KEGG   PATHWAY: amex04217
Entry
amex04217                   Pathway                                
Name
Necroptosis - Astyanax mexicanus (Mexican tetra)
Description
Necroptosis is a programmed form of necrosis. It can be initiated by different stimuli, such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF), TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL), Fas ligand (FasL), interferon (IFN), LPS, viral DNA or RNA, DNA-damage agent and requires the kinase activity of receptor-interacting protein 1 (RIPK1) and RIPK3. Its execution involves ROS generation, calcium overload, the opening of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore, mitochondrial fission, inflammatory response and chromatinolysis. Necroptosis participates in many pathogenesis of diseases, including neurological diseases, retinal disorders, acute kidney injury, inflammatory diseases and microbial infections.
Class
Cellular Processes; Cell growth and death
Pathway map
amex04217  Necroptosis
amex04217

Organism
Astyanax mexicanus (Mexican tetra) [GN:amex]
Gene
103032568  tnfa; tumor necrosis factor a (TNF superfamily, member 2) [KO:K03156]
103036375  traf2a; TNF receptor-associated factor 2 [KO:K03173] [EC:2.3.2.27]
103028261  traf2b; TNF receptor-associated factor 2 isoform X1 [KO:K03173] [EC:2.3.2.27]
103031120  traf5; TNF receptor-associated factor 5 [KO:K09849]
103045920  ripk1l; receptor-interacting serine/threonine-protein kinase 1 [KO:K02861] [EC:2.7.11.1]
103025481  birc2; baculoviral IAP repeat-containing protein 2 isoform X1 [KO:K16060]
103037921  E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase XIAP [KO:K04725] [EC:2.3.2.27]
103044240  rbck1; ranBP-type and C3HC4-type zinc finger-containing protein 1 [KO:K10630] [EC:2.3.2.31]
103029459  shrprbck1r; ranBP-type and C3HC4-type zinc finger-containing protein 1 isoform X1 [KO:K10630] [EC:2.3.2.31]
103030581  E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase RNF31 isoform X1 [KO:K11974] [EC:2.3.2.31]
103040600  si:dkey-181m9.8; uncharacterized protein si:dkey-181m9.8 isoform X1 [KO:K11974] [EC:2.3.2.31]
103036427  sharpin; ranBP-type and C3HC4-type zinc finger-containing protein 1 [KO:K20894]
103045895  si:ch211-189a15.5; spermatogenesis-associated protein 2 [KO:K17595]
103037937  spata2l; spermatogenesis associated 2-like [KO:K17595]
103029140  spata2; spermatogenesis-associated protein 2 [KO:K17595]
103033504  cyldl; ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal hydrolase CYLD [KO:K08601] [EC:3.4.19.12]
103044817  cylda; ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal hydrolase CYLD isoform X1 [KO:K08601] [EC:3.4.19.12]
103030888  si:cabz01101003.1; ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal hydrolase CYLD [KO:K08601] [EC:3.4.19.12]
103022073  fadd; protein FADD [KO:K02373]
103036076  caspase-7 [KO:K04398] [EC:3.4.22.61]
103036379  casp8; caspase-8 [KO:K04398] [EC:3.4.22.61]
103037118  casp10; caspase-8 isoform X1 [KO:K04398] [EC:3.4.22.61]
103037295  cflara; CASP8 and FADD-like apoptosis regulator a [KO:K04724]
103047016  CASP8 and FADD-like apoptosis regulator [KO:K04724]
103032582  ripk3; receptor-interacting serine/threonine-protein kinase 3 isoform X1 [KO:K08847] [EC:2.7.11.1]
103031151  cytochrome b-245 heavy chain [KO:K21421] [EC:1.-.-.-]
103043420  camk2b1; calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase (CaM kinase) II beta 1 isoform X1 [KO:K04515] [EC:2.7.11.17]
