KEGG   PATHWAY: ppad04110
Entry
ppad04110                   Pathway                                
Name
Cell cycle - Panthera pardus (leopard)
Description
Mitotic cell cycle progression is accomplished through a reproducible sequence of events, DNA replication (S phase) and mitosis (M phase) separated temporally by gaps known as G1 and G2 phases. Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) are key regulatory enzymes, each consisting of a catalytic CDK subunit and an activating cyclin subunit. CDKs regulate the cell's progression through the phases of the cell cycle by modulating the activity of key substrates. Downstream targets of CDKs include transcription factor E2F and its regulator Rb. Precise activation and inactivation of CDKs at specific points in the cell cycle are required for orderly cell division. Cyclin-CDK inhibitors (CKIs), such as p16Ink4a, p15Ink4b, p27Kip1, and p21Cip1, are involved in the negative regulation of CDK activities, thus providing a pathway through which the cell cycle is negatively regulated.
 Eukaryotic cells respond to DNA damage by activating signaling pathways that promote cell cycle arrest and DNA repair. In response to DNA damage, the checkpoint kinase ATM phosphorylates and activates Chk2, which in turn directly phosphorylates and activates p53 tumor suppressor protein. p53 and its transcriptional targets play an important role in both G1 and G2 checkpoints. ATR-Chk1-mediated protein degradation of Cdc25A protein phosphatase is also a mechanism conferring intra-S-phase checkpoint activation.
Class
Cellular Processes; Cell growth and death
Pathway map
ppad04110  Cell cycle
ppad04110

Other DBs
GO: 0000278
Organism
Panthera pardus (leopard) [GN:ppad]
Gene
109246902  CCND1; G1/S-specific cyclin-D1 [KO:K04503]
109276198  CCND2; G1/S-specific cyclin-D2 [KO:K10151]
109271613  CCND3; G1/S-specific cyclin-D3 isoform X1 [KO:K10152]
109270390  CDK4; cyclin-dependent kinase 4 isoform X1 [KO:K02089] [EC:2.7.11.22]
109263689  CDK6; cyclin-dependent kinase 6 [KO:K02091] [EC:2.7.11.22]
109265951  RB1; retinoblastoma-associated protein isoform X1 [KO:K06618]
109272478  RBL1; retinoblastoma-like protein 1 isoform X1 [KO:K04681]
109270926  RBL2; retinoblastoma-like protein 2 isoform X1 [KO:K16332]
109250012  ABL1; tyrosine-protein kinase ABL1 [KO:K06619] [EC:2.7.10.2]
109255290  HDAC1; histone deacetylase 1 isoform X1 [KO:K06067] [EC:3.5.1.98]
109263573  HDAC2; histone deacetylase 2 isoform X1 [KO:K06067] [EC:3.5.1.98]
109272548  E2F1; transcription factor E2F1 isoform X1 [KO:K17454]
109274297  E2F2; transcription factor E2F2 [KO:K09389]
109252691  E2F3; transcription factor E2F3 isoform X1 [KO:K06620]
109270784  E2F4; transcription factor E2F4 isoform X1 [KO:K04682]
109269432  E2F5; transcription factor E2F5 isoform X1 [KO:K04682]
109264028  TFDP1; transcription factor Dp-1 isoform X1 [KO:K04683]
109260263  TFDP2; transcription factor Dp-2 isoform X1 [KO:K09392]
109266441  GSK3B; glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta isoform X1 [KO:K03083] [EC:2.7.11.26]
109258015  transforming growth factor beta-1 isoform X1 [KO:K13375]
109257972  transforming growth factor beta-1-like isoform X1 [KO:K13375]
109276581  TGFB2; transforming growth factor beta-2 isoform X1 [KO:K13376]
109253865  TGFB3; transforming growth factor beta-3 isoform X1 [KO:K13377]
109275745  SMAD2; mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 2 isoform X1 [KO:K04500]
109262802  SMAD3; mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 3 isoform X1 [KO:K23605]
109275709  SMAD4; mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 4 isoform X1 [KO:K04501]
