S-transferase omega-2 [KO:K00799] [EC:2.5.1.18]
118019026  glutathione S-transferase Mu 1-like isoform X1 [KO:K00799] [EC:2.5.1.18]
117997904  microsomal glutathione S-transferase 2-like [KO:K00799] [EC:2.5.1.18]
118020160  glutathione S-transferase Mu 3 [KO:K00799] [EC:2.5.1.18]
118014047  MGST3; microsomal glutathione S-transferase 3 [KO:K00799] [EC:2.5.1.18]
117999757  glutathione S-transferase theta-2B-like [KO:K00799] [EC:2.5.1.18]
117999839  glutathione S-transferase theta-1-like [KO:K00799] [EC:2.5.1.18]
117999840  glutathione S-transferase theta-4 [KO:K00799] [EC:2.5.1.18]
117999843  glutathione S-transferase theta-3-like isoform X1 [KO:K00799] [EC:2.5.1.18]
118010479  UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 2A2 isoform X1 [KO:K00699] [EC:2.4.1.17]
118010480  UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 2B31-like [KO:K00699] [EC:2.4.1.17]
118011719  UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1-1-like isoform X1 [KO:K00699] [EC:2.4.1.17]
118022638  cytochrome P450 2B11-like [KO:K07412] [EC:1.14.14.1]
118014019  NR1I3; nuclear receptor subfamily 1 group I member 3 [KO:K08541]
118017535  RXRA; retinoic acid receptor RXR-alpha isoform X1 [KO:K08524]
118001622  RXRB; retinoic acid receptor RXR-beta isoform X1 [KO:K08525]
118014046  RXRG; retinoic acid receptor RXR-gamma isoform X1 [KO:K08526]
117999383  cytochrome P450 3A12 [KO:K07424] [EC:1.14.14.1]
118002935  cytochrome P450 1A2 [KO:K07409] [EC:1.14.14.1]
117998558  PPARA; peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha isoform X1 [KO:K07294]
Compound
C00076  Calcium cation
C00410  Progesterone
C00547  L-Noradrenaline
C00575  3',5'-Cyclic AMP
C00745  Nicotine
C00780  Serotonin
C00788  L-Adrenaline
C00951  Estradiol-17beta
C03690  Bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate
C04623  DDT
C05981  Phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-trisphosphate
C06697  Arsenite
C06790  Trichloroethene
C06916  Clofibrate
C07020  Gemfibrozil
C07434  Phenobarbital
C07535  Benzo[a]pyrene
C07557  2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin
C08150  Medroxyprogesterone acetate
C11042  Hexachlorobenzene
C11150  Trichloroacetate
C11371  Nafenopin
C11906  Sodium arsenite
C13624  Bisphenol A
C14240  Di(2-ethylhexyl) adipate
C14573  3,3',4,4',5-Pentachlorobiphenyl
C15995  Bombesin
C16452  N'-Nitrosonornicotine
C16453  4-(N-Nitrosomethylamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone
Reference
PMID:15660110
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  Title
Nature and nurture - lessons from chemical carcinogenesis.
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Nat Rev Cancer 5:113-25 (2005)
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PMID:19631282
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PMID:21444681
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Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor-based blockade: applications of molecular targets for cancer therapy.
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Clin Cancer Res 17:3533-41 (2011)
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PMID:19194381
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Is cancer triggered by altered signalling of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors?
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Nat Rev Cancer 9:195-205 (2009)
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PMID:21541211
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J Oncol 2011:456743 (2011)
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PMID:31956359
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Cheng WL, Chen KY, Lee KY, Feng PH, Wu SM
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Nicotinic-nAChR signaling mediates drug resistance in lung cancer.
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J Cancer 11:1125-1140 (2020)
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PMID:24827506
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Grando SA
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Connections of nicotine to cancer.
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Nat Rev Cancer 14:419-29 (2014)
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Reference
PMID:24398389
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Schaal C, Chellappan SP
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Mol Cancer Res 12:14-23 (2014)
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PMID:21640716
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Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor-mediated mechanisms in lung cancer.
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Biochem Pharmacol 82:1015-21 (2011)
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Reference
PMID:18262664
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Egleton RD, Brown KC, Dasgupta P
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Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in cancer: multiple roles in proliferation and inhibition of apoptosis.
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Trends Pharmacol Sci 29:151-8 (2008)
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Reference
PMID:24830349
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Xue J, Yang S, Seng S
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Mechanisms of Cancer Induction by Tobacco-Specific NNK and NNN.
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Cancers (Basel) 6:1138-56 (2014)
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Reference
PMID:21801603
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Wen J, Fu JH, Zhang W, Guo M
  Title
Lung carcinoma signaling pathways activated by smoking.
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Chin J Cancer 30:551-8 (2011)
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Reference
PMID:28664511
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Gankhuyag N, Lee KH, Cho JY
  Title
The Role of Nitrosamine (NNK) in Breast Cancer Carcinogenesis.
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J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 22:159-170 (2017)
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Reference
PMID:22330135
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Guo J, Kim D, Gao J, Kurtyka C, Chen H, Yu C, Wu D, Mittal A, Beg AA, Chellappan SP, Haura EB, Cheng JQ
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IKBKE is induced by STAT3 and tobacco carcinogen and determines chemosensitivity in non-small cell lung cancer.
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Oncogene 32:151-9 (2013)
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Reference
PMID:20106947
  Authors
Chen RJ, Ho YS, Guo HR, Wang YJ
  Title
Long-term nicotine exposure-induced chemoresistance is mediated by activation of Stat3 and downregulation of ERK1/2 via nAChR and beta-adrenoceptors in human bladder cancer cells.
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Toxicol Sci 115:118-30 (2010)
DOI:10.1093/toxsci/kfq028
Reference
PMID:20953833
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Lee CH, Chang YC, Chen CS, Tu SH, Wang YJ, Chen LC, Chang YJ, Wei PL, Chang HW, Chang CH, Huang CS, Wu CH, Ho YS
  Title
Crosstalk between nicotine and estrogen-induced estrogen receptor activation induces alpha9-nicotinic acetylcholine receptor expression in human breast cancer cells.
  Journal
Breast Cancer Res Treat 129:331-45 (2011)
DOI:10.1007/s10549-010-1209-0
Reference
PMID:16421368
  Authors
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Related
pathway
mlx00980  Metabolism of xenobiotics by cytochrome P450
mlx03320  PPAR signaling pathway
mlx04010  MAPK signaling pathway
mlx04024  cAMP signaling pathway
mlx04150  mTOR signaling pathway
mlx04151  PI3K-Akt signaling pathway
mlx04370  VEGF signaling pathway
mlx04915  Estrogen signaling pathway
mlx05204  Chemical carcinogenesis - DNA adducts
mlx05206  MicroRNAs in cancer
mlx05208  Chemical carcinogenesis - reactive oxygen species
KO pathway
ko05207   
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