KEGG   PATHWAY: mun05160
Entry
mun05160                    Pathway                                
Name
Hepatitis C - Meriones unguiculatus (Mongolian gerbil)
Description
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a major cause of chronic liver disease. The HCV employ several strategies to perturb host cell immunity. After invasion, HCV RNA genome functions directly as an mRNA in the cytoplasm of the host cell and forms membrane-associated replication complexes along with non-structural proteins. Viral RNA can trigger the RIG-I pathway and interferon production during this process. Translated HCV protein products regulate immune response to inhibit the action of interferon. HCV core and NS5A proteins appear to be the most important molecules with regulatory functions that modulate transcription, cellular proliferation, and apoptosis.
Class
Human Diseases; Infectious disease: viral
Pathway map
mun05160  Hepatitis C
mun05160

Organism
Meriones unguiculatus (Mongolian gerbil) [GN:mun]
Gene
110552462  Ldlr; low-density lipoprotein receptor isoform X1 [KO:K12473]
110554560  Scarb1; scavenger receptor class B member 1 isoform X1 [KO:K13885]
110546714  Cd81; CD81 antigen [KO:K06508]
110542773  claudin-34-like [KO:K06087]
110548649  Cldn10; claudin-10 isoform X2 [KO:K06087]
110546466  Cldn25; putative claudin-25 [KO:K06087]
110545697  Cldn11; claudin-11 [KO:K06087]
110540878  Cldn23; claudin-23 [KO:K06087]
110540445  Cldn8; claudin-8 [KO:K06087]
110555689  Cldn20; claudin-20 [KO:K06087]
110540080  Cldn2; claudin-2 [KO:K06087]
110542942  Cldn17; claudin-17 [KO:K06087]
110547446  Cldn19; claudin-19 [KO:K06087]
110545980  Cldn6; claudin-6 isoform X4 [KO:K06087]
110545981  Cldn9; claudin-9 [KO:K06087]
110553330  Cldn5; claudin-5 [KO:K06087]
110555133  Cldn7; claudin-7 [KO:K06087]
110566633  Cldn4; claudin-4 [KO:K06087]
110566636  Cldn3; claudin-3 [KO:K06087]
110566260  Cldn15; claudin-15 [KO:K06087]
110564331  Cldn14; claudin-14 [KO:K06087]
110564162  Cldn1; claudin-1 [KO:K06087]
110548374  Cldn12; claudin-12 [KO:K06087]
110543415  Cldn16; claudin-16 [KO:K06087]
110551691  Cldn22; claudin-22 [KO:K06087]
110551692  Cldn24; putative claudin-24 [KO:K06087]
110563148  Cldn18; claudin-18 isoform X1 [KO:K06087]
110566803  Ocln; occludin [KO:K06088]
110546404  2'-5'-oligoadenylate synthase 3 isoform X2 [KO:K14216] [EC:2.7.7.84]
110546405  2'-5'-oligoadenylate synthase 2-like [KO:K14216] [EC:2.7.7.84]
110546395  2'-5'-oligoadenylate synthase 1A isoform X1 [KO:K14216] [EC:2.7.7.84]
132653700  2'-5'-oligoadenylate synthase 1A-like [KO:K14216] [EC:2.7.7.84]
110546181  Rnasel; 2-5A-dependent ribonuclease [KO:K01165]
110559626  Mavs; mitochondrial antiviral-signaling protein [KO:K12648]
110553240  Traf3; TNF receptor-associated factor 3 isoform X1 [KO:K03174]
110549049  Tbk1; serine/threonine-protein kinase TBK1 [KO:K05410] [EC:2.7.11.10]
110550327  Ikbke; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa-B kinase subunit epsilon [KO:K07211] [EC:2.7.11.10]
110546826  Irf3; interferon regulatory factor 3 isoform X1 [KO:K05411]
110553918  Irf7; interferon regulatory factor 7 isoform X1 [KO:K09447]
110544130  interferon alpha-1-like [KO:K05414]
110543198  interferon alpha-1-like [KO:K05414]
110543200  interferon alpha-1-like [KO:K05414]
110544870  interferon alpha-2-like [KO:K05414]
110544619  interferon alpha-1-like [KO:K05414]
132646742  interferon alpha-1-like [KO:K05414]
132646744  interferon alpha-11-like [KO:K05414]
