KEGG   PATHWAY: chx04725
Entry
chx04725                    Pathway                                
Name
Cholinergic synapse - Capra hircus (goat)
Description
Acetylcholine (ACh) is a neurotransmitter widely distributed in the central (and also peripheral, autonomic and enteric) nervous system (CNS). In the CNS, ACh facilitates many functions, such as learning, memory, attention and motor control. When released in the synaptic cleft, ACh binds to two distinct types of receptors: Ionotropic nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChR) and metabotropic muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAChRs). The activation of nAChR by ACh leads to the rapid influx of Na+ and Ca2+ and subsequent cellular depolarization. Activation of mAChRs is relatively slow (milliseconds to seconds) and, depending on the subtypes present (M1-M5), they directly alter cellular homeostasis of phospholipase C, inositol trisphosphate, cAMP, and free calcium. In the cleft, ACh may also be hydrolyzed by acetylcholinesterase (AChE) into choline and acetate. The choline derived from ACh hydrolysis is recovered by a presynaptic high-affinity choline transporter (CHT).
Class
Organismal Systems; Nervous system
Pathway map
chx04725  Cholinergic synapse
chx04725

Other DBs
GO: 0032222
Organism
Capra hircus (goat) [GN:chx]
Gene
102182280  CHAT; choline O-acetyltransferase [KO:K00623] [EC:2.3.1.6]
102186824  ACHE; acetylcholinesterase isoform X1 [KO:K01049] [EC:3.1.1.7]
102191210  SLC18A3; vesicular acetylcholine transporter [KO:K14636]
102187843  CHRM1; muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1 [KO:K04129]
108633307  CHRM3; muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M3 [KO:K04131]
102168455  CHRM5; muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M5 [KO:K04133]
102189950  guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(q) subunit alpha [KO:K04634]
102177328  GNA11; guanine nucleotide-binding protein subunit alpha-11 [KO:K04635]
102188148  PLCB1; 1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase beta-1 isoform X1 [KO:K05858] [EC:3.1.4.11]
102180505  PLCB4; 1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase beta-4 isoform X1 [KO:K05858] [EC:3.1.4.11]
102169966  PLCB2; 1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase beta-2 isoform X1 [KO:K05858] [EC:3.1.4.11]
102189653  PLCB3; 1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase beta-3 [KO:K05858] [EC:3.1.4.11]
102188092  ITPR1; inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor type 1 isoform X1 [KO:K04958]
102170858  ITPR2; inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor type 2 [KO:K04959]
102184768  ITPR3; inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor type 3 [KO:K04960]
102180890  PRKCA; protein kinase C alpha type [KO:K02677] [EC:2.7.11.13]
102172114  PRKCB; protein kinase C beta type isoform X2 [KO:K19662] [EC:2.7.11.13]
102175984  PRKCG; protein kinase C gamma type [KO:K19663] [EC:2.7.11.13]
102174913  KCNQ1; potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily KQT member 1 [KO:K04926]
102170710  KCNQ2; potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily KQT member 2 isoform X1 [KO:K04927]
102168748  KCNQ3; potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily KQT member 3 [KO:K04928]
102185975  KCNQ4; potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily KQT member 4 [KO:K04929]
102183979  KCNQ5; potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily KQT member 5 isoform X1 [KO:K04930]
102168940  KCNJ2; inward rectifier potassium channel 2 [KO:K04996]
102174425  KCNJ12; ATP-sensitive inward rectifier potassium channel 12 [KO:K05005]
102182956  KCNJ4; inward rectifier potassium channel 4 [KO:K04998]
102177462  KCNJ14; ATP-sensitive inward rectifier potassium channel 14 [KO:K05007]
102169456  CHRM2; muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2 [KO:K04130]
102168474  CHRM4; muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M4 [KO:K04132]
