Entry Name Anthocyanin biosynthesis
Description Anthocyanidins (aglycones) and anthocyanins (glycosides) are common plant pigments and belong to a structural subclass of flavonoids characterized by a 2-phenylbenzopyrylium unit. They are derived along the flavonoid modification pathways and further separated into three types, pelargonidin, cyanidin, and delphinidin, due to the different number of hydroxyl groups in the phenyl group.
Class Metabolism; Biosynthesis of other secondary metabolitesBRITE hierarchy
Pathway map Other DBs Orthology K12338 UGT75C1; anthocyanidin 3-O-glucoside 5-O-glucosyltransferase [EC:2.4.1.298 ]
K12931 3MaT1; anthocyanin 3-O-glucoside-6''-O-malonyltransferase [EC:2.3.1.171 ]
K12932 3MaT2; anthocyanidin 3-O-glucoside-3'',6''-O-dimalonyltransferase [EC:2.3.1.-]
K12933 3GGT; anthocyanidin 3-O-glucoside 2''-O-glucosyltransferase [EC:2.4.1.297 ]
K12934 5MaT1; anthocyanin 5-O-glucoside-6'''-O-malonyltransferase [EC:2.3.1.172 ]
K12935 5MaT2; anthocyanin 5-O-glucoside-4'''-O-malonyltransferase [EC:2.3.1.214 ]
K12937 UGAT; cyanidin-3-O-glucoside 2''-O-glucuronosyltransferase [EC:2.4.1.254 ]
K12938 GT1; anthocyanidin 5,3-O-glucosyltransferase [EC:2.4.1.-]
K17192 AA7GT; cyanidin 3-O-glucoside 7-O-glucosyltransferase (acyl-glucose) [EC:2.4.1.300 ]
K17193 UGT79B1; anthocyanidin 3-O-glucoside 2'''-O-xylosyltransferase [EC:2.4.2.51 ]
K17194 AA5GT; cyanidin 3-O-glucoside 5-O-glucosyltransferase (acyl-glucose) [EC:2.4.1.299 ]
K21383 3AT; anthocyanidin 3-O-glucoside 6''-O-acyltransferase [EC:2.3.1.215 ]
K23261 5GT; cyanidin 3-O-rutinoside 5-O-glucosyltransferase
Compound C08620 Cyanidin 3-O-rutinoside
C08639 Cyanidin 3,5-O-diglucoside
C12095 Cyanidin 3-O-(6-O-p-coumaroyl)glucoside
C12096 Cyanidin 3-O-(6-O-p-coumaroyl)glucoside-5-O-glucoside
C12137 Pelargonidin 3-O-glucoside
C12138 Delphinidin 3-O-glucoside
C12139 Petunidin 3-O-glucoside
C12640 Pelargonidin 3-O-(6-caffeoyl-beta-D-glucoside) 5-O-beta-D-glucoside
C12641 4'''-Demalonylsalvianin
C12642 Pelargonidin 3-O-(6-O-malonyl-beta-D-glucoside)
C12643 Cyanidin 3-O-(6-O-malonyl-beta-D-glucoside)
C12644 Pelargonidin 3-O-rutinoside
C12645 Pelargonidin 3-O-rutinoside 5-O-beta-D-glucoside
C12646 Cyanidin 3-O-rutinoside 5-O-beta-D-glucoside
C16288 Pelargonidin 3-O-3'',6''-O-dimalonylglucoside
C16289 Cyanidin 3-O-3'',6''-O-dimalonylglucoside
C16290 Delphinidin 3-O-3'',6''-O-dimalonylglucoside
C16292 Cyanidin-3-(p-coumaroyl)-rutinoside-5-glucoside
C16293 Peonidin-3-(p-coumaroyl)-rutinoside-5-glucoside
C16294 Delphinidin-3-(p-coumaroyl)-rutinoside-5-glucoside
C16295 Petunidin-3-(p-coumaroyl)-rutinoside-5-glucoside
C16296 Malvidin-3-(p-coumaroyl)-rutinoside-5-glucoside
C16297 Pelargonidin 3-O-(6-caffeoyl-beta-D-glucoside)
C16301 Delphinidin 3-O-(6''-O-malonyl)-beta-D-glucoside
C16304 Delphinidin 3-O-(6''-O-malonyl)-beta-glucoside-3'-O-beta-glucoside
C16305 Pelargonidin 3-O-sophoroside
C16306 Cyanidin 3-O-sophoroside
C16307 Delphinidin 3-O-sophoroside
C16312 Delphinidin 3,5-diglucoside
C16313 Delphinidin 3-glucoside 5-caffoyl-glucoside
C16314 Delphinidin 3,5,3'-triglucoside
C16315 Delphinidin 3-O-rutinoside
C16349 Pelargonidin 3-O-beta-D-glucoside 5-O-(6-coumaroyl-beta-D-glucoside)
C16350 Cyanidin 3-O-beta-D-glucoside 5-O-(6-coumaroyl-beta-D-glucoside)
C16351 Delphinidin 3-O-beta-D-glucoside 5-O-(6-coumaroyl-beta-D-glucoside)
C16367 Delphinidin 3-O-(6-caffeoyl-beta-D-glucoside)
C16368 Pelargonidin 3-(6-p-coumaroyl)glucoside
C16369 Cyanidin 3-(6-p-caffeoyl)glucoside
C16370 Delphinidin 3-(6-p-coumaroyl)glucoside
C16371 Pelargonidin 3-glucoside 5-caffeoylglucoside
C16372 Cyanidin 3-glucoside 5-caffeoylglucoside
C16373 Cyanidin-3-O-(6''-O-malonyl-2''-O-glucuronyl)glucoside
C19762 Cyanidin 3-O-(2-O-beta-D-glucuronosyl)-beta-D-glucoside
C20469 Cyanidin 3,7-di-O-beta-D-glucoside
C20489 Pelargonidin 3-O-beta-D-sambubioside
C20490 Cyanidin 3-O-beta-D-sambubioside
C20491 Delphinidin 3-O-beta-D-sambubioside
C20492 Pelargonidin 5-O-beta-D-glucoside 3-O-beta-D-sambubioside
C20493 Cyanidin 5-O-beta-D-glucoside 3-O-beta-D-sambubioside
C20494 Delphinidin 5-O-beta-D-glucoside 3-O-beta-D-sambubioside
C20495 Pelargonidin 3,7-di-O-beta-D-glucoside
C20496 Delphinidin 3,7-di-O-beta-D-glucoside
Reference Authors Unno H, Ichimaida F, Suzuki H, Takahashi S, Tanaka Y, Saito A, Nishino T, Kusunoki M, Nakayama T.
