KEGG   PATHWAY: oro04724
Entry
oro04724                    Pathway                                
Name
Glutamatergic synapse - Odobenus rosmarus divergens (Pacific walrus)
Description
Glutamate is the major excitatory neurotransmitter in the mammalian central nervous system(CNS). Glutamate is packaged into synaptic vesicles in the presynaptic terminal. Once released into the synaptic cleft, glutamate acts on postsynaptic ionotropic glutamate receptors (iGluRs) to mediate fast excitatory synaptic transmission. Glutamate can also act on metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) and exert a variety of modulatory effects through their coupling to G proteins and the subsequent recruitment of second messenger systems. Presynaptically localized Group II and Group III mGluRs are thought to represent the classical inhibitory autoreceptor mechanism that suppresses excess glutamate release. After its action on these receptors, glutamate can be removed from the synaptic cleft by EAATs located either on the presynaptic terminal, neighboring glial cells, or the postsynaptic neuron. In glia, glutamate is converted to glutamine, which is then transported back to the presynaptic terminal and converted back to glutamate.
Class
Organismal Systems; Nervous system
Pathway map
oro04724  Glutamatergic synapse
oro04724

Other DBs
GO: 0051966
Organism
Odobenus rosmarus divergens (Pacific walrus) [GN:oro]
Gene
101375244  SLC38A1; sodium-coupled neutral amino acid transporter 1 [KO:K14990]
101374755  SLC38A2; sodium-coupled neutral amino acid transporter 2 isoform X1 [KO:K14207]
101378308  GLS; glutaminase kidney isoform, mitochondrial isoform X1 [KO:K01425] [EC:3.5.1.2]
101370122  GLS2; glutaminase liver isoform, mitochondrial isoform X1 [KO:K01425] [EC:3.5.1.2]
101382839  SLC17A7; vesicular glutamate transporter 1 [KO:K12302]
101363056  SLC17A6; vesicular glutamate transporter 2 [KO:K12302]
101378355  SLC17A8; vesicular glutamate transporter 3 isoform X1 [KO:K12302]
101372243  GRIK1; glutamate receptor ionotropic, kainate 1 isoform X1 [KO:K05201]
101375592  GRIK2; glutamate receptor ionotropic, kainate 2 isoform X1 [KO:K05202]
101377404  GRIK3; glutamate receptor ionotropic, kainate 3 [KO:K05203]
101367348  GRIK4; glutamate receptor ionotropic, kainate 4 [KO:K05204]
101376645  GRIK5; glutamate receptor ionotropic, kainate 5 isoform X2 [KO:K05205]
101371613  GRIA1; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: glutamate receptor 1 [KO:K05197]
101377360  GRIA2; glutamate receptor 2 isoform X1 [KO:K05198]
101365795  GRIA3; glutamate receptor 3 isoform X1 [KO:K05199]
101381613  GRIA4; glutamate receptor 4 isoform X1 [KO:K05200]
101368224  GRIN1; glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 1 isoform X1 [KO:K05208]
101378928  GRIN2A; glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 2A [KO:K05209]
101365544  GRIN2B; glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 2B [KO:K05210]
101369978  GRIN2C; glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 2C [KO:K05211]
101383267  GRIN2D; glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 2D [KO:K05212]
101368398  GRIN3A; glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 3A [KO:K05213]
101374464  GRIN3B; glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 3B [KO:K05214]
101363063  PPP3CA; serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2B catalytic subunit alpha isoform isoform X1 [KO:K04348] [EC:3.1.3.16]
101363831  PPP3CB; serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2B catalytic subunit beta isoform isoform X2 [KO:K04348] [EC:3.1.3.16]
101385000  PPP3CC; serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2B catalytic subunit gamma isoform isoform X2 [KO:K04348] [EC:3.1.3.16]
101386271  PPP3R1; calcineurin subunit B type 1 isoform X1 [KO:K06268]
101368686  PPP3R2; calcineurin subunit B type 2 [KO:K06268]