100860765  GNAI2; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(i) subunit alpha-2 [KO:K04630]
102185804  GNAI1; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(i) subunit alpha-1 [KO:K04630]
108635583  GNAI3; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(k) subunit alpha [KO:K04630]
102186145  GNAO1; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(o) subunit alpha isoform X1 [KO:K04534]
102187070  GNB1; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(T) subunit beta-1 [KO:K04536]
102169841  GNB3; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(T) subunit beta-3 [KO:K07825]
102191178  GNB4; guanine nucleotide-binding protein subunit beta-4 [KO:K04538]
102174574  GNB5; guanine nucleotide-binding protein subunit beta-5 [KO:K04539]
102189312  GNG2; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-2 isoform X2 [KO:K07826]
102184123  GNG3; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-3 [KO:K04540]
102170665  GNG4; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-4 [KO:K04541]
102190485  GNG5; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-5 [KO:K04542]
102183232  GNG7; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-7 [KO:K04543]
102189040  guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-10 [KO:K04545]
106502450  GNG10; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-10 [KO:K04545]
102186081  GNG11; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-11 [KO:K04546]
102182581  uncharacterized LOC105372280 homolog [KO:K04347]
102175543  GNG12; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-12 [KO:K04347]
102190190  GNG13; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-13 isoform X2 [KO:K04547]
102185427  GNGT1; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(T) subunit gamma-T1 [KO:K04548]
102190164  GNGT2; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-T2 [KO:K04549]
102176650  KCNJ3; G protein-activated inward rectifier potassium channel 1 isoform X1 [KO:K04997]
102176463  KCNJ6; G protein-activated inward rectifier potassium channel 2 [KO:K05000]
102173256  PIK3CG; phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit gamma isoform [KO:K21289] [EC:2.7.1.153]
102172758  PIK3R5; phosphoinositide 3-kinase regulatory subunit 5 isoform X1 [KO:K21290]
102172481  PIK3R6; phosphoinositide 3-kinase regulatory subunit 6 isoform X1 [KO:K21290]
102186668  HRAS; GTPase HRas isoform X1 [KO:K02833]
102172519  KRAS; GTPase KRas isoform X1 [KO:K07827]
102187180  NRAS; GTPase NRas [KO:K07828]
102190520  MAP2K1; dual specificity mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 1 isoform X4 [KO:K04368] [EC:2.7.12.2]
102186040  MAPK1; mitogen-activated protein kinase 1 [KO:K04371] [EC:2.7.11.24]
102188824  MAPK3; mitogen-activated protein kinase 3 [KO:K04371] [EC:2.7.11.24]
102171520  FOS; proto-oncogene c-Fos [KO:K04379]
102179705  CHRNA7; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-7 [KO:K04809]
102170991  CHRNA4; neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-4 isoform X1 [KO:K04806]
102179250  CHRNB2; neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-2 [KO:K04813]
102184380  CHRNA3; neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-3 [KO:K04805]
102184665  CHRNB4; neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-4 [KO:K04815]
102188285  CHRNA6; neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-6 [KO:K04808]
102180724  ADCY1; adenylate cyclase type 1 isoform X1 [KO:K08041] [EC:4.6.1.1]
102171922  ADCY2; adenylate cyclase type 2 [KO:K08042] [EC:4.6.1.1]
102169019  ADCY3; adenylate cyclase type 3 [KO:K08043] [EC:4.6.1.1]
102185469  ADCY4; adenylate cyclase type 4 isoform X1 [KO:K08044] [EC:4.6.1.1]
102189798  ADCY5; adenylate cyclase type 5 [KO:K08045] [EC:4.6.1.1]
102169557  ADCY6; adenylate cyclase type 6 [KO:K08046] [EC:4.6.1.1]
102185858  ADCY7; adenylate cyclase type 7 isoform X1 [KO:K08047] [EC:4.6.1.1]
102184919  ADCY8; adenylate cyclase type 8 isoform X1 [KO:K08048] [EC:4.6.1.1]
102188104  ADCY9; adenylate cyclase type 9 [KO:K08049] [EC:4.6.1.1]