Title Structural and mutational studies of anthocyanin malonyltransferases establish the features of BAHD enzyme catalysis.
Journal Reference Authors Kogawa K, Kazuma K, Kato N, Noda N, Suzuki M.
Title Biosynthesis of malonylated flavonoid glycosides on the basis of malonyltransferase activity in the petals of Clitoria ternatea.
Journal Reference Authors Tsai CJ, Harding SA, Tschaplinski TJ, Lindroth RL, Yuan Y.
Title Genome-wide analysis of the structural genes regulating defense phenylpropanoid metabolism in Populus.
Journal Reference Authors Ogata J, Kanno Y, Itoh Y, Tsugawa H, Suzuki M.
Title Plant biochemistry: anthocyanin biosynthesis in roses.
Journal Reference Authors Bowles D, Isayenkova J, Lim EK, Poppenberger B.
Title Glycosyltransferases: managers of small molecules.
Journal Reference Authors Morita Y, Hoshino A, Kikuchi Y, Okuhara H, Ono E, Tanaka Y, Fukui Y, Saito N, Nitasaka E, Noguchi H, Iida S.
Title Japanese morning glory dusky mutants displaying reddish-brown or purplish-gray flowers are deficient in a novel glycosylation enzyme for anthocyanin biosynthesis, UDP-glucose:anthocyanidin 3-O-glucoside-2''-O-glucosyltransferase, due to 4-bp insertions in the gene.
Journal Reference Authors Sawada S, Suzuki H, Ichimaida F, Yamaguchi MA, Iwashita T, Fukui Y, Hemmi H, Nishino T, Nakayama T.
Title UDP-glucuronic acid:anthocyanin glucuronosyltransferase from red daisy (Bellis perennis) flowers. Enzymology and phylogenetics of a novel glucuronosyltransferase involved in flower pigment biosynthesis.
Journal Reference Authors Suzuki H, Sawada S, Watanabe K, Nagae S, Yamaguchi MA, Nakayama T, Nishino T.
Title Identification and characterization of a novel anthocyanin malonyltransferase from scarlet sage (Salvia splendens) flowers: an enzyme that is phylogenetically separated from other anthocyanin acyltransferases.
Journal Reference Authors Suzuki H, Nakayama T, Yamaguchi M, Nishino T.
Title cDNA cloning and characterization of two Dendranthema x morifolium anthocyanin malonyltransferases with different functional activities.
Journal Reference Authors Nakayama T, Suzuki H, Nishino T.
Title Anthocyanin acyltransferases: specificities, mechanism, phylogenetics, and applications.
Journal Reference Authors Fukuchi-Mizutani M, Okuhara H, Fukui Y, Nakao M, Katsumoto Y, Yonekura-Sakakibara K, Kusumi T, Hase T, Tanaka Y.
Title Biochemical and molecular characterization of a novel UDP-glucose:anthocyanin 3'-O-glucosyltransferase, a key enzyme for blue anthocyanin biosynthesis, from gentian.
Journal Reference Authors Springob K, Nakajima J, Yamazaki M, Saito K.
Title Recent advances in the biosynthesis and accumulation of anthocyanins.
Journal Reference Authors Suzuki H, Nakayama T, Yonekura-Sakakibara K, Fukui Y, Nakamura N, Nakao M, Tanaka Y, Yamaguchi MA, Kusumi T, Nishino T
Title Malonyl-CoA:anthocyanin 5-O-glucoside-6"'-O-malonyltransferase from scarlet sage (Salvia splendens) flowers. Enzyme purification, gene cloning, expression, and characterization.
Journal Reference Authors Burbulis IE, Winkel-Shirley B.
Title Interactions among enzymes of the Arabidopsis flavonoid biosynthetic pathway.
Journal Reference Authors Brugliera F, Barri-Rewell G, Holton TA, Mason JG.
Title Isolation and characterization of a flavonoid 3'-hydroxylase cDNA clone corresponding to the Ht1 locus of Petunia hybrida.
Journal Reference Authors Boss PK, Davies C, Robinson SP.
Title Analysis of the Expression of Anthocyanin Pathway Genes in Developing Vitis vinifera L. cv Shiraz Grape Berries and the Implications for Pathway Regulation.
Journal Reference Authors Holton TA, Cornish EC.
Title Genetics and Biochemistry of Anthocyanin Biosynthesis.
Journal Reference Authors Kroon J, Souer E, de Graaff A, Xue Y, Mol J, Koes R.
Title Cloning and structural analysis of the anthocyanin pigmentation locus Rt of Petunia hybrida: characterization of insertion sequences in two mutant alleles.
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