Entry Name Neutrophil extracellular trap formation
Description Neutrophils play a central role in innate immune defense. One of the mechanisms of neutrophil action is the formation of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), the extracellular structures composed of chromatin coated with histones, proteases and granular and cytosolic proteins that help catch and kill microorganisms. NETs are formed by a process known as "NETosis" that can be triggered by microorganisms and endogenous stimuli, such as damage-associated molecular patterns and immune complexes, and involves activation in most cases of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH)-oxidase, which produces reactive oxygen species (ROS). Recent study has reported that there are two different mechanisms of NETosis, including a lytic NETosis and a vital NETosis. Lytic NETosis begins with nuclear delobulation and the disassembly of the nuclear envelope and continues with loss of cellular polarization, chromatin decondensation and plasma membrane rupture. Vital NETosis can occur independently of cell death and involves the secreted expulsion of nuclear chromatin that is accompanied by the release of granule proteins through degranulation.
Class Organismal Systems; Immune systemBRITE hierarchy
Pathway map map04613 Neutrophil extracellular trap formation
Reference Authors Van Avondt K, Hartl D
Title Mechanisms and disease relevance of neutrophil extracellular trap formation.
Journal Reference Authors Sorvillo N, Cherpokova D, Martinod K, Wagner DD
Title Extracellular DNA NET-Works With Dire Consequences for Health.
Journal Reference Authors Papayannopoulos V
Title Neutrophil extracellular traps in immunity and disease.
Journal Reference Authors Liu FC, Chuang YH, Tsai YF, Yu HP
Title Role of neutrophil extracellular traps following injury.
Journal Reference Authors Yang H, Biermann MH, Brauner JM, Liu Y, Zhao Y, Herrmann M
Title New Insights into Neutrophil Extracellular Traps: Mechanisms of Formation and Role in Inflammation.
Journal Reference Authors Zawrotniak M, Bochenska O, Karkowska-Kuleta J, Seweryn-Ozog K, Aoki W, Ueda M, Kozik A, Rapala-Kozik M
Title Aspartic Proteases and Major Cell Wall Components in Candida albicans Trigger the Release of Neutrophil Extracellular Traps.
Journal Reference Authors Honda M, Kubes P
Title Neutrophils and neutrophil extracellular traps in the liver and gastrointestinal system.
Journal Reference Authors Hamam HJ, Palaniyar N
Title Post-Translational Modifications in NETosis and NETs-Mediated Diseases.
Journal Reference Authors Burgener SS, Schroder K
Title Neutrophil Extracellular Traps in Host Defense.
Journal Reference Authors Vorobjeva NV, Chernyak BV
Title NETosis: Molecular Mechanisms, Role in Physiology and Pathology.
Journal Reference Authors Ravindran M, Khan MA, Palaniyar N
Title Neutrophil Extracellular Trap Formation: Physiology, Pathology, and Pharmacology.
Journal Reference Authors Jorch SK, Kubes P
Title An emerging role for neutrophil extracellular traps in noninfectious disease.
Journal Reference Authors Goggs R, Jeffery U, LeVine DN, Li RHL
Title Neutrophil-Extracellular Traps, Cell-Free DNA, and Immunothrombosis in Companion Animals: A Review.
Journal Reference Authors Kim SJ, Jenne CN
Title Role of platelets in neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) production and tissue injury.
Journal Reference Authors de Bont CM, Boelens WC, Pruijn GJM
Title NETosis, complement, and coagulation: a triangular relationship.
Journal Reference Authors Zawrotniak M, Bartnicka D, Rapala-Kozik M
Title UVA and UVB radiation induce the formation of neutrophil extracellular traps by human polymorphonuclear cells.
Journal Reference Authors Remijsen Q, Kuijpers TW, Wirawan E, Lippens S, Vandenabeele P, Vanden Berghe T
Title Dying for a cause: NETosis, mechanisms behind an antimicrobial cell death modality.
Journal Reference Authors Zawrotniak M, Rapala-Kozik M
Title Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) - formation and implications.
Journal Acta Biochim Pol 60:277-84 (2013)
Reference Authors Rosales C
Title Fcgamma Receptor Heterogeneity in Leukocyte Functional Responses.
Journal Reference Authors Vorobjeva NV, Pinegin BV
Title Neutrophil extracellular traps: mechanisms of formation and role in health and disease.
Journal Reference Authors Delgado-Rizo V, Martinez-Guzman MA, Iniguez-Gutierrez L, Garcia-Orozco A, Alvarado-Navarro A, Fafutis-Morris M
Title Neutrophil Extracellular Traps and Its Implications in Inflammation: An Overview.
Journal Reference Authors Fonseca Z, Diaz-Godinez C, Mora N, Aleman OR, Uribe-Querol E, Carrero JC, Rosales C
Title Entamoeba histolytica Induce Signaling via Raf/MEK/ERK for Neutrophil Extracellular Trap (NET) Formation.
Journal Reference Authors Agraz-Cibrian JM, Giraldo DM, Mary FM, Urcuqui-Inchima S
Title Understanding the molecular mechanisms of NETs and their role in antiviral innate immunity.
Journal Reference Authors Schonrich G, Raftery MJ
Title Neutrophil Extracellular Traps Go Viral.
Journal Reference Authors Saitoh T, Komano J, Saitoh Y, Misawa T, Takahama M, Kozaki T, Uehata T, Iwasaki H, Omori H, Yamaoka S, Yamamoto N, Akira S
Title Neutrophil extracellular traps mediate a host defense response to human immunodeficiency virus-1.
Journal Reference Authors Kumar S, Gupta E, Kaushik S, Jyoti A
Title Neutrophil Extracellular Traps: Formation and Involvement in Disease Progression.
Journal Iran J Allergy Asthma Immunol 17:208-220 (2018)
Related map04610 Complement and coagulation cascades
map04620 Toll-like receptor signaling pathway
map04621 NOD-like receptor signaling pathway
map04666 Fc gamma R-mediated phagocytosis
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