102173379  PRKACA; cAMP-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit alpha [KO:K04345] [EC:2.7.11.11]
102168790  PRKACB; cAMP-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit beta isoform X1 [KO:K04345] [EC:2.7.11.11]
102186065  CREB1; cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 1 isoform X1 [KO:K05870]
102185072  ATF4; cyclic AMP-dependent transcription factor ATF-4 [KO:K04374]
102180221  CREB3; cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 3 isoform X1 [KO:K09048]
102174829  CREB3L3; cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 3-like protein 3 isoform X1 [KO:K09048]
102183745  CREB3L4; cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 3-like protein 4 isoform X1 [KO:K09048]
102183893  CREB3L1; cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 3-like protein 1 [KO:K09048]
102170199  CREB3L2; cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 3-like protein 2 [KO:K09048]
102190378  CREB5; cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 5 isoform X1 [KO:K09047]
102176762  CAMK2B; calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase type II subunit beta isoform X1 [KO:K04515] [EC:2.7.11.17]
102185715  CAMK2G; calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase type II subunit gamma isoform X1 [KO:K04515] [EC:2.7.11.17]
102185084  CAMK2A; calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase type II subunit alpha isoform X1 [KO:K04515] [EC:2.7.11.17]
102175934  CAMK2D; calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase type II subunit delta isoform X1 [KO:K04515] [EC:2.7.11.17]
102187484  CAMK4; calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase type IV isoform X1 [KO:K05869] [EC:2.7.11.17]
102180670  JAK2; tyrosine-protein kinase JAK2 [KO:K04447] [EC:2.7.10.2]
102179673  FYN; tyrosine-protein kinase Fyn isoform X1 [KO:K05703] [EC:2.7.10.2]
102185042  PIK3CB; phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit beta isoform [KO:K00922] [EC:2.7.1.153]
102168391  PIK3CA; phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit alpha isoform [KO:K00922] [EC:2.7.1.153]
102177551  PIK3CD; phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit delta isoform isoform X1 [KO:K00922] [EC:2.7.1.153]
102179343  PIK3R3; phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase regulatory subunit gamma [KO:K02649]
102170135  PIK3R2; phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase regulatory subunit beta isoform X1 [KO:K02649]
102188710  PIK3R1; phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase regulatory subunit alpha isoform X1 [KO:K02649]
100860904  AKT1; RAC-alpha serine/threonine-protein kinase [KO:K04456] [EC:2.7.11.1]
102174051  AKT3; RAC-gamma serine/threonine-protein kinase isoform X1 [KO:K04456] [EC:2.7.11.1]
102187521  AKT2; RAC-beta serine/threonine-protein kinase [KO:K04456] [EC:2.7.11.1]
100861254  BCL2; apoptosis regulator Bcl-2 [KO:K02161]
102168441  CACNA1A; voltage-dependent P/Q-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1A isoform X1 [KO:K04344]
102189138  CACNA1B; voltage-dependent N-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1B isoform X1 [KO:K04849]
100861292  CACNA1C; voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1C isoform X1 [KO:K04850]
102174706  CACNA1D; voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1D [KO:K04851]
102189746  CACNA1F; voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1F isoform X1 [KO:K04853]
102176151  CACNA1S; voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1S [KO:K04857]
102175133  SLC5A7; high affinity choline transporter 1 [KO:K14387]
Compound
C00010  CoA
C00024  Acetyl-CoA
C00033  Acetate
C00076  Calcium cation
C00114  Choline
C00165  Diacylglycerol
C00238  Potassium cation
C00575  3',5'-Cyclic AMP
C01245  D-myo-Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate
C01330  Sodium cation
C01996  Acetylcholine
C04637  1-Phosphatidyl-D-myo-inositol 4,5-bisphosphate
Reference
  Authors
Nestler EJ, Hyman SE, Malenka RC.