109273136  MYC; myc proto-oncogene protein [KO:K04377]
109274166  ZBTB17; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: zinc finger and BTB domain-containing protein 17 [KO:K10500]
109255843  cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 2A-like [KO:K06621]
109255826  cyclin-dependent kinase 4 inhibitor B-like [KO:K06621]
109262031  cyclin-dependent kinase 4 inhibitor B [KO:K04685]
109255837  cyclin-dependent kinase 4 inhibitor B-like [KO:K04685]
109266897  CDKN2C; cyclin-dependent kinase 4 inhibitor C [KO:K06622]
109254100  CDKN2D; cyclin-dependent kinase 4 inhibitor D [KO:K06623]
109268629  CDKN1B; cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1B isoform X1 [KO:K06624]
109246932  CDKN1C; cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1C [KO:K09993]
109271531  CDKN1A; cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1 [KO:K06625]
109251568  CCNE1; G1/S-specific cyclin-E1 [KO:K06626]
109269512  CCNE2; G1/S-specific cyclin-E2 isoform X1 [KO:K06626]
109270309  CDK2; cyclin-dependent kinase 2 isoform X1 [KO:K02206] [EC:2.7.11.22]
109271783  S-phase kinase-associated protein 1 [KO:K03094]
109250862  SKP1; S-phase kinase-associated protein 1 [KO:K03094]
109269217  CUL1; cullin-1 isoform X1 [KO:K03347]
109265611  RBX1; E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase RBX1 [KO:K03868] [EC:2.3.2.32]
109260099  SKP2; S-phase kinase-associated protein 2 isoform X1 [KO:K03875]
109266040  CCNA1; cyclin-A1 isoform X1 [KO:K06627]
109248839  CCNA2; cyclin-A2 [KO:K06627]
109247444  CDC6; cell division control protein 6 homolog [KO:K02213]
109245539  CDT1; DNA replication factor Cdt1 [KO:K10727]
109266875  ORC1; origin recognition complex subunit 1 isoform X1 [KO:K02603]
109254460  ORC2; origin recognition complex subunit 2 isoform X1 [KO:K02604]
109263384  ORC3; origin recognition complex subunit 3 isoform X1 [KO:K02605]
109270740  ORC4; origin recognition complex subunit 4 isoform X1 [KO:K02606]
109268112  ORC5; origin recognition complex subunit 5 isoform X1 [KO:K02607]
109270989  ORC6; origin recognition complex subunit 6 isoform X1 [KO:K02608]
109256037  MCM2; DNA replication licensing factor MCM2 [KO:K02540] [EC:5.6.2.3]
109271744  MCM3; DNA replication licensing factor MCM3 [KO:K02541] [EC:5.6.2.3]
109254737  MCM4; DNA replication licensing factor MCM4 [KO:K02212] [EC:5.6.2.3]
109265495  MCM5; DNA replication licensing factor MCM5 [KO:K02209] [EC:5.6.2.3]
109270350  MCM6; DNA replication licensing factor MCM6 [KO:K02542] [EC:5.6.2.3]
109251264  MCM7; DNA replication licensing factor MCM7 isoform X1 [KO:K02210] [EC:5.6.2.3]
109258638  CDC45; cell division control protein 45 homolog [KO:K06628]
109273433  TICRR; treslin [KO:K26117]
109273214  MTBP; mdm2-binding protein isoform X1 [KO:K26116]
109246266  CDC7; cell division cycle 7-related protein kinase isoform X1 [KO:K02214] [EC:2.7.11.1]
109263644  DBF4; protein DBF4 homolog A isoform X1 [KO:K06629]
109258165  DBF4B; protein DBF4 homolog B isoform X1 [KO:K06629]
109264295  CDK1; cyclin-dependent kinase 1 [KO:K02087] [EC:2.7.11.22 2.7.11.23]
109275051  CCNB1; G2/mitotic-specific cyclin-B1 [KO:K05868]
109262912  CCNB2; G2/mitotic-specific cyclin-B2 isoform X1 [KO:K21770]
109248104  CCNB3; G2/mitotic-specific cyclin-B3 isoform X1 [KO:K21771]
109274759  CDC25B; M-phase inducer phosphatase 2 isoform X1 [KO:K05866] [EC:3.1.3.48]
109252124  CDC25C; M-phase inducer phosphatase 3 isoform X1 [KO:K05867] [EC:3.1.3.48]
109277999  YWHAZ; 14-3-3 protein zeta/delta [KO:K16197]
109268802  YWHAQ; 14-3-3 protein theta isoform X1 [KO:K16197]
109245715  LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: 14-3-3 protein zeta/delta-like [KO:K16197]