132646745  interferon alpha-1-like [KO:K05414]
132646746  interferon alpha-1-like [KO:K05414]
132646775  interferon alpha-11-like [KO:K05414]
110541303  Ifnb1; interferon beta [KO:K05415]
110561827  Ifng; interferon gamma [KO:K04687]
110558004  Tlr3; toll-like receptor 3 [KO:K05401]
110546236  Ticam1; TIR domain-containing adapter molecule 1 [KO:K05842]
110557497  Traf6; TNF receptor-associated factor 6 [KO:K03175] [EC:2.3.2.27]
110561376  Ripk1; receptor-interacting serine/threonine-protein kinase 1 isoform X1 [KO:K02861] [EC:2.7.11.1]
110552966  Chuk; inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa-B kinase subunit alpha isoform X1 [KO:K04467] [EC:2.7.11.10]
110544653  LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa-B kinase subunit alpha-like [KO:K04467] [EC:2.7.11.10]
110556613  Ikbkb; inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa-B kinase subunit beta isoform X1 [KO:K07209] [EC:2.7.11.10]
110562528  Ikbkg; NF-kappa-B essential modulator isoform X3 [KO:K07210]
110562401  Nfkbia; NF-kappa-B inhibitor alpha [KO:K04734]
110558602  Nfkb1; nuclear factor NF-kappa-B p105 subunit isoform X2 [KO:K02580]
110549347  Rela; transcription factor p65 isoform X1 [KO:K04735]
110560136  Tnf; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: tumor necrosis factor [KO:K03156]
110556239  Cxcl10; C-X-C motif chemokine 10 [KO:K12671]
110557411  Eif2ak1; eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2-alpha kinase 1 [KO:K16194] [EC:2.7.11.1]
110561216  Eif2ak3; eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2-alpha kinase 3 [KO:K08860] [EC:2.7.11.1]
110564590  Eif2ak4; eIF-2-alpha kinase GCN2 isoform X1 [KO:K16196] [EC:2.7.11.1]
110566460  interferon-induced protein with tetratricopeptide repeats 1-like isoform X1 [KO:K14217]
110566461  interferon-induced protein with tetratricopeptide repeats 1-like isoform X1 [KO:K14217]
110540930  Eif3e; eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3 subunit E [KO:K03250]
110557056  Eif2s1; eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 subunit 1 [KO:K03237]
110550916  Stat3; signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 isoform X1 [KO:K04692]
110550317  Socs3; suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 [KO:K04696]
110541917  Ifnar1; interferon alpha/beta receptor 1 isoform X1 [KO:K05130]
110541888  Ifnar2; interferon alpha/beta receptor 2 [KO:K05131]
110555551  Jak1; tyrosine-protein kinase JAK1 [KO:K11217] [EC:2.7.10.2]
110555765  Tyk2; non-receptor tyrosine-protein kinase TYK2 isoform X1 [KO:K11219] [EC:2.7.10.2]
110552020  Stat1; signal transducer and activator of transcription 1-alpha/beta isoform X1 [KO:K11220]
110559388  Stat2; signal transducer and activator of transcription 2 isoform X1 [KO:K11221]
110556519  Irf9; interferon regulatory factor 9 isoform X1 [KO:K04693]
110563685  Mx1; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: interferon-induced GTP-binding protein Mx1 [KO:K14754]
110557120  Rsad2; S-adenosylmethionine-dependent nucleotide dehydratase RSAD2 [KO:K15045]
110560607  Ppp2r1b; serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2A 65 kDa regulatory subunit A beta isoform isoform X1 [KO:K03456]
110565703  Ppp2r1a; serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2A 65 kDa regulatory subunit A alpha isoform [KO:K03456]
110549018  Ppp2r2d; serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2A 55 kDa regulatory subunit B delta isoform [KO:K04354]
