Cholangiocarcinoma

Cholangiocarcinoma is a highly malignant neoplasm that carries a poor prognosis and lacks effective therapy. It is the second most common primary hepatic tumor, and it is increasing in incidence and carries a high mortality. The tumor arises from the ductular epithelium of the biliary tree, either within the liver (intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma: ICC) or more commonly from the extrahepatic bile ducts (extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma). Several studies have demonstrated mutations resulting in overexpression of K-ras and p53 genes. These genetic alterations are associated with a more aggressive phenotype in this cancer. Many reports have implicated overexpression of the tyrosine kinase proto-oncogenes c-erbB-2 (HER-2/neu) and c-Met, as well as cyclo-oxygenase-2 (COX-2) activity in intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma.

Cancer

K-ras (mutation) [HSA:3845] [KO:K07827]
p53 (mutation) [HSA:7157] [KO:K04451]
c-Met (overexpression) [HSA:4233] [KO:K05099]
ERBB2 (overexpression, amplification) [HSA:2064] [KO:K05083]
p16/INK4A (mutation) [HSA:1029] [KO:K06621]
COX2 (overexpression) [HSA:5743] [KO:K11987]

Opisthorchis viverrini (infection with)
Radium-224 and its decay products [CPD:C16455]
*Chimney sweeping
*2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-para-dioxin [CPD:C07557]
*Thorium-232 and its decay products, administered intravenously as a colloidal dispersion of thorium232 dioxide
*Tobacco smoking and tobacco smoke
*: Although this is a risk factor for liver cancer in general, the strength of association with different histological tumor types is not well understood.

Opisthorchis viverrini [GN:ovi]

ICD-O: 8160/3, Tumor type: Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma

PMID:15218306 (gene, tumor type)

Olnes MJ, Erlich R.

A review and update on cholangiocarcinoma.

Oncology 66:167-79 (2004)
DOI:10.1159/000077991

PMID:17069969

Fava G, Marzioni M, Benedetti A, Glaser S, DeMorrow S, Francis H, Alpini G.

Molecular pathology of biliary tract cancers.

Cancer Lett 250:155-67 (2007)
DOI:10.1016/j.canlet.2006.09.011

PMID:15887157

Lazaridis KN, Gores GJ.

Cholangiocarcinoma.

Gastroenterology 128:1655-67 (2005)
DOI:10.1053/j.gastro.2005.03.040

PMID:15928434 (carcinogen)

Khurana S, Dubey ML, Malla N.

Association of parasitic infections and cancers.

Indian J Med Microbiol 23:74-9 (2005)
DOI:10.4103/0255-0857.16044

PMID:15744742 (carcinogen)

Herrera LA, Benitez-Bribiesca L, Mohar A, Ostrosky-Wegman P.

Role of infectious diseases in human carcinogenesis.

Environ Mol Mutagen 45:284-303 (2005)
DOI:10.1002/em.20122

PMID:10564925 (carcinogene)

Nekolla EA, Kellerer AM, Kuse-Isingschulte M, Eder E, Spiess H.

Malignancies in patients treated with high doses of radium-224.

Radiat Res 152:S3-7 (1999)
DOI:10.2307/3580102

PMID:9498904 (carcinogen)

Boffetta P, Jourenkova N, Gustavsson P.

Cancer risk from occupational and environmental exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons.

Cancer Causes Control 8:444-72 (1997)
DOI:10.1023/a:1018465507029

PMID:15660110 (carcinogen)

Luch A.

Nature and nurture - lessons from chemical carcinogenesis.

Nat Rev Cancer 5:113-25 (2005)
DOI:10.1038/nrc1546

PMID:12556326 (carcinogen)

Harrison JD, Muirhead CR.

Quantitative comparisons of cancer induction in humans by internally deposited radionuclides and external radiation.

Int J Radiat Biol 79:1-13 (2003)
DOI:10.1080/0955300021000038671