109272389  YWHAB; 14-3-3 protein beta/alpha [KO:K16197]
109255159  YWHAE; 14-3-3 protein epsilon isoform X1 [KO:K06630]
109250570  YWHAG; 14-3-3 protein gamma [KO:K16198]
109253631  YWHAH; 14-3-3 protein eta [KO:K16198]
109255556  PLK1; serine/threonine-protein kinase PLK1 [KO:K06631] [EC:2.7.11.21]
109269125  WEE2; wee1-like protein kinase 2 [KO:K06632] [EC:2.7.11.1]
109271121  WEE1; wee1-like protein kinase isoform X1 [KO:K06632] [EC:2.7.11.1]
109278197  membrane-associated tyrosine- and threonine-specific cdc2-inhibitory kinase isoform X1 [KO:K06633] [EC:2.7.11.1]
109274892  CCNH; cyclin-H isoform X1 [KO:K06634]
109275045  CDK7; cyclin-dependent kinase 7 isoform X1 [KO:K02202] [EC:2.7.11.22 2.7.11.23]
109264726  ANAPC1; anaphase-promoting complex subunit 1 isoform X1 [KO:K03348]
109260231  ANAPC2; anaphase-promoting complex subunit 2 [KO:K03349]
109259738  CDC27; cell division cycle protein 27 homolog isoform X1 [KO:K03350]
109269585  ANAPC4; anaphase-promoting complex subunit 4 isoform X1 [KO:K03351]
109277679  ANAPC5; anaphase-promoting complex subunit 5 isoform X1 [KO:K03352]
109264015  CDC16; cell division cycle protein 16 homolog isoform X1 [KO:K03353]
109277668  ANAPC7; anaphase-promoting complex subunit 7 [KO:K03354]
109252119  CDC23; cell division cycle protein 23 homolog [KO:K03355]
109249920  ANAPC10; anaphase-promoting complex subunit 10 isoform X1 [KO:K03357]
109276769  ANAPC11; anaphase-promoting complex subunit 11 [KO:K03358]
109269957  CDC26; anaphase-promoting complex subunit CDC26 isoform X1 [KO:K03359]
109259495  ANAPC13; anaphase-promoting complex subunit 13 [KO:K12456]
109267132  ANAPC15; anaphase-promoting complex subunit 15 isoform X1 [KO:K25228]
109264391  ANAPC16; anaphase-promoting complex subunit 16 isoform X1 [KO:K25229]
109254786  CDC20; cell division cycle protein 20 homolog isoform X1 [KO:K03363]
109257583  PTTG1; securin isoform X1 [KO:K06635]
109249194  ESPL1; separin isoform X1 [KO:K02365] [EC:3.4.22.49]
109265714  SMC1B; structural maintenance of chromosomes protein 1B isoform X1 [KO:K06636]
109260274  SMC1A; structural maintenance of chromosomes protein 1A [KO:K06636]
109272889  SMC3; structural maintenance of chromosomes protein 3 isoform X1 [KO:K06669]
109273239  RAD21; double-strand-break repair protein rad21 homolog [KO:K06670]
109259630  STAG1; cohesin subunit SA-1 isoform X1 [KO:K06671]
109250717  STAG2; cohesin subunit SA-2 isoform X1 [KO:K06671]
109256148  cohesin subunit SA-1-like [KO:K06671]
109258948  ATRX; transcriptional regulator ATRX isoform X1 [KO:K10779]
109276225  DDX11; ATP-dependent DNA helicase DDX11 isoform X1 [KO:K11273] [EC:5.6.2.7]
109260095  NIPBL; nipped-B-like protein isoform X1 [KO:K06672]
109247666  MAU2; MAU2 chromatid cohesion factor homolog isoform X1 [KO:K11266]
109260683  HDAC8; histone deacetylase 8 isoform X1 [KO:K11405] [EC:3.5.1.98]
109248551  ESCO1; N-acetyltransferase ESCO1 [KO:K11268] [EC:2.3.1.-]
109262347  ESCO2; N-acetyltransferase ESCO2 [KO:K11268] [EC:2.3.1.-]
109246060  PDS5A; sister chromatid cohesion protein PDS5 homolog A [KO:K11267]
109266064  PDS5B; sister chromatid cohesion protein PDS5 homolog B isoform X1 [KO:K11267]
109264515  WAPL; wings apart-like protein homolog isoform X1 [KO:K25163]
109246705  CDCA5; sororin isoform X1 [KO:K17390]
109245896  AURKB; aurora kinase B isoform X1 [KO:K11479] [EC:2.7.11.1]
109258441  SGO1; shugoshin 1 isoform X1 [KO:K11580]
109250803  PPP2CA; serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2A catalytic subunit alpha isoform [KO:K04382] [EC:3.1.3.16]
109277271  PPP2CB; serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2A catalytic subunit beta isoform [KO:K04382] [EC:3.1.3.16]
