KEGG   PATHWAY: acep04624
Entry
acep04624                   Pathway                                
Name
Toll and Imd signaling pathway - Atta cephalotes (leaf cutting ant)
Description
Insects, such as Drosophila, have evolved complex mechanisms to combat microbial infection. TOLL and IMD pathways are responsible for the immune response that functions through the production of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs). The TOLL pathway mainly detects fungi, Gram-positive bacteria and virulence factors (proteases et al.). Activation of the TOLL pathway results in degradation of Cactus and localization of Dorsal and Dif to the nucleus. On the other hand, the IMD pathway responses to Gram-negative bacteria and leads to the activation of Relish. Dorsal, Dif and Relish induce the transcriptional up-regulation of AMPs in the nucleus.
Class
Organismal Systems; Immune system
Pathway map
acep04624  Toll and Imd signaling pathway
acep04624

Organism
Atta cephalotes (leaf cutting ant) [GN:acep]
Gene
105620550  beta-1,3-glucan-binding protein-like [KO:K20692]
105627761  beta-1,3-glucan-binding protein-like [KO:K20697]
105620905  peptidoglycan recognition protein-like [KO:K01446]
105622902  peptidoglycan-recognition protein LB-like [KO:K01446]
105622866  peptidoglycan-recognition protein SC2-like [KO:K01446]
105618401  limulus clotting factor C-like [KO:K20674] [EC:3.4.21.-]
105621754  LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: protein spaetzle-like [KO:K20694]
105623766  protein spaetzle-like [KO:K20694]
105618944  uncharacterized protein LOC105618944 [KO:K20694]
105627715  LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: protein toll [KO:K18809]
105620125  protein toll [KO:K18809]
105620114  slit homolog 3 protein [KO:K18809]
105626605  slit homolog 3 protein-like [KO:K18809]
105620254  protein toll-like [KO:K18809]
105627791  myeloid differentiation primary response protein MyD88 [KO:K04729]
105625035  protein Tube [KO:K04733] [EC:2.7.11.1]
105622228  serine/threonine-protein kinase pelle [KO:K04730] [EC:2.7.11.1]
105620468  NF-kappa-B inhibitor alpha-like [KO:K04734]
105620422  LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: NF-kappa-B inhibitor cactus-like [KO:K04734]
105625810  LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: embryonic polarity protein dorsal-like [KO:K09254]
105617865  beta-TrCP [KO:K03362]
105622172  defensin-2 [KO:K20668]
105619353  peptidoglycan-recognition protein LC-like [KO:K24075]
105618371  uncharacterized protein LOC105618371 [KO:K20701]
105621530  ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2-17 kDa [KO:K06689] [EC:2.3.2.23]
105623438  baculoviral IAP repeat-containing protein 7-B [KO:K16060]
105619307  ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2 variant 2 [KO:K10704]
105623684  ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2 N [KO:K10580] [EC:2.3.2.23]
105623948  uncharacterized protein LOC105623948 [KO:K20699]
105620481  LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: uncharacterized protein LOC105620481 [KO:K02373]
105625685  caspase-8 [KO:K04398] [EC:3.4.22.61]
105619960  mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 7-like [KO:K04427] [EC:2.7.11.25]
105627500  TGF-beta-activated kinase 1 and MAP3K7-binding protein 2 [KO:K04404]
105623324  mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 4 [KO:K04428] [EC:2.7.11.25]
105622342  dual specificity mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 6 [KO:K04432] [EC:2.7.12.2]
105622634  LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: mitogen-activated protein kinase 14B-like [KO:K04441] [EC:2.7.11.24]
105627948  cyclic AMP-dependent transcription factor ATF-2 [KO:K04450]
105623067  dual oxidase [KO:K13411] [EC:1.6.3.1 1.11.1.-]
105619941  dual specificity mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 7-like [KO:K04431] [EC:2.7.12.2]
105619924  stress-activated protein kinase JNK [KO:K04440] [EC:2.7.11.24]
105621323  transcription factor AP-1 [KO:K04448]
105620669  transcription factor kayak [KO:K09031]
105623150  inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa-B kinase subunit beta [KO:K07209] [EC:2.7.11.10]
105622489  ankyrin-2-like [KO:K09255]
105625877  LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: uncharacterized protein LOC105625877 [KO:K09255]
105622536  LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: nuclear factor NF-kappa-B p100 subunit [KO:K02580]
105627324  FAS-associated factor 1 [KO:K20703]
Compound
C00027  Hydrogen peroxide
Reference
PMID:22824741
  Authors
Merkling SH, van Rij RP
  Title
Beyond RNAi: antiviral defense strategies in Drosophila and mosquito.
  Journal
J Insect Physiol 59:159-70 (2013)
DOI:10.1016/j.jinsphys.2012.07.004
Reference
PMID:21209287
  Authors
Valanne S, Wang JH, Ramet M
  Title
The Drosophila Toll signaling pathway.
  Journal
J Immunol 186:649-56 (2011)
DOI:10.4049/jimmunol.1002302
Reference
PMID:21625362
  Authors
Silverman N, Paquette N, Aggarwal K
  Title
Specificity and signaling in the Drosophila immune response.
  Journal
Invertebrate Surviv J 6:163-174 (2009)
Reference
PMID:22076558
  Authors
Royet J, Gupta D, Dziarski R
  Title
Peptidoglycan recognition proteins: modulators of the microbiome and inflammation.