103033831  calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase type II subunit beta isoform X1 [KO:K04515] [EC:2.7.11.17]
103030568  camk2d2; calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase type II delta 2 chain isoform X1 [KO:K04515] [EC:2.7.11.17]
103044561  camk2g2; calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase type II subunit gamma isoform X9 [KO:K04515] [EC:2.7.11.17]
103032713  camk2g1; calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase (CaM kinase) II gamma 1 isoform X1 [KO:K04515] [EC:2.7.11.17]
103041877  camk2d1; calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase type II delta 1 chain isoform X8 [KO:K04515] [EC:2.7.11.17]
103045689  camk2a; calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase type II subunit alpha isoform X1 [KO:K04515] [EC:2.7.11.17]
103035973  slc25a5; ADP/ATP translocase 2 [KO:K05863]
103040979  slc25a4; ADP/ATP translocase 1 [KO:K05863]
103047840  si:dkey-251i10.1; ADP/ATP translocase 2 [KO:K05863]
103023085  ADP/ATP translocase 2 [KO:K05863]
103046274  ppid; peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase D [KO:K05864] [EC:5.2.1.8]
103024199  vdac1; voltage-dependent anion-selective channel protein 1 [KO:K05862]
103037680  vdac2; voltage-dependent anion-selective channel protein 2 [KO:K15040]
103040512  voltage-dependent anion-selective channel protein 2 [KO:K15040]
103039704  vdac3; voltage-dependent anion-selective channel protein 3 isoform X1 [KO:K15041]
103039814  zgc:56235; voltage-dependent anion-selective channel protein 2-like [KO:K15041]
103026661  glud1a; glutamate dehydrogenase 1a [KO:K00261] [EC:1.4.1.3]
103025665  glud1b; glutamate dehydrogenase 1b [KO:K00261] [EC:1.4.1.3]
103046209  glula; glutamate-ammonia ligase (glutamine synthase) a [KO:K01915] [EC:6.3.1.2]
103044444  glulb; glutamine synthetase [KO:K01915] [EC:6.3.1.2]
103025378  glutamine synthetase-like [KO:K01915] [EC:6.3.1.2]
103026524  pygl; glycogen phosphorylase, liver form [KO:K00688] [EC:2.4.1.1]
103042589  pygmb; phosphorylase, glycogen, muscle b [KO:K00688] [EC:2.4.1.1]
103028412  pygma; glycogen phosphorylase, muscle form [KO:K00688] [EC:2.4.1.1]
103029370  pygb; glycogen phosphorylase, brain form [KO:K00688] [EC:2.4.1.1]
103040580  mapk8b; mitogen-activated protein kinase 8 isoform X1 [KO:K04440] [EC:2.7.11.24]
103035319  mapk9; mitogen-activated protein kinase 9 isoform X1 [KO:K04440] [EC:2.7.11.24]
103034138  mapk8a; mitogen-activated protein kinase 8 isoform X3 [KO:K04440] [EC:2.7.11.24]
111188216  zgc:56095; ferritin, lower subunit-like [KO:K00522] [EC:1.16.3.1]
103039853  fth1a; ferritin, heavy polypeptide 1a [KO:K00522] [EC:1.16.3.1]
103038450  ferritin, middle subunit [KO:K00522] [EC:1.16.3.1]
103029096  ferritin, middle subunit [KO:K00522] [EC:1.16.3.1]
103029400  ferritin, middle subunit [KO:K00522] [EC:1.16.3.1]
103044149  ferritin, middle subunit [KO:K00522] [EC:1.16.3.1]
103030644  pla2g4f.1; cytosolic phospholipase A2 zeta isoform X1 [KO:K16342] [EC:3.1.1.4]
103034573  pla2g4aa; cytosolic phospholipase A2 [KO:K16342] [EC:3.1.1.4]
103034242  pla2g4ab; cytosolic phospholipase A2 [KO:K16342] [EC:3.1.1.4]
103021914  si:dkeyp-50d11.2; calpain-1 catalytic subunit [KO:K01367] [EC:3.4.22.52]
103042634  capn1; calpain-1 catalytic subunit [KO:K01367] [EC:3.4.22.52]
103023637  calpain-1 catalytic subunit isoform X1 [KO:K01367] [EC:3.4.22.52]