109278670  PPP2R1B; serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2A 65 kDa regulatory subunit A beta isoform isoform X1 [KO:K03456]
109252915  PPP2R1A; serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2A 65 kDa regulatory subunit A alpha isoform [KO:K03456]
109271642  PPP2R5D; serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2A 56 kDa regulatory subunit delta isoform [KO:K11584]
109268349  PPP2R5E; serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2A 56 kDa regulatory subunit epsilon isoform isoform X1 [KO:K11584]
109246690  PPP2R5B; serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2A 56 kDa regulatory subunit beta isoform isoform X1 [KO:K11584]
109254718  PPP2R5A; serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2A 56 kDa regulatory subunit alpha isoform isoform X1 [KO:K11584]
109274569  PPP2R5C; serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2A 56 kDa regulatory subunit gamma isoform isoform X1 [KO:K11584]
109248574  NDC80; kinetochore protein NDC80 homolog [KO:K11547]
109263151  KNL1; protein CASC5 [KO:K11542]
109263330  TTK; dual specificity protein kinase TTK [KO:K08866] [EC:2.7.12.1]
109251121  MAD1L1; mitotic spindle assembly checkpoint protein MAD1 isoform X1 [KO:K06679]
109248744  MAD2L1; mitotic spindle assembly checkpoint protein MAD2A [KO:K02537]
109274110  MAD2L2; mitotic spindle assembly checkpoint protein MAD2B [KO:K13728]
109262594  BUB1B; mitotic checkpoint serine/threonine-protein kinase BUB1 beta [KO:K06637] [EC:2.7.11.1]
109252310  BUB3; mitotic checkpoint protein BUB3 isoform X1 [KO:K02180]
109264855  BUB1; mitotic checkpoint serine/threonine-protein kinase BUB1 [KO:K02178] [EC:2.7.11.1]
109260206  TRIP13; pachytene checkpoint protein 2 homolog isoform X1 [KO:K22399]
109271667  MAD2L1BP; MAD2L1-binding protein isoform X1 [KO:K26093]
109255974  FZR1; fizzy-related protein homolog [KO:K03364]
109256416  FBXO5; F-box only protein 5 isoform X1 [KO:K10292]
109271925  CDC14A; dual specificity protein phosphatase CDC14A isoform X1 [KO:K06639] [EC:3.1.3.16 3.1.3.48]
109251650  CDC14B; dual specificity protein phosphatase CDC14B isoform X1 [KO:K06639] [EC:3.1.3.16 3.1.3.48]
109278438  CREBBP; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: CREB-binding protein [KO:K04498] [EC:2.3.1.48]
109265617  EP300; histone acetyltransferase p300 [KO:K04498] [EC:2.3.1.48]
109254736  PRKDC; DNA-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit isoform X1 [KO:K06642] [EC:2.7.11.1]
109260360  ATR; serine/threonine-protein kinase ATR [KO:K06640] [EC:2.7.11.1]
109278700  ATM; serine-protein kinase ATM isoform X1 [KO:K04728] [EC:2.7.11.1]
109270482  MDM2; E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase Mdm2 isoform X1 [KO:K06643] [EC:2.3.2.27]
109245932  TP53; cellular tumor antigen p53 [KO:K04451]
109275530  GADD45G; growth arrest and DNA damage-inducible protein GADD45 gamma [KO:K04402]
109266705  GADD45A; growth arrest and DNA damage-inducible protein GADD45 alpha [KO:K04402]
109257746  GADD45B; growth arrest and DNA damage-inducible protein GADD45 beta [KO:K04402]
109274742  PCNA; proliferating cell nuclear antigen [KO:K04802]
109256841  SFN; 14-3-3 protein sigma [KO:K06644]
109257420  CHEK1; serine/threonine-protein kinase Chk1 [KO:K02216] [EC:2.7.11.1]
109253543  CHEK2; serine/threonine-protein kinase Chk2 isoform X1 [KO:K06641] [EC:2.7.11.1]
109247747  CDC25A; M-phase inducer phosphatase 1 isoform X1 [KO:K06645] [EC:3.1.3.48]
Reference
PMID:7908906
  Authors
Matsuoka S, Yamaguchi M, Matsukage A
  Title
D-type cyclin-binding regions of proliferating cell nuclear antigen.