101375926  DLG4; disks large homolog 4 isoform X2 [KO:K11828]
101377350  DLGAP1; disks large-associated protein 1 isoform X1 [KO:K15008]
101374247  SHANK1; SH3 and multiple ankyrin repeat domains protein 1 [KO:K15009]
101377429  SHANK3; SH3 and multiple ankyrin repeat domains protein 3 [KO:K15009]
101368574  SHANK2; SH3 and multiple ankyrin repeat domains protein 2 [KO:K15009]
101362608  leucine zipper putative tumor suppressor 3 isoform X1 [KO:K26472]
101371176  TRPC1; short transient receptor potential channel 1 isoform X1 [KO:K04964]
101372426  metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 [KO:K04604]
101365183  HOMER2; homer protein homolog 2 isoform X1 [KO:K15010]
101376928  HOMER1; homer protein homolog 1 isoform X1 [KO:K15010]
101382161  HOMER3; homer protein homolog 3 isoform X1 [KO:K15010]
101384596  GNAQ; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(q) subunit alpha [KO:K04634]
101379806  PLCB2; 1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase beta-2 [KO:K05858] [EC:3.1.4.11]
101375710  PLCB3; 1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase beta-3 isoform X1 [KO:K05858] [EC:3.1.4.11]
101386162  PLCB4; 1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase beta-4 isoform X2 [KO:K05858] [EC:3.1.4.11]
101386750  PLCB1; 1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase beta-1 isoform X1 [KO:K05858] [EC:3.1.4.11]
101386060  PRKCA; protein kinase C alpha type [KO:K02677] [EC:2.7.11.13]
101380879  PRKCB; protein kinase C beta type isoform X1 [KO:K19662] [EC:2.7.11.13]
101363254  PRKCG; protein kinase C gamma type isoform X1 [KO:K19663] [EC:2.7.11.13]
101367743  ITPR1; inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor type 1 isoform X1 [KO:K04958]
101377380  ITPR2; inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor type 2 [KO:K04959]
101380808  ITPR3; inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor type 3 isoform X2 [KO:K04960]
101377203  PLA2G4F; cytosolic phospholipase A2 zeta [KO:K16342] [EC:3.1.1.4]
101377493  PLA2G4D; cytosolic phospholipase A2 delta [KO:K16342] [EC:3.1.1.4]
101374803  PLA2G4A; cytosolic phospholipase A2 isoform X1 [KO:K16342] [EC:3.1.1.4]
101362322  PLA2G4B; cytosolic phospholipase A2 beta [KO:K16342] [EC:3.1.1.4]
101386671  PLA2G4E; cytosolic phospholipase A2 epsilon [KO:K16342] [EC:3.1.1.4]
101383564  PLD2; phospholipase D2 isoform X1 [KO:K01115] [EC:3.1.4.4]
101369263  PLD1; phospholipase D1 isoform X1 [KO:K01115] [EC:3.1.4.4]
101372573  MAPK1; mitogen-activated protein kinase 1 isoform X1 [KO:K04371] [EC:2.7.11.24]
101382213  MAPK3; mitogen-activated protein kinase 3 isoform X1 [KO:K04371] [EC:2.7.11.24]
101364060  GNAS; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(s) subunit alpha isoforms XLas isoform X1 [KO:K04632]
105757053  neuroendocrine secretory protein 55 [KO:K04632]
101379158  ADCY1; adenylate cyclase type 1 [KO:K08041] [EC:4.6.1.1]
101365382  ADCY2; adenylate cyclase type 2 [KO:K08042] [EC:4.6.1.1]
101368682  ADCY3; adenylate cyclase type 3 [KO:K08043] [EC:4.6.1.1]
101374313  ADCY4; adenylate cyclase type 4 [KO:K08044] [EC:4.6.1.1]
101380824  ADCY5; adenylate cyclase type 5 [KO:K08045] [EC:4.6.1.1]
101373816  ADCY6; adenylate cyclase type 6 isoform X1 [KO:K08046] [EC:4.6.1.1]
101377421  ADCY7; adenylate cyclase type 7 [KO:K08047] [EC:4.6.1.1]
101370350  ADCY8; adenylate cyclase type 8 isoform X1 [KO:K08048] [EC:4.6.1.1]
101364108  ADCY9; adenylate cyclase type 9 [KO:K08049] [EC:4.6.1.1]
101367408  PRKACB; cAMP-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit beta [KO:K04345] [EC:2.7.11.11]
101383001  PRKACA; cAMP-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit alpha isoform X1 [KO:K04345] [EC:2.7.11.11]
101376087  GRM2; metabotropic glutamate receptor 2 isoform X1 [KO:K04605]
101366239  GRM3; metabotropic glutamate receptor 3 [KO:K04606]
