Entry Name Toll and Imd signaling pathway
Description Insects, such as Drosophila, have evolved complex mechanisms to combat microbial infection. TOLL and IMD pathways are responsible for the immune response that functions through the production of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs). The TOLL pathway mainly detects fungi, Gram-positive bacteria and virulence factors (proteases et al.). Activation of the TOLL pathway results in degradation of Cactus and localization of Dorsal and Dif to the nucleus. On the other hand, the IMD pathway responses to Gram-negative bacteria and leads to the activation of Relish. Dorsal, Dif and Relish induce the transcriptional up-regulation of AMPs in the nucleus.
Class Organismal Systems; Immune systemBRITE hierarchy
Pathway map Reference Authors Merkling SH, van Rij RP
Title Beyond RNAi: antiviral defense strategies in Drosophila and mosquito.
Journal Reference Authors Valanne S, Wang JH, Ramet M
Title The Drosophila Toll signaling pathway.
Journal Reference Authors Silverman N, Paquette N, Aggarwal K
Title Specificity and signaling in the Drosophila immune response.
Journal Invertebrate Surviv J 6:163-174 (2009)
Reference Authors Royet J, Gupta D, Dziarski R
Title Peptidoglycan recognition proteins: modulators of the microbiome and inflammation.
Journal Reference Authors Buchon N, Silverman N, Cherry S
Title Immunity in Drosophila melanogaster--from microbial recognition to whole-organism physiology.
Journal Reference Authors Ferrandon D, Imler JL, Hetru C, Hoffmann JA
Title The Drosophila systemic immune response: sensing and signalling during bacterial and fungal infections.
Journal Reference Authors Stokes BA, Yadav S, Shokal U, Smith LC, Eleftherianos I
Title Bacterial and fungal pattern recognition receptors in homologous innate signaling pathways of insects and mammals.
Journal Reference Authors Igboin CO, Griffen AL, Leys EJ
Title The Drosophila melanogaster host model.
Journal Reference Authors Buchon N, Broderick NA, Lemaitre B
Title Gut homeostasis in a microbial world: insights from Drosophila melanogaster.
Journal Reference Authors Handu M, Kaduskar B, Ravindranathan R, Soory A, Giri R, Elango VB, Gowda H, Ratnaparkhi GS
Title SUMO-Enriched Proteome for Drosophila Innate Immune Response.
Journal Reference Authors Lindsay SA, Wasserman SA
Title Conventional and non-conventional Drosophila Toll signaling.
Journal Reference Authors Meinander A, Runchel C, Tenev T, Chen L, Kim CH, Ribeiro PS, Broemer M, Leulier F, Zvelebil M, Silverman N, Meier P
Title Ubiquitylation of the initiator caspase DREDD is required for innate immune signalling.
Journal Reference Authors Myllymaki H, Valanne S, Ramet M
Title The Drosophila imd signaling pathway.
Journal Reference Authors Valanne S, Kleino A, Myllymaki H, Vuoristo J, Ramet M
Title Iap2 is required for a sustained response in the Drosophila Imd pathway.
Journal Reference Authors Levy F, Rabel D, Charlet M, Bulet P, Hoffmann JA, Ehret-Sabatier L
Title Peptidomic and proteomic analyses of the systemic immune response of Drosophila.
Journal Reference Authors Iatsenko I, Kondo S, Mengin-Lecreulx D, Lemaitre B
Title PGRP-SD, an Extracellular Pattern-Recognition Receptor, Enhances Peptidoglycan-Mediated Activation of the Drosophila Imd Pathway.
Journal Reference Authors Zaidman-Remy A, Poidevin M, Herve M, Welchman DP, Paredes JC, Fahlander C, Steiner H, Mengin-Lecreulx D, Lemaitre B
Title Drosophila immunity: analysis of PGRP-SB1 expression, enzymatic activity and function.
Journal Reference Authors Charroux B, Capo F, Kurz CL, Peslier S, Chaduli D, Viallat-Lieutaud A, Royet J
Title Cytosolic and Secreted Peptidoglycan-Degrading Enzymes in Drosophila Respectively Control Local and Systemic Immune Responses to Microbiota.
Journal Reference Authors Koyama H, Kato D, Minakuchi C, Tanaka T, Yokoi K, Miura K
Title Peptidoglycan recognition protein genes and their roles in the innate immune pathways of the red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum.
Journal Related KO pathway