110544846  Ppp2r2c; protein phosphatase 2, regulatory subunit B, gamma isoform X2 [KO:K04354]
110564033  Ppp2r2b; serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2A 55 kDa regulatory subunit B beta isoform isoform X1 [KO:K04354]
110559335  Ppp2r2a; serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2A 55 kDa regulatory subunit B alpha isoform isoform X2 [KO:K04354]
110549625  Ppp2ca; serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2A catalytic subunit alpha isoform [KO:K04382] [EC:3.1.3.16]
110548328  Ppp2cb; serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2A catalytic subunit beta isoform [KO:K04382] [EC:3.1.3.16]
110550529  Pias1; E3 SUMO-protein ligase PIAS1 isoform X1 [KO:K04706] [EC:2.3.2.-]
110553196  Egf; pro-epidermal growth factor [KO:K04357]
110539539  Egfr; epidermal growth factor receptor [KO:K04361] [EC:2.7.10.1]
110547825  Grb2; growth factor receptor-bound protein 2 [KO:K04364]
110547073  Sos1; son of sevenless homolog 1 isoform X1 [KO:K03099]
110556913  Sos2; son of sevenless homolog 2 isoform X1 [KO:K03099]
110553931  Hras; GTPase HRas isoform X1 [KO:K02833]
110558913  Kras; GTPase KRas isoform X1 [KO:K07827]
110544642  GTPase NRas [KO:K07828]
110544765  Nras; GTPase NRas [KO:K07828]
110545779  Braf; serine/threonine-protein kinase B-raf isoform X8 [KO:K04365] [EC:2.7.11.1]
110550814  Raf1; RAF proto-oncogene serine/threonine-protein kinase isoform X2 [KO:K04366] [EC:2.7.11.1]
110541705  Araf; serine/threonine-protein kinase A-Raf isoform X1 [KO:K08845] [EC:2.7.11.1]
110548219  Ywhab; 14-3-3 protein beta/alpha [KO:K16197]
110561220  Ywhaz; 14-3-3 protein zeta/delta [KO:K16197]
110564212  Ywhaq; 14-3-3 protein theta [KO:K16197]
110547488  Ywhae; 14-3-3 protein epsilon [KO:K06630]
110555864  Ywhag; 14-3-3 protein gamma [KO:K16198]
110557450  Ywhah; 14-3-3 protein eta [KO:K16198]
110559000  Map2k1; dual specificity mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 1 [KO:K04368] [EC:2.7.12.2]
110555605  Map2k2; dual specificity mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 2 isoform X1 [KO:K04369] [EC:2.7.12.2]
110553796  Mapk1; mitogen-activated protein kinase 1 isoform X2 [KO:K04371] [EC:2.7.11.24]
110547978  Mapk3; mitogen-activated protein kinase 3 [KO:K04371] [EC:2.7.11.24]
110553683  Pik3r1; phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase regulatory subunit alpha isoform X1 [KO:K02649]
110549145  Pik3r2; phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase regulatory subunit beta [KO:K02649]
110563512  Pik3r3; phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase regulatory subunit gamma isoform X1 [KO:K02649]
110565112  Pik3cd; phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit delta isoform isoform X1 [KO:K00922] [EC:2.7.1.153]
110556252  Pik3ca; phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit alpha isoform [KO:K00922] [EC:2.7.1.153]
110548394  Pik3cb; phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit beta isoform isoform X1 [KO:K00922] [EC:2.7.1.153]
110556719  Akt2; RAC-beta serine/threonine-protein kinase isoform X1 [KO:K04456] [EC:2.7.11.1]
110558966  Akt1; RAC-alpha serine/threonine-protein kinase [KO:K04456] [EC:2.7.11.1]
110564898  Akt3; RAC-gamma serine/threonine-protein kinase isoform X1 [KO:K04456] [EC:2.7.11.1]
110555390  Gsk3b; glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta isoform X4 [KO:K03083] [EC:2.7.11.26]
