KEGG ENZYME: 6.3.2.11

ENZYME: 6.3.2.11

Entry

EC 6.3.2.11                 Enzyme

Name

carnosine synthase;
carnosine synthetase;
carnosine-anserine synthetase;
homocarnosine-carnosine synthetase;
carnosine-homocarnosine synthetase;
L-histidine:beta-alanine ligase (AMP-forming) (incorrect)

Class

Ligases;
Forming carbon-nitrogen bonds;
Acid-D-amino-acid ligases (peptide synthases)

Sysname

L-histidine:beta-alanine ligase (ADP-forming)

Reaction(IUBMB)

ATP + L-histidine + beta-alanine = ADP + phosphate + carnosine [RN:R01164]

Reaction(KEGG)

R01164;
(other) R00910 R00912 R01991 R03286

Substrate

ATP [CPD:C00002];
L-histidine [CPD:C00135];
beta-alanine [CPD:C00099]

Product

ADP [CPD:C00008];
phosphate [CPD:C00009];
carnosine [CPD:C00386]

Comment

This enzyme was thought to form AMP [1,2], but studies with highly purified enzyme proved that it forms ADP [4]. Carnosine is a dipeptide that is present at high concentrations in skeletal muscle and the olfactory bulb of vertebrates [3]. It is also found in the skeletal muscle of some invertebrates. The enzyme can also catalyse the formation of homocarnosine from 4-aminobutanoate and L-histidine, with much lower activity [4].

History

EC 6.3.2.11 created 1965, modified 2010

Pathway

ec00330

Arginine and proline metabolism

ec00340

Histidine metabolism

ec00410

beta-Alanine metabolism

ec01100

Metabolic pathways

Orthology

K14755

carnosine synthase

Genes

HSA:	57571(CARNS1)

PTR:	451368(CARNS1)

PPS:	100992842(CARNS1)

GGO:	101133589(CARNS1)

PON:	100433050(CARNS1)

PPYG:

129007092(CARNS1)

NLE:	100586652(CARNS1)

HMH:	116469075(CARNS1)

SSYN:

129478259(CARNS1)

MCC:	712485(CARNS1)

MCF:	102140146(CARNS1)

MTHB:

126935432

MNI:	105469678(CARNS1)

CSAB:

103217912(CARNS1)

CATY:

105577355(CARNS1)

PANU:

101012781(CARNS1)

TGE:	112606990(CARNS1)

RRO:	104664741(CARNS1)

RBB:	108518609(CARNS1)

TFN:	117080245(CARNS1)

PTEH:

111522251(CARNS1)

CANG:

105512324(CARNS1)

CJC:	100396814(CARNS1)

SBQ:	101048183(CARNS1)

CIMI:

108310358(CARNS1)

ANAN:

105717659(CARNS1)

MMUR:

105867471(CARNS1)

LCAT:

123642850(CARNS1)

PCOQ:

105827361(CARNS1)

OGA:	100941290(CARNS1)

MMU:	107239(Carns1)

MCAL:

110286079(Carns1)

MPAH:

110336527(Carns1)

RNO:	309150(Carns1)

MCOC:

116103323(Carns1)

ANU:	117713991(Carns1)

MUN:	110560365(Carns1)

CGE:	100765077(Carns1)

MAUA:

101828407(Carns1)

PROB:

127228637(Carns1)

PLEU:

114685990(Carns1)

MORG:

121453760(Carns1)

MFOT:

126498508

AAMP:

119805188(Carns1)

NGI:	103725587(Carns1)

HGL:	101703269(Carns1)

CPOC:

100733118(Carns1)

CCAN:

109688626(Carns1)

DORD:

105989174(Carns1)

DSP:	122105364(Carns1)

PLOP:

125362629(Carns1)

NCAR:

124958804

MMMA:

107156877(Carns1)

OCU:

127484699

OPI:	101525872(CARNS1)

TUP:	102476516(CARNS1)

GVR:	103589997(CARNS1)

CFA:	483695(CARNS1)

CLUD:

112659426(CARNS1)

VVP:	112924184(CARNS1)

VLG:	121472179(CARNS1)

NPO:	129503142(CARNS1)

AML:	100470611(CARNS1)

UMR:	103679612(CARNS1)

UAH:	113244030(CARNS1)

UAR:	123778450(CARNS1)

ELK:

111149703

LLV:

125079633

MPUF:

101671143(CARNS1)

MNP:	132017865(CARNS1)

MLK:	131816424(CARNS1)

NVS:	122913181(CARNS1)

ORO:	101382286(CARNS1)

EJU:	114220188(CARNS1)

ZCA:	113914532(CARNS1)

MLX:	118016128(CARNS1)

