KEGG   PATHWAY: pfh05144
Entry
pfh05144                    Pathway                                
Name
Malaria - Plasmodium falciparum HB3
Description
Plasmodium protozoa are parasites that account for malaria infection. Sporozoite forms of the parasite are injected by mosquito bites under the skin and are carried to the liver where they develop into the merozoite form.
Sporozoite invasion of hepatocytes is mediated by parasite surface protein like CSP. Subsequent infection into red blood cells (RBCs) by merozoites causes malaria disease via aberrant cytokine production and sequestration of parasite-infected red blood cells (pRBCs) to host endothelium. Microvasculature sequestration in the brain brings about cerebral malaria that can results in death or persisting neurological impairment. PfEMP1 has been suggested as the key adhesive molecule of pRBCs.
Class
Human Diseases; Infectious disease: parasitic
Pathway map
pfh05144  Malaria
pfh05144

Organism
Plasmodium falciparum HB3 [GN:pfh]
Gene
PFHG_02122  hypothetical protein [KO:K13833]
PFHG_03401  conserved hypothetical protein [KO:K13834]
PFHG_04104  conserved hypothetical protein [KO:K13835]
PFHG_01049  circumsporozoite protein [KO:K13836]
PFHG_04694  sporozoite surface protein 2 [KO:K13837]
PFHG_03202  merozoite surface protein 1 [KO:K13838]
PFHG_00788  merozoite surface protein 2 precursor [KO:K13839]
PFHG_02492  merozoite Surface protein 3 [KO:K13840]
PFHG_00790  merozoite surface protein 4 [KO:K13841]
PFHG_00789  merozoite surface protein 5 [KO:K13842]
PFHG_02493  merozoite Surface protein 6 [KO:K13843]
PFHG_02732  merozoite Surface protein 8 [KO:K13844]
PFHG_04324  apical membrane antigen 1 precursor [KO:K13845]
PFHG_04988  erythrocyte-binding antigen EBA-175 [KO:K13847]
PFHG_05132  hypothetical protein [KO:K13848]
PFHG_03708  hypothetical protein similar to normocyte-binding protein 1 [KO:K13849]
PFHG_05169  hypothetical protein [KO:K13849]
PFHG_01877  conserved hypothetical protein [KO:K13849]
PFHG_03478  conserved hypothetical protein [KO:K13850]
PFHG_02272  pfEMP1 [KO:K13850]
PFHG_02419  pfEMP1 [KO:K13850]
PFHG_02421  pfEMP1 [KO:K13850]
PFHG_02423  pfEMP1 [KO:K13850]
PFHG_03718  pfEMP1 [KO:K13850]
PFHG_03839  pfEMP1 [KO:K13850]
PFHG_03999  pfEMP1 [KO:K13850]
PFHG_04277  pfEMP1 [KO:K13850]
PFHG_04474  pfEMP1 [KO:K13850]
PFHG_04620  pfEMP1 [KO:K13850]
PFHG_04621  pfEMP1 [KO:K13850]
PFHG_04622  pfEMP1 [KO:K13850]
PFHG_04859  pfEMP1 [KO:K13850]
PFHG_04861  pfEMP1 [KO:K13850]
PFHG_04896  pfEMP1 [KO:K13850]
PFHG_04928  pfEMP1 [KO:K13850]
PFHG_05052  pfEMP1 [KO:K13850]
PFHG_05200  pfEMP1 [KO:K13850]
PFHG_05280  pfEMP1 [KO:K13850]
PFHG_05293  pfEMP1 [KO:K13850]
PFHG_05304  pfEMP1 [KO:K13850]
PFHG_05306  pfEMP1 [KO:K13850]
PFHG_05372  pfEMP1 [KO:K13850]
PFHG_05387  pfEMP1 [KO:K13850]
PFHG_05400  pfEMP1 [KO:K13850]
PFHG_05483  pfEMP1 [KO:K13850]
PFHG_05491  pfEMP1 [KO:K13850]
PFHG_05499  pfEMP1 [KO:K13850]
PFHG_05502  pfEMP1 [KO:K13850]
PFHG_05521  pfEMP1 [KO:K13850]
PFHG_05526  pfEMP1 [KO:K13850]
PFHG_05541  pfEMP1 [KO:K13850]
PFHG_05575  pfEMP1 [KO:K13850]
PFHG_05593  pfEMP1 [KO:K13850]