101381961  GRM4; metabotropic glutamate receptor 4 isoform X1 [KO:K04607]
101381223  GRM6; metabotropic glutamate receptor 6 [KO:K04608]
101371932  GRM7; metabotropic glutamate receptor 7 isoform X1 [KO:K04609]
101366084  GRM8; metabotropic glutamate receptor 8 isoform X1 [KO:K04610]
101376186  GNAI1; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(i) subunit alpha-1 isoform X1 [KO:K04630]
101367568  GNAI3; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(k) subunit alpha [KO:K04630]
101367936  GNAI2; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(i) subunit alpha-2 isoform X1 [KO:K04630]
101376297  GNAO1; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(o) subunit alpha isoform X1 [KO:K04534]
101381482  GNB1; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(T) subunit beta-1 isoform X1 [KO:K04536]
101378633  GNB2; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(T) subunit beta-2 isoform X1 [KO:K04537]
101371845  GNB3; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(T) subunit beta-3 [KO:K07825]
101369300  GNB4; guanine nucleotide-binding protein subunit beta-4 [KO:K04538]
101362117  GNB5; guanine nucleotide-binding protein subunit beta-5 isoform X1 [KO:K04539]
101366315  GNG2; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-2 [KO:K07826]
101376879  GNG3; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-3 [KO:K04540]
101369684  GNG4; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-4 [KO:K04541]
101365462  GNG5; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-5 [KO:K04542]
101363588  GNG7; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-7 [KO:K04543]
101371482  GNG8; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-8 [KO:K04544]
101370001  GNG10; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-10 [KO:K04545]
101375712  GNG11; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-11 [KO:K04546]
101379027  guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-12 [KO:K04347]
101374080  GNG12; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-12 [KO:K04347]
101368814  guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-7-like [KO:K04347]
101382152  GNG13; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-13 [KO:K04547]
101375999  GNGT1; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(T) subunit gamma-T1 isoform X1 [KO:K04548]
101386155  GNGT2; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-T2 [KO:K04549]
101384757  ADRBK1; beta-adrenergic receptor kinase 1 [KO:K00910] [EC:2.7.11.15]
101385645  ADRBK2; beta-adrenergic receptor kinase 2 [KO:K00910] [EC:2.7.11.15]
101383826  KCNJ3; G protein-activated inward rectifier potassium channel 1 isoform X1 [KO:K04997]
101378448  CACNA1A; voltage-dependent P/Q-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1A isoform X1 [KO:K04344]
101370525  SLC1A2; excitatory amino acid transporter 2 isoform X1 [KO:K05613]
101367444  SLC1A7; excitatory amino acid transporter 5 isoform X1 [KO:K05618]
101376747  SLC1A1; excitatory amino acid transporter 3 [KO:K05612]
101371717  SLC1A6; excitatory amino acid transporter 4 isoform X1 [KO:K05617]
101365624  CACNA1C; voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1C isoform X1 [KO:K04850]
101383514  CACNA1D; voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1D isoform X1 [KO:K04851]
101381668  SLC1A3; excitatory amino acid transporter 1 isoform X1 [KO:K05614]
101380662  GLUL; glutamine synthetase isoform X1 [KO:K01915] [EC:6.3.1.2]
101367647  SLC38A3; sodium-coupled neutral amino acid transporter 3 [KO:K13576]
Compound
C00025  L-Glutamate
C00064  L-Glutamine
C00076  Calcium cation
C00165  Diacylglycerol
C00238  Potassium cation
C00575  3',5'-Cyclic AMP
C01245  D-myo-Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate
C01330  Sodium cation
Reference
PMID:20055706
  Authors
Niswender CM, Conn PJ
  Title
Metabotropic glutamate receptors: physiology, pharmacology, and disease.