110561755  Ctnnb1; catenin beta-1 [KO:K02105]
110551603  Bad; bcl2-associated agonist of cell death isoform X1 [KO:K02158]
110546586  Cdkn1a; cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1 isoform X2 [KO:K06625]
110555127  Tp53; cellular tumor antigen p53 isoform X1 [KO:K04451]
110559398  Cdk2; cyclin-dependent kinase 2 isoform X1 [KO:K02206] [EC:2.7.11.22]
110561245  Cdk4; cyclin-dependent kinase 4 [KO:K02089] [EC:2.7.11.22]
110558380  Cdk6; cyclin-dependent kinase 6 [KO:K02091] [EC:2.7.11.22]
110553592  Rb1; retinoblastoma-associated protein [KO:K06618]
110554547  E2f1; transcription factor E2F1 isoform X1 [KO:K17454]
110545385  E2f2; transcription factor E2F2 [KO:K09389]
110561800  E2f3; transcription factor E2F3 isoform X3 [KO:K06620]
110548604  Tnfrsf1a; tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 1A [KO:K03158]
110545551  Tradd; tumor necrosis factor receptor type 1-associated DEATH domain protein [KO:K03171]
110557003  Traf2; TNF receptor-associated factor 2 isoform X1 [KO:K03173] [EC:2.3.2.27]
110556827  Faslg; tumor necrosis factor ligand superfamily member 6 [KO:K04389]
110561521  Fas; tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 6 isoform X1 [KO:K04390]
110546885  Fadd; FAS-associated death domain protein [KO:K02373]
110557662  Casp8; caspase-8 isoform X1 [KO:K04398] [EC:3.4.22.61]
132653623  Casp3; caspase-3 isoform X1 [KO:K02187] [EC:3.4.22.56]
110557663  Cflar; CASP8 and FADD-like apoptosis regulator [KO:K04724]
110546065  Bid; BH3-interacting domain death agonist isoform X2 [KO:K04726]
110560658  Bax; apoptosis regulator BAX isoform X1 [KO:K02159]
110543676  Bak1; bcl-2 homologous antagonist/killer isoform X1 [KO:K14021]
110545164  cytochrome c, somatic [KO:K08738]
110555979  cytochrome c, testis-specific [KO:K08738]
110563439  LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: cytochrome c, testis-specific-like [KO:K08738]
110559601  cytochrome c, somatic-like [KO:K08738]
110549868  LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: cytochrome c, somatic-like [KO:K08738]
110552819  cytochrome c, somatic-like [KO:K08738]
110541243  Apaf1; apoptotic protease-activating factor 1 isoform X1 [KO:K02084]
110545060  Casp9; caspase-9 isoform X1 [KO:K04399] [EC:3.4.22.62]
110550908  Psme3; proteasome activator complex subunit 3 [KO:K06698]
110549176  Rxra; retinoic acid receptor RXR-alpha isoform X1 [KO:K08524]
110545043  Ppara; peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha isoform X2 [KO:K07294]
110550752  Nr1h3; oxysterols receptor LXR-alpha isoform X1 [KO:K08536]
110546940  Ccnd1; G1/S-specific cyclin-D1 isoform X2 [KO:K04503]
110560064  Myc; myc proto-oncogene protein [KO:K04377]
Compound
C05981  Phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-trisphosphate
C20935  2-5A
Reference
  Authors
Hassan M, Selimovic D, El-Khattouti A, Ghozlan H, Haikel Y, Abdelkader O
  Title
Hepatitis C virus-host interactions: Etiopathogenesis and therapeutic strategies.
  Journal
World J Exp Med 2:7-25 (2012)
DOI:10.5493/wjem.v2.i2.7
Reference
  Authors
Yamauchi Y, Helenius A
  Title
Virus entry at a glance.
  Journal
J Cell Sci 126:1289-95 (2013)
DOI:10.1242/jcs.119685
Reference
  Authors
Feneant L, Levy S, Cocquerel L
  Title
CD81 and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection.
  Journal
Viruses 6:535-72 (2014)
DOI:10.3390/v6020535
Reference
  Authors
Dubuisson J, Helle F, Cocquerel L
  Title
Early steps of the hepatitis C virus life cycle.