103024720  capn1a; calpain 1, (mu/I) large subunit a [KO:K01367] [EC:3.4.22.52]
111196138  zgc:162184; calpain-1 catalytic subunit [KO:K01367] [EC:3.4.22.52]
103039674  calpain-9 [KO:K01367] [EC:3.4.22.52]
103026146  capn2b; calpain 2, (m/II) large subunit b [KO:K03853] [EC:3.4.22.53]
107197131  capn2a; calpain 2, (m/II) large subunit a [KO:K03853] [EC:3.4.22.53]
103024279  capn8; calpain-8 [KO:K03853] [EC:3.4.22.53]
103030498  mixed lineage kinase domain-like protein [KO:K08849] [EC:2.7.11.1]
103044000  pgam5; serine/threonine-protein phosphatase PGAM5, mitochondrial isoform X1 [KO:K15637] [EC:3.1.3.16]
103036512  si:dkey-32e23.4; dynamin-1-like protein isoform X1 [KO:K17065] [EC:3.6.5.5]
103030788  dnm1l; dynamin-1-like protein isoform X1 [KO:K17065] [EC:3.6.5.5]
111188784  pycard; apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a CARD [KO:K12799]
111188786  uncharacterized protein LOC111188786 isoform X1 [KO:K12799]
125780425  LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a CARD [KO:K12799]
125802086  uncharacterized protein LOC125802086 [KO:K12799]
111188785  caspase a-like [KO:K01370] [EC:3.4.22.36]
103039157  caspa; caspase a isoform X1 [KO:K01370] [EC:3.4.22.36]
103021832  casp23; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: caspase-23 [KO:K01370] [EC:3.4.22.36]
125802140  caspase a-like [KO:K01370] [EC:3.4.22.36]
103026214  interleukin-1 beta [KO:K04519]
111194997  interleukin-1 beta-like [KO:K04519]
103027439  chmp2a; charged multivesicular body protein 2a [KO:K12191]
103032982  chmp2ba; charged multivesicular body protein 2Ba isoform X2 [KO:K12192]
103024321  chmp2bb; charged multivesicular body protein 2b [KO:K12192]
103032895  chmp3; charged multivesicular body protein 3 [KO:K12193]
103043292  chmp4ba; charged multivesicular body protein 4b [KO:K12194]
103031667  chmp4c; charged multivesicular body protein 4c [KO:K24782]
103026801  charged multivesicular body protein 4c [KO:K24782]
103028714  chmp6a; charged multivesicular body protein 6 [KO:K12195]
103039392  chmp6b; charged multivesicular body protein 6 [KO:K12195]
103042556  vps4a; vacuolar protein sorting-associated protein 4A isoform X1 [KO:K12196]
103033151  vacuolar protein sorting-associated protein 4B [KO:K12196]
103042893  vps4b; vacuolar protein sorting-associated protein 4B isoform X1 [KO:K12196]
103041461  charged multivesicular body protein 1b isoform X1 [KO:K12197]
103042860  chmp1a; charged multivesicular body protein 1a [KO:K12197]
103027543  chmp1b; charged multivesicular body protein 1b [KO:K12197]
103034662  chmp5b; charged multivesicular body protein 5 [KO:K12198]
103031885  chmp5a; charged multivesicular body protein 5 [KO:K12198]
103041240  charged multivesicular body protein 5-like [KO:K12198]
103041544  charged multivesicular body protein 5-like [KO:K12198]
103036609  chmp7; charged multivesicular body protein 7 [KO:K15053]
111197571  trpm7; transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily M member 7 isoform X1 [KO:K04982] [EC:2.7.11.1]
103039534  hmgb1a; high mobility group protein B1a [KO:K10802]
103041093  hmgb1b; high mobility group protein B1b [KO:K10802]
103022098  tnfsf10l4; tumor necrosis factor (ligand) superfamily, member 10 like 4 [KO:K04721]
103023521  tnfsf10; tumor necrosis factor ligand superfamily member 10 [KO:K04721]
103030935  hdr; hematopoietic death receptor isoform X1 [KO:K04722]