  Journal
Nat Rev Immunol 11:837-51 (2011)
DOI:10.1038/nri3089
Reference
PMID:25421701
  Authors
Buchon N, Silverman N, Cherry S
  Title
Immunity in Drosophila melanogaster--from microbial recognition to whole-organism physiology.
  Journal
Nat Rev Immunol 14:796-810 (2014)
DOI:10.1038/nri3763
Reference
PMID:17948019
  Authors
Ferrandon D, Imler JL, Hetru C, Hoffmann JA
  Title
The Drosophila systemic immune response: sensing and signalling during bacterial and fungal infections.
  Journal
Nat Rev Immunol 7:862-74 (2007)
DOI:10.1038/nri2194
Reference
PMID:25674081
  Authors
Stokes BA, Yadav S, Shokal U, Smith LC, Eleftherianos I
  Title
Bacterial and fungal pattern recognition receptors in homologous innate signaling pathways of insects and mammals.
  Journal
Front Microbiol 6:19 (2015)
DOI:10.3389/fmicb.2015.00019
Reference
PMID:22368770
  Authors
Igboin CO, Griffen AL, Leys EJ
  Title
The Drosophila melanogaster host model.
  Journal
J Oral Microbiol 4:JOM-4-10368 (2012)
DOI:10.3402/jom.v4i0.10368
Reference
PMID:23893105
  Authors
Buchon N, Broderick NA, Lemaitre B
  Title
Gut homeostasis in a microbial world: insights from Drosophila melanogaster.
  Journal
Nat Rev Microbiol 11:615-26 (2013)
DOI:10.1038/nrmicro3074
Reference
PMID:26290570
  Authors
Handu M, Kaduskar B, Ravindranathan R, Soory A, Giri R, Elango VB, Gowda H, Ratnaparkhi GS
  Title
SUMO-Enriched Proteome for Drosophila Innate Immune Response.
  Journal
G3 (Bethesda) 5:2137-54 (2015)
DOI:10.1534/g3.115.020958
Reference
PMID:23632253
  Authors
Lindsay SA, Wasserman SA
  Title
Conventional and non-conventional Drosophila Toll signaling.
  Journal
Dev Comp Immunol 42:16-24 (2014)
DOI:10.1016/j.dci.2013.04.011
Reference
PMID:22549468
  Authors
Meinander A, Runchel C, Tenev T, Chen L, Kim CH, Ribeiro PS, Broemer M, Leulier F, Zvelebil M, Silverman N, Meier P
  Title
Ubiquitylation of the initiator caspase DREDD is required for innate immune signalling.
  Journal
EMBO J 31:2770-83 (2012)
DOI:10.1038/emboj.2012.121
Reference
PMID:24706930
  Authors
Myllymaki H, Valanne S, Ramet M
  Title
The Drosophila imd signaling pathway.
  Journal
J Immunol 192:3455-62 (2014)
DOI:10.4049/jimmunol.1303309
Reference
PMID:17343912
  Authors
Valanne S, Kleino A, Myllymaki H, Vuoristo J, Ramet M
  Title
Iap2 is required for a sustained response in the Drosophila Imd pathway.
  Journal
Dev Comp Immunol 31:991-1001 (2007)
DOI:10.1016/j.dci.2007.01.004
Reference
PMID:15556270
  Authors
Levy F, Rabel D, Charlet M, Bulet P, Hoffmann JA, Ehret-Sabatier L
  Title
Peptidomic and proteomic analyses of the systemic immune response of Drosophila.
  Journal
Biochimie 86:607-16 (2004)
DOI:10.1016/j.biochi.2004.07.007
Reference
PMID:27851910
  Authors
Iatsenko I, Kondo S, Mengin-Lecreulx D, Lemaitre B
  Title
PGRP-SD, an Extracellular Pattern-Recognition Receptor, Enhances Peptidoglycan-Mediated Activation of the Drosophila Imd Pathway.
  Journal
Immunity 45:1013-1023 (2016)
DOI:10.1016/j.immuni.2016.10.029
Reference
PMID:21364998
  Authors
Zaidman-Remy A, Poidevin M, Herve M, Welchman DP, Paredes JC, Fahlander C, Steiner H, Mengin-Lecreulx D, Lemaitre B
  Title
Drosophila immunity: analysis of PGRP-SB1 expression, enzymatic activity and function.
  Journal
PLoS One 6:e17231 (2011)
DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0017231
Reference
PMID:29398649
  Authors
Charroux B, Capo F, Kurz CL, Peslier S, Chaduli D, Viallat-Lieutaud A, Royet J
  Title
Cytosolic and Secreted Peptidoglycan-Degrading Enzymes in Drosophila Respectively Control Local and Systemic Immune Responses to Microbiota.
  Journal
Cell Host Microbe 23:215-228.e4 (2018)
DOI:10.1016/j.chom.2017.12.007
Reference
PMID:26385528
  Authors
Koyama H, Kato D, Minakuchi C, Tanaka T, Yokoi K, Miura K
  Title
Peptidoglycan recognition protein genes and their roles in the innate immune pathways of the red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum.
  Journal
J Invertebr Pathol 132:86-100 (2015)
DOI:10.1016/j.jip.2015.09.003
Related
pathway
acep04013  MAPK signaling pathway - fly
acep04120  Ubiquitin mediated proteolysis
acep04214  Apoptosis - fly
KO pathway
ko04624   
LinkDB

DBGET integrated database retrieval system