PFHG_05611  pfEMP1 [KO:K13850]
PFHG_04770  conserved hypothetical protein [KO:K13850]
PFHG_03480  pfEMP1 [KO:K13850]
PFHG_02273  conserved hypothetical protein [KO:K13850]
PFHG_04014  conserved hypothetical protein [KO:K13850]
PFHG_04057  hypothetical protein similar to variant-specific surface protein 1 [KO:K13850]
PFHG_03717  conserved hypothetical protein [KO:K13850]
PFHG_02425  conserved hypothetical protein [KO:K13850]
PFHG_04081  conserved hypothetical protein [KO:K13850]
PFHG_02276  conserved hypothetical protein [KO:K13850]
PFHG_04491  conserved hypothetical protein [KO:K13850]
PFHG_04035  conserved hypothetical protein [KO:K13850]
PFHG_02274  conserved hypothetical protein [KO:K13850]
PFHG_02429  conserved hypothetical protein [KO:K13850]
PFHG_04769  conserved hypothetical protein [KO:K13850]
PFHG_03476  hypothetical protein similar to variant-specific surface protein 1 [KO:K13850]
PFHG_04910  conserved hypothetical protein [KO:K13850]
PFHG_04015  conserved hypothetical protein [KO:K13850]
PFHG_04593  conserved hypothetical protein [KO:K13850]
PFHG_02277  conserved hypothetical protein [KO:K13850]
PFHG_04368  conserved hypothetical protein [KO:K13850]
PFHG_00715  rifin [KO:K13851]
PFHG_03477  rifin [KO:K13851]
PFHG_03479  rifin [KO:K13851]
PFHG_03724  rifin [KO:K13851]
PFHG_03994  rifin [KO:K13851]
PFHG_04013  rifin [KO:K13851]
PFHG_04275  rifin [KO:K13851]
PFHG_04592  rifin [KO:K13851]
PFHG_04671  rifin [KO:K13851]
PFHG_04728  rifin [KO:K13851]
PFHG_05050  rifin [KO:K13851]
PFHG_05469  rifin [KO:K13851]
PFHG_05533  rifin [KO:K13851]
PFHG_04724  conserved hypothetical protein [KO:K13851]
PFHG_03417  rifin [KO:K13851]
PFHG_04587  rifin [KO:K13851]
PFHG_03844  stevor [KO:K13852]
PFHG_03668  stevor [KO:K13852]
PFHG_03422  conserved hypothetical protein [KO:K13852]
PFHG_05302  stevor [KO:K13852]
PFHG_03420  stevor [KO:K13852]
PFHG_03667  stevor [KO:K13852]
PFHG_03993  stevor [KO:K13852]
PFHG_04052  stevor [KO:K13852]
PFHG_04344  stevor [KO:K13852]
PFHG_04535  stevor [KO:K13852]
PFHG_05217  stevor [KO:K13852]
PFHG_05383  stevor [KO:K13852]
PFHG_04788  stevor [KO:K13852]
PFHG_04297  conserved hypothetical protein [KO:K13852]
Compound
C00533  Nitric oxide
C00634  Chondroitin 4-sulfate
G00052  Type II B antigen
G00054  Type II A antigen
G10505  Hyaluronic acid
Reference
PMID:19101208
  Authors
Morahan BJ, Wang L, Coppel RL
  Title
No TRAP, no invasion.
  Journal
Trends Parasitol 25:77-84 (2009)
DOI:10.1016/j.pt.2008.11.004
Reference
PMID:8920859
  Authors
Shakibaei M, Frevert U
  Title
Dual interaction of the malaria circumsporozoite protein with the low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein (LRP) and heparan sulfate proteoglycans.
  Journal
J Exp Med 184:1699-711 (1996)
DOI:10.1084/jem.184.5.1699
Reference
PMID:15106591
  Authors
Silvie O, Franetich JF, Renia L, Mazier D
  Title
Malaria sporozoite: migrating for a living.
  Journal
Trends Mol Med 10:97-100; discussion 100-1 (2004)
DOI:10.1016/j.molmed.2004.01.004
Reference
PMID:15464448
  Authors
Mota MM, Giordano S, Rodriguez A
  Title
Targeting Plasmodium host cells: survival within hepatocytes.