103025853  tnfrsfa; tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily, member a [KO:K04722]
103027441  faslg; tumor necrosis factor ligand superfamily member 6 [KO:K04389]
103046657  fas; uncharacterized protein fas isoform X1 [KO:K04390]
103031198  interferon a3-like [KO:K05414]
111197617  interferon alpha-1-like [KO:K05414]
111196927  interferon alpha-1-like [KO:K05414]
125799275  interferon alpha-7-like [KO:K05414]
103034782  ifngr1l; interferon gamma receptor 1-like precursor [KO:K05132]
103041106  ifngr1; interferon gamma receptor 1 precursor [KO:K05132]
103047432  ifngr2; interferon gamma receptor 2 precursor [KO:K05133]
103033818  jak1; tyrosine-protein kinase JAK1 [KO:K11217] [EC:2.7.10.2]
103044144  tyrosine-protein kinase JAK1 [KO:K11217] [EC:2.7.10.2]
103030056  jak2b; tyrosine-protein kinase JAK2 [KO:K04447] [EC:2.7.10.2]
103042604  jak2a; tyrosine-protein kinase JAK2a [KO:K04447] [EC:2.7.10.2]
103027049  jak3; tyrosine-protein kinase JAK2 isoform X1 [KO:K11218] [EC:2.7.10.2]
103028874  stat1a; signal transducer and activator of transcription 1a [KO:K11220]
103031000  stat1b; signal transducer and activator of transcription 1b [KO:K11220]
103021407  stat2; signal transducer and activator of transcription 2 isoform X1 [KO:K11221]
103033344  stat3; signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 isoform X1 [KO:K04692]
103031322  stat4; signal transducer and activator of transcription 4 isoform X1 [KO:K11222]
103033010  stat5a; signal transducer and activator of transcription 5A [KO:K11224]
103042656  stat5b; signal transducer and activator of transcription 5B isoform X1 [KO:K11224]
103043059  stat6; signal transducer and activator of transcription 6 isoform X1 [KO:K11225]
103035258  irf9; interferon regulatory factor 9 isoform X1 [KO:K04693]
107197130  eif2ak2; interferon-induced, double-stranded RNA-activated protein kinase isoform X1 [KO:K16195] [EC:2.7.11.1]
111196020  toll-like receptor 4 [KO:K10160]
111196037  toll-like receptor 4 isoform X1 [KO:K10160]
111195965  toll-like receptor 4 [KO:K10160]
103030647  ticam1; TIR domain-containing adapter molecule 1 [KO:K05842]
103034769  tlr3; toll-like receptor 3 [KO:K05401]
103044797  usp21; ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal hydrolase 21 [KO:K21634] [EC:3.4.19.12]
103026459  sqstm1; sequestosome-1 isoform X1 [KO:K14381]
103024454  hsp90aa1.1; heat shock protein 90, alpha (cytosolic), class A member 1, tandem duplicate 1 [KO:K04079]
103047517  hsp90ab1; heat shock protein HSP 90-beta [KO:K04079]
103024139  hsp90aa1.2; heat shock protein 90, alpha (cytosolic), class A member 1, tandem duplicate 2 [KO:K04079]
103035626  tnfaip3; tumor necrosis factor alpha-induced protein 3 [KO:K11859] [EC:3.4.19.12]
103023001  parp1; poly [ADP-ribose] polymerase 1 [KO:K24070] [EC:2.4.2.30]
103023787  apoptosis regulator BAX [KO:K02159]
103047816  zgc:153993; apoptosis regulator BAX [KO:K02159]
103025681  apoptosis regulator BAX isoform X1 [KO:K02159]
103042396  apoptosis regulator BAX [KO:K02159]
103022605  aifm1; apoptosis-inducing factor 1, mitochondrial isoform X1 [KO:K04727] [EC:1.-.-.-]
111195212  histone H2A [KO:K11251]
103039302  histone H2A.V [KO:K11251]
103038954  histone H2A [KO:K11251]
103032209  histone H2AX [KO:K11251]
103035980  histone H2A, sperm [KO:K11251]
103028519  core histone macro-H2A.2 [KO:K11251]