  Journal
Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 50:295-322 (2010)
DOI:10.1146/annurev.pharmtox.011008.145533
Reference
PMID:19112153
  Authors
Ferraguti F, Crepaldi L, Nicoletti F
  Title
Metabotropic glutamate 1 receptor: current concepts and perspectives.
  Journal
Pharmacol Rev 60:536-81 (2008)
DOI:10.1124/pr.108.000166
Reference
PMID:11672421
  Authors
Hermans E, Challiss RA
  Title
Structural, signalling and regulatory properties of the group I metabotropic glutamate receptors: prototypic family C G-protein-coupled receptors.
  Journal
Biochem J 359:465-84 (2001)
DOI:10.1042/bj3590465
Reference
PMID:17663464
  Authors
Kim CH, Lee J, Lee JY, Roche KW
  Title
Metabotropic glutamate receptors: phosphorylation and receptor signaling.
  Journal
J Neurosci Res 86:1-10 (2008)
DOI:10.1002/jnr.21437
Reference
PMID:14684436
  Authors
Meador-Woodruff JH, Clinton SM, Beneyto M, McCullumsmith RE
  Title
Molecular abnormalities of the glutamate synapse in the thalamus in schizophrenia.
  Journal
Ann N Y Acad Sci 1003:75-93 (2003)
DOI:10.1196/annals.1300.005
Reference
PMID:18425072
  Authors
Sanacora G, Zarate CA, Krystal JH, Manji HK
  Title
Targeting the glutamatergic system to develop novel, improved therapeutics for mood disorders.
  Journal
Nat Rev Drug Discov 7:426-37 (2008)
DOI:10.1038/nrd2462
Reference
PMID:17706608
  Authors
Gass JT, Olive MF
  Title
Glutamatergic substrates of drug addiction and alcoholism.
  Journal
Biochem Pharmacol 75:218-65 (2008)
DOI:10.1016/j.bcp.2007.06.039
Reference
PMID:9665875
  Authors
Palmada M, Centelles JJ
  Title
Excitatory amino acid neurotransmission. Pathways for metabolism, storage and reuptake of glutamate in brain.
  Journal
Front Biosci 3:d701-18 (1998)
DOI:10.2741/a314
Reference
PMID:11561058
  Authors
Schoepp DD
  Title
Unveiling the functions of presynaptic metabotropic glutamate receptors in the central nervous system.
  Journal
J Pharmacol Exp Ther 299:12-20 (2001)
Reference
PMID:19559598
  Authors
de Jong AP, Verhage M
  Title
Presynaptic signal transduction pathways that modulate synaptic transmission.
  Journal
Curr Opin Neurobiol 19:245-53 (2009)
DOI:10.1016/j.conb.2009.06.005
Reference
PMID:18464791
  Authors
Pinheiro PS, Mulle C
  Title
Presynaptic glutamate receptors: physiological functions and mechanisms of action.
  Journal
Nat Rev Neurosci 9:423-36 (2008)
DOI:10.1038/nrn2379
Reference
PMID:19110202
  Authors
Byrnes KR, Loane DJ, Faden AI
  Title
Metabotropic glutamate receptors as targets for multipotential treatment of neurological disorders.
  Journal
Neurotherapeutics 6:94-107 (2009)
DOI:10.1016/j.nurt.2008.10.038
Reference
PMID:10481192
  Authors
Conti F, Weinberg RJ
  Title
Shaping excitation at glutamatergic synapses.
  Journal
Trends Neurosci 22:451-8 (1999)
DOI:10.1016/S0166-2236(99)01445-9
Reference
PMID:12399578
  Authors
Sheng M, Kim MJ
  Title
Postsynaptic signaling and plasticity mechanisms.
  Journal
Science 298:776-80 (2002)
DOI:10.1126/science.1075333
Related
pathway
oro00020  Citrate cycle (TCA cycle)
oro04020  Calcium signaling pathway
oro04720  Long-term potentiation
oro04721  Synaptic vesicle cycle
oro04730  Long-term depression
KO pathway
ko04724   
LinkDB

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