NSU:	110576037(CARNS1)

FCA:	101080661(CARNS1)

PYU:	121023681(CARNS1)

PCOO:

112851966(CARNS1)

PBG:	122484050(CARNS1)

PVIV:

125147131(CARNS1)

LRUF:

124506130

PTG:	102953183(CARNS1)

PPAD:

109246848(CARNS1)

PUC:

125930596

AJU:

106971104

HHV:	120233868(CARNS1)

BTA:	783525(CARNS1)

BOM:	102288119(CARNS1)

BIU:	109554139(CARNS1)

BBUB:

102414079(CARNS1)

BBIS:

104987068(CARNS1)

CHX:	102182385(CARNS1)

OAS:	101109312(CARNS1)

BTAX:

128068706(CARNS1)

CSUM:

138084384(CARNS1)

ODA:	120874774(CARNS1)

CCAD:

122430820(CARNS1)

MREE:

136169796(CARNS1)

MBEZ:

129548693(CARNS1)

SSC:	100512885(CARNS1)

CFR:	102520872(CARNS1)

CBAI:

105070428(CARNS1)

CDK:	105104426(CARNS1)

VPC:	102536997(CARNS1)

BACU:

103008596(CARNS1)

BMUS:

118898756(CARNS1)

LVE:	103080369(CARNS1)

OOR:	101285110(CARNS1)

DLE:	111183670(CARNS1)

PCAD:

102981468

PSIU:

116757789(RPS6KB2)

NASI:

112402099(CARNS1)

ECB:	100059309(CARNS1)

EPZ:	103560159(CARNS1)

EAI:	106833657(CARNS1)

MYB:	102244811(CARNS1)

MYD:	102764108(CARNS1)

MMYO:

118665217(CARNS1)

MLF:	102436930(CARNS1)

MDT:	132241332(CARNS1)

PKL:	118706963(CARNS1)

EFUS:

103290925(CARNS1)

MNA:	107537447(CARNS1)

DRO:	112317161(CARNS1)

SHON:

118991816(CARNS1)

AJM:	119041869(CARNS1)

PDIC:

114500896(CARNS1)

PHAS:

123829616(CARNS1)

MMF:	118628350(CARNS1)

PPAM:

129068359(CARNS1)

HAI:	109384218(CARNS1)

RFQ:	117029820(CARNS1)

PALE:

102891454(CARNS1)

PGIG:

120584752(CARNS1)

PVP:	105306549(CARNS1)

RAY:	107503705(CARNS1)

MJV:	108393146(CARNS1)

TOD:	119249911(CARNS1)

SARA:

101549931(CARNS1)

SETR:

126018368(CARNS1)

TMU:

101343802

ETF:	101647156(CARNS1)

DNM:	101445662(CARNS1)

MDO:	100028997(CARNS1)

GAS:	123252078(CARNS1)

SHR:	100934818(CARNS1)

AFZ:

127541283

PCW:	110195424(CARNS1)

TVP:	118855561(CARNS1)

PBRV:

138161641(CARNS1)

OAA:	100681134(CARNS1)

GGA:	100359387(CARNS1)

PCOC:

116243023(CARNS1)

MGP:	100548525(CARNS1)

CJO:	107314238(CARNS1)

TPAI:

128086778(CARNS1)

LMUT:

125694971(CARNS1)

NMEL:

110390570

APLA:

119717127(CARNS1)

ACYG:

106048295(CARNS1)

CATA:

118244760(CARNS1)

AFUL:

116490065(CARNS1)

TGU:	115495355(CARNS1)

LSR:	110485040(CARNS1)

PMOA:

120499578(CARNS1)

OTC:	121339383 121339658

PRUF:

121354246 121355168(CARNS1)

FAB:	101810237(CARNS1)

OMA:	130253395(CARNS1)

PHI:	102100376(CARNS1)

PMAJ:

107205283(CARNS1)

CCW:	120410069(CARNS1)

ACOE:

138112105(CARNS1)

ETL:	114063334(CARNS1)

ZLE:	135448982(CARNS1)

SVG:	106854670(CARNS1)

MMEA:

130580074(CARNS1)

HRT:	120754252(CARNS1)

SATI:

136362105(CARNS1)

FPG:	106112844(CARNS1)

FCH:	102053346(CARNS1)

SHAB:

115607024(CARNS1)

TALA:

116962730(CARNS1)

ACHC:

115337544(CARNS1)

AGEN:

126047496

HHAR:

128152975(CARNS1)

PPUS:

135186050(CARNS1)

CLV:	102090970(CARNS1)

CUCA:

104063361(CARNS1)

RTD:	128909665(CARNS1)

AROW:

112963283(CARNS1)

NPD:	112957577(CARNS1)