103038819  histone H2A.Z [KO:K11251]
103035252  core histone macro-H2A.1 isoform X1 [KO:K11251]
103045165  late histone H2A.2.2 [KO:K11251]
125780577  histone H2A-like [KO:K11251]
125780578  histone H2A-like [KO:K11251]
125780580  histone H2A-like [KO:K11251]
125780614  histone H2A [KO:K11251]
125780615  histone H2A [KO:K11251]
125780616  histone H2A [KO:K11251]
125780617  histone H2A [KO:K11251]
125780618  histone H2A [KO:K11251]
125780619  histone H2A [KO:K11251]
125780620  histone H2A [KO:K11251]
125780621  histone H2A [KO:K11251]
125780510  histone H2A [KO:K11251]
125780622  histone H2A [KO:K11251]
125780623  histone H2A-like [KO:K11251]
125780624  histone H2A-like [KO:K11251]
103037668  histone H2A.V isoform X2 [KO:K11251]
103042071  ppiab; peptidylprolyl isomerase Ab (cyclophilin A) [KO:K03767] [EC:5.2.1.8]
103047383  ppiaa; peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase A [KO:K03767] [EC:5.2.1.8]
103042278  bcl2b; apoptosis regulator Bcl-2 [KO:K02161]
103039548  bcl2a; apoptosis regulator Bcl-2a [KO:K02161]
Compound
C00002  ATP
C00027  Hydrogen peroxide
C00076  Calcium cation
C00195  N-Acylsphingosine
C00219  Arachidonate
C00305  Magnesium cation
C00319  Sphingosine
C00550  Sphingomyelin
C14592  N-Methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine
C16844  Hydroxyl radical
Reference
  Authors
Vandenabeele P, Galluzzi L, Vanden Berghe T, Kroemer G
  Title
Molecular mechanisms of necroptosis: an ordered cellular explosion.
  Journal
Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 11:700-14 (2010)
DOI:10.1038/nrm2970
Reference
  Authors
Brenner D, Blaser H, Mak TW
  Title
Regulation of tumour necrosis factor signalling: live or let die.
  Journal
Nat Rev Immunol 15:362-74 (2015)
DOI:10.1038/nri3834
Reference
  Authors
Conrad M, Angeli JP, Vandenabeele P, Stockwell BR
  Title
Regulated necrosis: disease relevance and therapeutic opportunities.
  Journal
Nat Rev Drug Discov 15:348-66 (2016)
DOI:10.1038/nrd.2015.6
Reference
  Authors
Ofengeim D, Yuan J
  Title
Regulation of RIP1 kinase signalling at the crossroads of inflammation and cell death.
  Journal
Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 14:727-36 (2013)
DOI:10.1038/nrm3683
Reference
  Authors
Murphy JM, Vince JE
  Title
Post-translational control of RIPK3 and MLKL mediated necroptotic cell death.
  Journal
F1000Res 4:F1000 Faculty Rev-1297 (2015)
DOI:10.12688/f1000research.7046.1
Reference
  Authors
Vanden Berghe T, Linkermann A, Jouan-Lanhouet S, Walczak H, Vandenabeele P
  Title
Regulated necrosis: the expanding network of non-apoptotic cell death pathways.
  Journal
Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 15:135-47 (2014)
DOI:10.1038/nrm3737
Reference
  Authors
Dondelinger Y, Hulpiau P, Saeys Y, Bertrand MJ, Vandenabeele P
  Title
An evolutionary perspective on the necroptotic pathway.
  Journal
Trends Cell Biol 26:721-32 (2016)
DOI:10.1016/j.tcb.2016.06.004
Reference
  Authors
Thapa RJ, Ingram JP, Ragan KB, Nogusa S, Boyd DF, Benitez AA, Sridharan H, Kosoff R, Shubina M, Landsteiner VJ, Andrake M, Vogel P, Sigal LJ, tenOever BR, Thomas PG, Upton JW, Balachandran S
  Title
DAI Senses Influenza A Virus Genomic RNA and Activates RIPK3-Dependent Cell Death.
  Journal
Cell Host Microbe 20:674-681 (2016)
DOI:10.1016/j.chom.2016.09.014
Reference
  Authors
Yuan J, Najafov A, Py BF
  Title
Roles of Caspases in Necrotic Cell Death.
