Restricted to one family of animal-parasitic nematodes, the Onchocercidae.
Restricted to somatic tissues in adult male worms, whereas females also harbor bacteria in the germline.
Capable of inducing a wide diversity of phenotypes in arthropod hosts, from reproductive manipulations, such as cytoplasmic incompatibility and male-killing, to mutualistic roles, including pathogen protection and enhanced fecundity.