  Journal
Cell Microbiol 10:821-7 (2008)
DOI:10.1111/j.1462-5822.2007.01107.x
Reference
  Authors
Liang TJ, Ghany MG
  Title
Current and future therapies for hepatitis C virus infection.
  Journal
N Engl J Med 368:1907-17 (2013)
DOI:10.1056/NEJMra1213651
Reference
  Authors
Scheel TK, Rice CM
  Title
Understanding the hepatitis C virus life cycle paves the way for highly effective therapies.
  Journal
Nat Med 19:837-49 (2013)
DOI:10.1038/nm.3248
Reference
  Authors
Holmes JA, Thompson AJ
  Title
Interferon-free combination therapies for the treatment of hepatitis C: current insights.
  Journal
Hepat Med 7:51-70 (2015)
DOI:10.2147/HMER.S55864
Reference
  Authors
Taguchi T, Nagano-Fujii M, Akutsu M, Kadoya H, Ohgimoto S, Ishido S, Hotta H
  Title
Hepatitis C virus NS5A protein interacts with 2',5'-oligoadenylate synthetase and inhibits antiviral activity of IFN in an IFN sensitivity-determining region-independent manner.
  Journal
J Gen Virol 85:959-69 (2004)
DOI:10.1099/vir.0.19513-0
Reference
  Authors
Horner SM, Gale M Jr
  Title
Intracellular innate immune cascades and interferon defenses that control hepatitis C virus.
  Journal
J Interferon Cytokine Res 29:489-98 (2009)
DOI:10.1089/jir.2009.0063
Reference
  Authors
Lemon SM
  Title
Induction and evasion of innate antiviral responses by hepatitis C virus.
  Journal
J Biol Chem 285:22741-7 (2010)
DOI:10.1074/jbc.R109.099556
Reference
  Authors
Horner SM, Gale M Jr
  Title
Regulation of hepatic innate immunity by hepatitis C virus.
  Journal
Nat Med 19:879-88 (2013)
DOI:10.1038/nm.3253
Reference
  Authors
Ortega-Prieto AM, Dorner M
  Title
Immune Evasion Strategies during Chronic Hepatitis B and C Virus Infection.
  Journal
Vaccines (Basel) 5:E24 (2017)
DOI:10.3390/vaccines5030024
Reference
  Authors
Yang DR, Zhu HZ
  Title
Hepatitis C virus and antiviral innate immunity: who wins at tug-of-war?
  Journal
World J Gastroenterol 21:3786-800 (2015)
DOI:10.3748/wjg.v21.i13.3786
Reference
  Authors
Gale M Jr, Foy EM
  Title
Evasion of intracellular host defence by hepatitis C virus.
  Journal
Nature 436:939-45 (2005)
DOI:10.1038/nature04078
Reference
  Authors
Bode JG, Brenndorfer ED, Haussinger D
  Title
Subversion of innate host antiviral strategies by the hepatitis C virus.
  Journal
Arch Biochem Biophys 462:254-65 (2007)
DOI:10.1016/j.abb.2007.03.033
Reference
  Authors
Panteva M, Korkaya H, Jameel S
  Title
Hepatitis viruses and the MAPK pathway: is this a survival strategy?
  Journal
Virus Res 92:131-40 (2003)
DOI:10.1016/S0168-1702(02)00356-8
Reference
  Authors
Pang R, Tse E, Poon RT
  Title
Molecular pathways in hepatocellular carcinoma.
  Journal
Cancer Lett 240:157-69 (2006)
DOI:10.1016/j.canlet.2005.08.031
Reference
  Authors
Macdonald A, Harris M
  Title
Hepatitis C virus NS5A: tales of a promiscuous protein.
  Journal
J Gen Virol 85:2485-502 (2004)
DOI:10.1099/vir.0.80204-0
Reference
  Authors
He Y, Staschke KA, Tan SL
  Title
HCV NS5A: A Multifunctional Regulator of Cellular Pathways and Virus Replication
  Journal
Hepatitis C Viruses: Genomes and Molecular Biology (2006)
Reference
  Authors
Lan KH, Sheu ML, Hwang SJ, Yen SH, Chen SY, Wu JC, Wang YJ, Kato N, Omata M, Chang FY, Lee SD
  Title
HCV NS5A interacts with p53 and inhibits p53-mediated apoptosis.