  Journal
Cell 167:1693-1704 (2016)
DOI:10.1016/j.cell.2016.11.047
Reference
  Authors
Jorgensen I, Rayamajhi M, Miao EA
  Title
Programmed cell death as a defence against infection.
  Journal
Nat Rev Immunol 17:151-164 (2017)
DOI:10.1038/nri.2016.147
Reference
  Authors
Vandenabeele P, Declercq W, Van Herreweghe F, Vanden Berghe T
  Title
The role of the kinases RIP1 and RIP3 in TNF-induced necrosis.
  Journal
Sci Signal 3:re4 (2010)
DOI:10.1126/scisignal.3115re4
Reference
  Authors
Vanlangenakker N, Vanden Berghe T, Vandenabeele P
  Title
Many stimuli pull the necrotic trigger, an overview.
  Journal
Cell Death Differ 19:75-86 (2012)
DOI:10.1038/cdd.2011.164
Reference
  Authors
Moriwaki K, Chan FK
  Title
RIP3: a molecular switch for necrosis and inflammation.
  Journal
Genes Dev 27:1640-9 (2013)
DOI:10.1101/gad.223321.113
Reference
  Authors
Humphries F, Yang S, Wang B, Moynagh PN
  Title
RIP kinases: key decision makers in cell death and innate immunity.
  Journal
Cell Death Differ 22:225-36 (2015)
DOI:10.1038/cdd.2014.126
Reference
  Authors
Wegner KW, Saleh D, Degterev A
  Title
Complex Pathologic Roles of RIPK1 and RIPK3: Moving Beyond Necroptosis.
  Journal
Trends Pharmacol Sci 38:202-225 (2017)
DOI:10.1016/j.tips.2016.12.005
Reference
  Authors
Kupka S, De Miguel D, Draber P, Martino L, Surinova S, Rittinger K, Walczak H
  Title
SPATA2-Mediated Binding of CYLD to HOIP Enables CYLD Recruitment to Signaling Complexes.
  Journal
Cell Rep 16:2271-80 (2016)
DOI:10.1016/j.celrep.2016.07.086
Reference
  Authors
Goodall ML, Fitzwalter BE, Zahedi S, Wu M, Rodriguez D, Mulcahy-Levy JM, Green DR, Morgan M, Cramer SD, Thorburn A
  Title
The Autophagy Machinery Controls Cell Death Switching between Apoptosis and Necroptosis.
  Journal
Dev Cell 37:337-49 (2016)
DOI:10.1016/j.devcel.2016.04.018
Reference
  Authors
Xu G, Tan X, Wang H, Sun W, Shi Y, Burlingame S, Gu X, Cao G, Zhang T, Qin J, Yang J
  Title
Ubiquitin-specific peptidase 21 inhibits tumor necrosis factor alpha-induced nuclear factor kappaB activation via binding to and deubiquitinating receptor-interacting protein 1.
  Journal
J Biol Chem 285:969-78 (2010)
DOI:10.1074/jbc.M109.042689
Reference
  Authors
Jacobsen AV, Silke J
  Title
The importance of being chaperoned: HSP90 and necroptosis.
  Journal
Cell Chem Biol 23:205-7 (2016)
DOI:10.1016/j.chembiol.2016.02.003
Reference
  Authors
Gurung P, Man SM, Kanneganti TD
  Title
A20 is a regulator of necroptosis.
  Journal
Nat Immunol 16:596-7 (2015)
DOI:10.1038/ni.3174
Reference
  Authors
Feng N, Anderson ME
  Title
CaMKII is a nodal signal for multiple programmed cell death pathways in heart.
  Journal
J Mol Cell Cardiol 103:102-109 (2017)
DOI:10.1016/j.yjmcc.2016.12.007
Reference
  Authors
Zhivotovsky B, Galluzzi L, Kepp O, Kroemer G
  Title
Adenine nucleotide translocase: a component of the phylogenetically conserved cell death machinery.
  Journal
Cell Death Differ 16:1419-25 (2009)
DOI:10.1038/cdd.2009.118
Reference
  Authors
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Related
pathway
amex00250  Alanine, aspartate and glutamate metabolism
amex04210  Apoptosis
KO pathway
ko04217   
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