  Journal
J Biol Chem 269:11030-6 (1994)
Reference
PMID:8242749
  Authors
Welch PJ, Wang JY
  Title
A C-terminal protein-binding domain in the retinoblastoma protein regulates nuclear c-Abl tyrosine kinase in the cell cycle.
  Journal
Cell 75:779-90 (1993)
DOI:10.1016/0092-8674(93)90497-E
Reference
PMID:16936746
  Authors
Macaluso M, Montanari M, Giordano A
  Title
Rb family proteins as modulators of gene expression and new aspects regarding the interaction with chromatin remodeling enzymes.
  Journal
Oncogene 25:5263-7 (2006)
DOI:10.1038/sj.onc.1209680
Reference
PMID:15838516
  Authors
Cobrinik D
  Title
Pocket proteins and cell cycle control.
  Journal
Oncogene 24:2796-809 (2005)
DOI:10.1038/sj.onc.1208619
Reference
PMID:17568790
  Authors
Boutros R, Lobjois V, Ducommun B
  Title
CDC25 phosphatases in cancer cells: key players? Good targets?
  Journal
Nat Rev Cancer 7:495-507 (2007)
DOI:10.1038/nrc2169
Reference
PMID:9832503
  Authors
Diehl JA, Cheng M, Roussel MF, Sherr CJ
  Title
Glycogen synthase kinase-3beta regulates cyclin D1 proteolysis and subcellular localization.
  Journal
Genes Dev 12:3499-511 (1998)
DOI:10.1101/gad.12.22.3499
Reference
PMID:19020303
  Authors
Klein EA, Assoian RK
  Title
Transcriptional regulation of the cyclin D1 gene at a glance.
  Journal
J Cell Sci 121:3853-7 (2008)
DOI:10.1242/jcs.039131
Reference
PMID:10385618
  Authors
Sherr CJ, Roberts JM
  Title
CDK inhibitors: positive and negative regulators of G1-phase progression.
  Journal
Genes Dev 13:1501-12 (1999)
DOI:10.1101/gad.13.12.1501
Reference
PMID:12809600
  Authors
Shi Y, Massague J.
  Title
Mechanisms of TGF-beta signaling from cell membrane to the nucleus.
  Journal
Cell 113:685-700 (2003)
DOI:10.1016/S0092-8674(03)00432-X
Reference
PMID:12925736
  Authors
Kamura T, Hara T, Kotoshiba S, Yada M, Ishida N, Imaki H, Hatakeyama S, Nakayama K, Nakayama KI
  Title
Degradation of p57Kip2 mediated by SCFSkp2-dependent ubiquitylation.
  Journal
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 100:10231-6 (2003)
DOI:10.1073/pnas.1831009100
Reference
PMID:16212951
  Authors
Bond M, Sala-Newby GB, Wu YJ, Newby AC
  Title
Biphasic effect of p21Cip1 on smooth muscle cell proliferation: role of PI 3-kinase and Skp2-mediated degradation.