DNE:	112988613(CARNS1)

ASN:	102369760(CARNS1)

AMJ:	102565182(CARNS1)

CPOO:

109324621(CARNS1)

PSS:	102451775(CARNS1)

CMY:	102932637(CARNS1)

CCAY:

125638658(CARNS1)

DCC:	119857796(CARNS1)

CPIC:

101949086(CARNS1)

TST:	117876023(CARNS1)

CABI:

116833424(CARNS1)

MRV:	120393419(CARNS1)

ACS:	100557340(carns1)

ASAO:

132773259(CARNS1)

PVT:	110085648(CARNS1)

SUND:

121919270(CARNS1)

PBI:	103057026(CARNS1)

PMUR:

107293631(CARNS1)

CTIG:

120306944(CARNS1)

TSR:	106538898(CARNS1)

PGUT:

117675337(CARNS1)

PTEX:

113441114(CARNS1)

NSS:	113410868(CARNS1)

VKO:	123027364(CARNS1)

PMUA:

114602074(CARNS1)

PRAF:

128419314(CARNS1)

ZVI:	118090264(CARNS1)

HCG:	128341125(CARNS1)

GJA:	107121294(CARNS1)

STOW:

125425978(CARNS1)

EMC:	129323876(CARNS1)

XLA:	108696326(carns1.L)

XTR:	100487967(carns1)

NPR:

108796244

RTEM:

120909145(CARNS1)

BBUF:

121003071(CARNS1)

BGAR:

122940634(CARNS1)

MUO:	115456520(CARNS1)

GSH:	117348214(CARNS1)

CHAR:

105912822 116224073

SASA:

106611885

STRU:

115205380

OTW:	112220780 112255654

OMY:	110488634 110504839

OGO:	123993270 124010849

ONE:	115129348 115130544

OKI:	109864656 109905077

OKE:	118363382 118384016

SALP:

112069063

SNH:	120047075 120062128

CCLU:

121579852

ELS:	105025204(carns1)

SFM:	108935907(carns1)

AANG:

118231339

LOC:	102683811 102697335(carns1)

PSPA:

121307257 121307276

ARUT:

117409973 117410067 117410068 117966719 117966722 117968602 117970752

PSEX:

120538030

PMRN:

116936845(CARNS1)

PCAN:

112554628

CRG:	105317679 105324334 105346080

CANU:

128155782 128191493 128193255

CVN:	111125295 111125850

OED:	125667616 125667619 125673609

MYI:

110448302

PMAX:

117317717

AIRR:

138305665 138307594 138310370 138311073 138314163 138314177 138322211

MCAF:

127717988

MMER:

123525736 123534519 123541963 123542593

RPHI:

132745599 132755221

DPOL:

127831335 127831459 127835619 127835874 127835878 127840179 127842007 127846254 127847009 127847010 127847019 127848476

MAEA:

128209787 128227124 128227126 128241452

OBI:	106877889 106879380

OSN:	115220804 115220869 115220883 115220906

LJP:	135477681 135478135 135478138

LAK:

106157795

» show all

Reference

1 [PMID:14404206]

Authors

KALYANKAR GD, MEISTER A.

Title

Enzymatic synthesis of carnosine and related beta-alanyl and gamma-aminobutyryl peptides.

Journal

J Biol Chem 234:3210-8 (1959)

Reference

2 [PMID:16748858]

Authors

Stenesh JJ, Winnick T.

Title

Carnosine-anserine synthetase of muscle. 4. Partial purification of the enzyme and further studies of beta-alanyl peptide synthesis.

Journal

Biochem J 77:575-81 (1960)
DOI:10.1042/bj0770575

Reference

3 [PMID:4988625]

Authors

Crush KG

Title

Carnosine and related substances in animal tissues.

Journal

Comp Biochem Physiol 34:3-30 (1970)
DOI:10.1016/0010-406x(70)90049-6

Reference

4 [PMID:20097752]

Authors

Drozak J, Veiga-da-Cunha M, Vertommen D, Stroobant V, Van Schaftingen E

Title

Molecular identification of carnosine synthase as ATP-grasp domain-containing protein 1 (ATPGD1).

Journal

J Biol Chem 285:9346-56 (2010)
DOI:10.1074/jbc.M109.095505

Sequence

[gga:100359387] [hsa:57571] [mmu:107239]

Other DBs

ExplorEnz - The Enzyme Database:

6.3.2.11

IUBMB Enzyme Nomenclature:

6.3.2.11

ExPASy - ENZYME nomenclature database:

6.3.2.11

BRENDA, the Enzyme Database:

6.3.2.11

CAS:

9023-61-4

LinkDB

DBGET integrated database retrieval system