  Journal
Trends Mol Med 10:487-92 (2004)
DOI:10.1016/j.molmed.2004.08.003
Reference
PMID:12364790
  Authors
Cowman AF, Crabb BS
  Title
The Plasmodium falciparum genome--a blueprint for erythrocyte invasion.
  Journal
Science 298:126-8 (2002)
DOI:10.1126/science.1078169
Reference
PMID:16019257
  Authors
O'Donnell RA, Blackman MJ
  Title
The role of malaria merozoite proteases in red blood cell invasion.
  Journal
Curr Opin Microbiol 8:422-7 (2005)
DOI:10.1016/j.mib.2005.06.018
Reference
PMID:17630968
  Authors
Iyer J, Gruner AC, Renia L, Snounou G, Preiser PR
  Title
Invasion of host cells by malaria parasites: a tale of two protein families.
  Journal
Mol Microbiol 65:231-49 (2007)
DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2958.2007.05791.x
Reference
PMID:11224682
  Authors
Chitnis CE
  Title
Molecular insights into receptors used by malaria parasites for erythrocyte invasion.
  Journal
Curr Opin Hematol 8:85-91 (2001)
DOI:10.1097/00062752-200103000-00005
Reference
PMID:15094163
  Authors
Rasti N, Wahlgren M, Chen Q
  Title
Molecular aspects of malaria pathogenesis.
  Journal
FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol 41:9-26 (2004)
DOI:10.1016/j.femsim.2004.01.010
Reference
PMID:15463497
  Authors
Clark IA, Rockett KA, Cowden WB
  Title
Proposed link between cytokines, nitric oxide and human cerebral malaria.
  Journal
Parasitol Today 7:205-7 (1991)
DOI:10.1016/0169-4758(91)90142-B
Reference
PMID:18250459
  Authors
Hisaeda H, Tetsutani K, Imai T, Moriya C, Tu L, Hamano S, Duan X, Chou B, Ishida H, Aramaki A, Shen J, Ishii KJ, Coban C, Akira S, Takeda K, Yasutomo K, Torii M, Himeno K
  Title
Malaria parasites require TLR9 signaling for immune evasion by activating regulatory T cells.
  Journal
J Immunol 180:2496-503 (2008)
DOI:10.4049/jimmunol.180.4.2496
Reference
PMID:10885986
  Authors
Chen Q, Schlichtherle M, Wahlgren M
  Title
Molecular aspects of severe malaria.
  Journal
Clin Microbiol Rev 13:439-50 (2000)
DOI:10.1128/CMR.13.3.439-450.2000
Reference
PMID:11832955
  Authors
Miller LH, Baruch DI, Marsh K, Doumbo OK
  Title
The pathogenic basis of malaria.
  Journal
Nature 415:673-9 (2002)
DOI:10.1038/415673a
Reference
PMID:19967139
  Authors
Faille D, El-Assaad F, Alessi MC, Fusai T, Combes V, Grau GE
  Title
Platelet-endothelial cell interactions in cerebral malaria: the end of a cordial understanding.
  Journal
Thromb Haemost 102:1093-102 (2009)
DOI:10.1160/TH09-05-0337
Reference
PMID:16138104
  Authors
Schofield L, Grau GE
  Title
Immunological processes in malaria pathogenesis.
  Journal
Nat Rev Immunol 5:722-35 (2005)
DOI:10.1038/nri1686
Reference
PMID:14737184
  Authors
Ishino T, Yano K, Chinzei Y, Yuda M
  Title
Cell-passage activity is required for the malarial parasite to cross the liver sinusoidal cell layer.
  Journal
PLoS Biol 2:E4 (2004)
DOI:10.1371/journal.pbio.0020004
Reference
PMID:16468982
  Authors
Kariu T, Ishino T, Yano K, Chinzei Y, Yuda M
  Title
CelTOS, a novel malarial protein that mediates transmission to mosquito and vertebrate hosts.
  Journal
Mol Microbiol 59:1369-79 (2006)
DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2958.2005.05024.x
Reference
PMID:20091081
  Authors
Cox D, McConkey S
  Title
The role of platelets in the pathogenesis of cerebral malaria.
  Journal
Cell Mol Life Sci 67:557-68 (2010)
DOI:10.1007/s00018-009-0211-3
KO pathway
ko05144   
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