  Journal
Cardiovasc Res 69:198-206 (2006)
DOI:10.1016/j.cardiores.2005.08.020
Reference
PMID:15838523
  Authors
Harris SL, Levine AJ.
  Title
The p53 pathway: positive and negative feedback loops.
  Journal
Oncogene 24:2899-908 (2005)
DOI:10.1038/sj.onc.1208615
Reference
PMID:11099028
  Authors
Vogelstein B, Lane D, Levine AJ
  Title
Surfing the p53 network.
  Journal
Nature 408:307-10 (2000)
DOI:10.1038/35042675
Reference
PMID:7973727
  Authors
Smith ML, Chen IT, Zhan Q, Bae I, Chen CY, Gilmer TM, Kastan MB, O'Connor PM, Fornace AJ Jr
  Title
Interaction of the p53-regulated protein Gadd45 with proliferating cell nuclear antigen.
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Science 266:1376-80 (1994)
DOI:10.1126/science.7973727
Reference
PMID:9889196
  Authors
Petersen BO, Lukas J, Sorensen CS, Bartek J, Helin K
  Title
Phosphorylation of mammalian CDC6 by cyclin A/CDK2 regulates its subcellular localization.
  Journal
EMBO J 18:396-410 (1999)
DOI:10.1093/emboj/18.2.396
Reference
PMID:17018296
  Authors
Sheu YJ, Stillman B
  Title
Cdc7-Dbf4 phosphorylates MCM proteins via a docking site-mediated mechanism to promote S phase progression.
  Journal
Mol Cell 24:101-13 (2006)
DOI:10.1016/j.molcel.2006.07.033
Reference
PMID:9029154
  Authors
Martinez AM, Afshar M, Martin F, Cavadore JC, Labbe JC, Doree M
  Title
Dual phosphorylation of the T-loop in cdk7: its role in controlling cyclin H binding and CAK activity.
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EMBO J 16:343-54 (1997)
DOI:10.1093/emboj/16.2.343
Reference
PMID:15876871
  Authors
Lolli G, Johnson LN
  Title
CAK-Cyclin-dependent Activating Kinase: a key kinase in cell cycle control and a target for drugs?
  Journal
Cell Cycle 4:572-7 (2005)
DOI:10.4161/cc.4.4.1607
Reference
PMID:17426725
  Authors
Musacchio A, Salmon ED
  Title
The spindle-assembly checkpoint in space and time.
  Journal
Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 8:379-93 (2007)
DOI:10.1038/nrm2163
Reference
PMID:12573239
  Authors
Uhlmann F
  Title
Chromosome cohesion and separation: from men and molecules.
  Journal
Curr Biol 13:R104-14 (2003)
DOI:10.1016/S0960-9822(03)00039-3
Reference
PMID:15568976
  Authors
Stegmeier F, Amon A
  Title
Closing mitosis: the functions of the Cdc14 phosphatase and its regulation.
  Journal
Annu Rev Genet 38:203-32 (2004)
DOI:10.1146/annurev.genet.38.072902.093051
Reference
PMID:9618481
  Authors
Moustakas A, Kardassis D
  Title
Regulation of the human p21/WAF1/Cip1 promoter in hepatic cells by functional interactions between Sp1 and Smad family members.
  Journal
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 95:6733-8 (1998)
DOI:10.1073/pnas.95.12.6733
Reference
PMID:26650195
  Authors
de Boer HR, Guerrero Llobet S, van Vugt MA
  Title
Controlling the response to DNA damage by the APC/C-Cdh1.
  Journal
Cell Mol Life Sci 73:949-60 (2016)
DOI:10.1007/s00018-015-2096-7
Reference
PMID:20935501
  Authors
Qiao X, Zhang L, Gamper AM, Fujita T, Wan Y
  Title
APC/C-Cdh1: from cell cycle to cellular differentiation and genomic integrity.
  Journal
Cell Cycle 9:3904-12 (2010)
DOI:10.4161/cc.9.19.13585
Related
pathway
ppad03030  DNA replication
ppad04010  MAPK signaling pathway
ppad04120  Ubiquitin mediated proteolysis
ppad04210  Apoptosis
KO pathway
ko04110   
LinkDB

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