  Journal
Oncogene 21:4801-11 (2002)
DOI:10.1038/sj.onc.1205589
Reference
  Authors
Majumder M, Ghosh AK, Steele R, Zhou XY, Phillips NJ, Ray R, Ray RB
  Title
Hepatitis C virus NS5A protein impairs TNF-mediated hepatic apoptosis, but not by an anti-FAS antibody, in transgenic mice.
  Journal
Virology 294:94-105 (2002)
DOI:10.1006/viro.2001.1309
Reference
  Authors
Hassan M, Ghozlan H, Abdel-Kader O
  Title
Activation of RB/E2F signaling pathway is required for the modulation of hepatitis C virus core protein-induced cell growth in liver and non-liver cells.
  Journal
Cell Signal 16:1375-85 (2004)
DOI:10.1016/j.cellsig.2004.04.005
Reference
  Authors
Kwun HJ, Jung EY, Ahn JY, Lee MN, Jang KL
  Title
p53-dependent transcriptional repression of p21(waf1) by hepatitis C virus NS3.
  Journal
J Gen Virol 82:2235-41 (2001)
DOI:10.1099/0022-1317-82-9-2235
Reference
  Authors
Yamanaka T, Uchida M, Doi T
  Title
Innate form of HCV core protein plays an important role in the localization and the function of HCV core protein.
  Journal
Biochem Biophys Res Commun 294:521-7 (2002)
DOI:10.1016/S0006-291X(02)00507-7
Reference
  Authors
Lim EJ, Chin R, Angus PW, Torresi J
  Title
Enhanced apoptosis in post-liver transplant hepatitis C: effects of virus and immunosuppressants.
  Journal
World J Gastroenterol 18:2172-9 (2012)
DOI:10.3748/wjg.v18.i18.2172
Reference
  Authors
Fischer R, Baumert T, Blum HE
  Title
Hepatitis C virus infection and apoptosis.
  Journal
World J Gastroenterol 13:4865-72 (2007)
DOI:10.3748/wjg.v13.i36.4865
Reference
  Authors
Saito K, Meyer K, Warner R, Basu A, Ray RB, Ray R
  Title
Hepatitis C virus core protein inhibits tumor necrosis factor alpha-mediated apoptosis by a protective effect involving cellular FLICE inhibitory protein.
  Journal
J Virol 80:4372-9 (2006)
DOI:10.1128/JVI.80.9.4372-4379.2006
Reference
  Authors
Koike K
  Title
Steatosis, liver injury, and hepatocarcinogenesis in hepatitis C viral infection.
  Journal
J Gastroenterol 44 Suppl 19:82-8 (2009)
DOI:10.1007/s00535-008-2276-4
Reference
  Authors
Tanaka N, Moriya K, Kiyosawa K, Koike K, Aoyama T
  Title
Hepatitis C virus core protein induces spontaneous and persistent activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha in transgenic mice: implications for HCV-associated hepatocarcinogenesis.
  Journal
Int J Cancer 122:124-31 (2008)
DOI:10.1002/ijc.23056
Reference
  Authors
Tan A, Yeh SH, Liu CJ, Cheung C, Chen PJ
  Title
Viral hepatocarcinogenesis: from infection to cancer.
  Journal
Liver Int 28:175-88 (2008)
DOI:10.1111/j.1478-3231.2007.01652.x
Related
pathway
mun03320  PPAR signaling pathway
mun04010  MAPK signaling pathway
mun04144  Endocytosis
mun04210  Apoptosis
mun04514  Cell adhesion molecules
mun04620  Toll-like receptor signaling pathway
mun04622  RIG-I-like receptor signaling pathway
mun04630  JAK-STAT signaling pathway
mun04668  TNF signaling pathway
KO pathway
ko05160   
LinkDB

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