Muscular dystrophies due to reduced glycosylation of alpha-dystroglycan have emerged as a common group of conditions, now referred to as dystroglycanopathies. The phenotypic severity of dystroglycanopathy patients is extremely variable. At the most severe end of the clinical spectrum are Walker-Warburg syndrome (WWS), Muscle-eye-brain disease (MEB), and Fukuyama congenital muscular dystrophy (FCMD). These are termed muscular dystrophy-dystroglycanopathy type A (MDDGA), and characterized by congenital muscular dystrophy with severe structural brain and eye abnormalities, which in WWS results in early infantile death.
Kang PB, Morrison L, Iannaccone ST, Graham RJ, Bonnemann CG, Rutkowski A, Hornyak J, Wang CH, North K, Oskoui M, Getchius TS, Cox JA, Hagen EE, Gronseth G, Griggs RC
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Evidence-based guideline summary: evaluation, diagnosis, and management of congenital muscular dystrophy: Report of the Guideline Development Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology and the Practice Issues Review Panel of the American Association of Neuromuscular & Electrodiagnostic Medicine.
Beltran-Valero de Bernabe D, Currier S, Steinbrecher A, Celli J, van Beusekom E, van der Zwaag B, Kayserili H, Merlini L, Chitayat D, Dobyns WB, Cormand B, Lehesjoki AE, Cruces J, Voit T, Walsh CA, van Bokhoven H, Brunner HG
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Mutations in the O-mannosyltransferase gene POMT1 give rise to the severe neuronal migration disorder Walker-Warburg syndrome.
van Reeuwijk J, Janssen M, van den Elzen C, Beltran-Valero de Bernabe D, Sabatelli P, Merlini L, Boon M, Scheffer H, Brockington M, Muntoni F, Huynen MA, Verrips A, Walsh CA, Barth PG, Brunner HG, van Bokhoven H
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POMT2 mutations cause alpha-dystroglycan hypoglycosylation and Walker-Warburg syndrome.
Biancheri R, Bertini E, Falace A, Pedemonte M, Rossi A, D'Amico A, Scapolan S, Bergamino L, Petrini S, Cassandrini D, Broda P, Manfredi M, Zara F, Santorelli FM, Minetti C, Bruno C
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POMGnT1 mutations in congenital muscular dystrophy: genotype-phenotype correlation and expanded clinical spectrum.
Beltran-Valero de Bernabe D, Voit T, Longman C, Steinbrecher A, Straub V, Yuva Y, Herrmann R, Sperner J, Korenke C, Diesen C, Dobyns WB, Brunner HG, van Bokhoven H, Brockington M, Muntoni F
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Mutations in the FKRP gene can cause muscle-eye-brain disease and Walker-Warburg syndrome.
van Reeuwijk J, Grewal PK, Salih MA, Beltran-Valero de Bernabe D, McLaughlan JM, Michielse CB, Herrmann R, Hewitt JE, Steinbrecher A, Seidahmed MZ, Shaheed MM, Abomelha A, Brunner HG, van Bokhoven H, Voit T
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Intragenic deletion in the LARGE gene causes Walker-Warburg syndrome.
Manzini MC, Tambunan DE, Hill RS, Yu TW, Maynard TM, Heinzen EL, Shianna KV, Stevens CR, Partlow JN, Barry BJ, Rodriguez J, Gupta VA, Al-Qudah AK, Eyaid WM, Friedman JM, Salih MA, Clark R, Moroni I, Mora M, Beggs AH, Gabriel SB, Walsh CA
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Exome sequencing and functional validation in zebrafish identify GTDC2 mutations as a cause of Walker-Warburg syndrome.
Stevens E, Carss KJ, Cirak S, Foley AR, Torelli S, Willer T, Tambunan DE, Yau S, Brodd L, Sewry CA, Feng L, Haliloglu G, Orhan D, Dobyns WB, Enns GM, Manning M, Krause A, Salih MA, Walsh CA, Hurles M, Campbell KP, Manzini MC, Stemple D, Lin YY, Muntoni F
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Mutations in B3GALNT2 cause congenital muscular dystrophy and hypoglycosylation of alpha-dystroglycan.
von Renesse A, Petkova MV, Lutzkendorf S, Heinemeyer J, Gill E, Hubner C, von Moers A, Stenzel W, Schuelke M
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POMK mutation in a family with congenital muscular dystrophy with merosin deficiency, hypomyelination, mild hearing deficit and intellectual disability.
Buysse K, Riemersma M, Powell G, van Reeuwijk J, Chitayat D, Roscioli T, Kamsteeg EJ, van den Elzen C, van Beusekom E, Blaser S, Babul-Hirji R, Halliday W, Wright GJ, Stemple DL, Lin YY, Lefeber DJ, van Bokhoven H
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Missense mutations in beta-1,3-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase 1 (B3GNT1) cause Walker-Warburg syndrome.
Carss KJ, Stevens E, Foley AR, Cirak S, Riemersma M, Torelli S, Hoischen A, Willer T, van Scherpenzeel M, Moore SA, Messina S, Bertini E, Bonnemann CG, Abdenur JE, Grosmann CM, Kesari A, Punetha J, Quinlivan R, Waddell LB, Young HK, Wraige E, Yau S, Brodd L, Feng L, Sewry C, MacArthur DG, North KN, Hoffman E, Stemple DL, Hurles ME, van Bokhoven H, Campbell KP, Lefeber DJ, Lin YY, Muntoni F
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Mutations in GDP-mannose pyrophosphorylase B cause congenital and limb-girdle muscular dystrophies associated with hypoglycosylation of alpha-dystroglycan.