  Title
Molecular neuropharmacology: A foundation for clinical neuroscience
  Journal
The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. (2001)
Reference
  Authors
Nicholls JG, Martin AR, Wallace BG, Fuchs PA.
  Title
From neuron to brain, 4th ed.
  Journal
Sunderland, MA: Sinauer associates (2001)
Reference
PMID:15165747
  Authors
Dajas-Bailador F, Wonnacott S
  Title
Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors and the regulation of neuronal signalling.
  Journal
Trends Pharmacol Sci 25:317-24 (2004)
DOI:10.1016/j.tips.2004.04.006
Reference
PMID:19712465
  Authors
Resende RR, Adhikari A
  Title
Cholinergic receptor pathways involved in apoptosis, cell proliferation and neuronal differentiation.
  Journal
Cell Commun Signal 7:20 (2009)
DOI:10.1186/1478-811X-7-20
Reference
PMID:19378880
  Authors
Origlia N, Kuczewski N, Pesavento E, Aztiria E, Domenici L
  Title
The role of cholinergic system in neuronal plasticity: focus on visual cortex and muscarinic receptors.
  Journal
Arch Ital Biol 146:165-88 (2008)
Reference
PMID:21550798
  Authors
Oldenburg IA, Ding JB
  Title
Cholinergic modulation of synaptic integration and dendritic excitability in the striatum.
  Journal
Curr Opin Neurobiol 21:425-32 (2011)
DOI:10.1016/j.conb.2011.04.004
Reference
PMID:12893537
  Authors
Lanzafame AA, Christopoulos A, Mitchelson F
  Title
Cellular signaling mechanisms for muscarinic acetylcholine receptors.
  Journal
Receptors Channels 9:241-60 (2003)
DOI:10.3109/10606820308263
Reference
PMID:20446119
  Authors
Brown DA
  Title
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAChRs) in the nervous system: some functions and mechanisms.
  Journal
J Mol Neurosci 41:340-6 (2010)
DOI:10.1007/s12031-010-9377-2
Reference
PMID:11738031
  Authors
Chang KT, Berg DK
  Title
Voltage-gated channels block nicotinic regulation of CREB phosphorylation and gene expression in neurons.
  Journal
Neuron 32:855-65 (2001)
DOI:10.1016/S0896-6273(01)00516-5
Reference
PMID:11283752
  Authors
Soreq H, Seidman S
  Title
Acetylcholinesterase--new roles for an old actor.
  Journal
Nat Rev Neurosci 2:294-302 (2001)
DOI:10.1038/35067589
Reference
PMID:12436417
  Authors
Sharma G, Vijayaraghavan S
  Title
Nicotinic receptor signaling in nonexcitable cells.
  Journal
J Neurobiol 53:524-34 (2002)
DOI:10.1002/neu.10114
Reference
PMID:11923408
  Authors
Araque A, Martin ED, Perea G, Arellano JI, Buno W
  Title
Synaptically released acetylcholine evokes Ca2+ elevations in astrocytes in hippocampal slices.
  Journal
J Neurosci 22:2443-50 (2002)
DOI:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.22-07-02443.2002
Reference
PMID:12690458
  Authors
Lucas-Meunier E, Fossier P, Baux G, Amar M
  Title
Cholinergic modulation of the cortical neuronal network.
  Journal
Pflugers Arch 446:17-29 (2003)
DOI:10.1007/s00424-002-0999-2
Reference
PMID:20060019
  Authors
Abreu-Villaca Y, Filgueiras CC, Manhaes AC
  Title
Developmental aspects of the cholinergic system.
  Journal
Behav Brain Res 221:367-78 (2011)
DOI:10.1016/j.bbr.2009.12.049
Related
pathway
chx00564  Glycerophospholipid metabolism
chx04010  MAPK signaling pathway
chx04020  Calcium signaling pathway
chx04721  Synaptic vesicle cycle
chx04975  Fat digestion and absorption
KO pathway
ko04725   
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