Entry
Name
Cholinergic synapse - Enhydra lutris kenyoni (northern sea otter)
Description
Acetylcholine (ACh) is a neurotransmitter widely distributed in the central (and also peripheral, autonomic and enteric) nervous system (CNS). In the CNS, ACh facilitates many functions, such as learning, memory, attention and motor control. When released in the synaptic cleft, ACh binds to two distinct types of receptors: Ionotropic nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChR) and metabotropic muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAChRs). The activation of nAChR by ACh leads to the rapid influx of Na+ and Ca2+ and subsequent cellular depolarization. Activation of mAChRs is relatively slow (milliseconds to seconds) and, depending on the subtypes present (M1-M5), they directly alter cellular homeostasis of phospholipase C, inositol trisphosphate, cAMP, and free calcium. In the cleft, ACh may also be hydrolyzed by acetylcholinesterase (AChE) into choline and acetate. The choline derived from ACh hydrolysis is recovered by a presynaptic high-affinity choline transporter (CHT).
Class
Organismal Systems; Nervous system
BRITE hierarchy
Pathway map
Ortholog table
Other DBs
Organism
Enhydra lutris kenyoni (northern sea otter) [GN:
elk ]
Gene
111153498 guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(q) subunit alpha [KO:K04634 ]
111144005 inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor type 1 isoform X1 [KO:K04958 ]
111159979 inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor type 2 isoform X1 [KO:K04959 ]
111149772 potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily KQT member 1 [KO:K04926 ]
111141924 potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily KQT member 2 isoform X1 [KO:K04927 ]
111146660 potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily KQT member 3 [KO:K04928 ]
111143291 potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily KQT member 4 isoform X1 [KO:K04929 ]
111152345 potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily KQT member 5 isoform X1 [KO:K04930 ]
111155312 guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(i) subunit alpha-1 [KO:K04630 ]
111143783 guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(i) subunit alpha-2 [KO:K04630 ]
111143343 guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(k) subunit alpha [KO:K04630 ]
111157367 guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(o) subunit alpha [KO:K04534 ]
111154601 guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(T) subunit beta-1 [KO:K04536 ]
111145586 guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(T) subunit beta-2 isoform X1 [KO:K04537 ]
111159773 guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(T) subunit beta-3 [KO:K07825 ]
111159618 guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-2 isoform X1 [KO:K07826 ]
111149566 guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-3 [KO:K04540 ]
111160502 guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-4 [KO:K04541 ]
111143000 guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-5 [KO:K04542 ]
111161718 guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-7 [KO:K04543 ]
111160835 guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-8 [KO:K04544 ]
111145828 guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-10 [KO:K04545 ]
111147333 guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-11 [KO:K04546 ]
111142967 guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-12 [KO:K04347 ]
111156207 guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-13 [KO:K04547 ]
111147281 guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(T) subunit gamma-T1 [KO:K04548 ]
111151818 guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-T2 [KO:K04549 ]
111143157 G protein-activated inward rectifier potassium channel 1 [KO:K04997 ]
111155756 G protein-activated inward rectifier potassium channel 2 [KO:K05000 ]
111152691 LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-7 [KO:K04809 ]
111141686 neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-4 isoform X1 [KO:K04806 ]
111144533 neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-6 isoform X1 [KO:K04808 ]
111147575 cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 1 isoform X1 [KO:K05870 ]
111151973 cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 3-like protein 2 isoform X1 [KO:K09048 ]
111150050 cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 3-like protein 1 [KO:K09048 ]
111138943 cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 3-like protein 4 isoform X1 [KO:K09048 ]
111161856 cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 3-like protein 3 isoform X1 [KO:K09048 ]
111155003 LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit beta isoform [KO:K00922 ] [EC:2.7.1.153 ]
111154641 phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit delta isoform isoform X1 [KO:K00922 ] [EC:2.7.1.153 ]
111143470 phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase regulatory subunit gamma isoform X1 [KO:K02649 ]
111155224 phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase regulatory subunit alpha isoform X1 [KO:K02649 ]
111143790 phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase regulatory subunit beta [KO:K02649 ]
111162543 voltage-dependent P/Q-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1A isoform X1 [KO:K04344 ]
111145672 voltage-dependent N-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1B isoform X1 [KO:K04849 ]
111159674 voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1C isoform X1 [KO:K04850 ]
111143738 voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1D isoform X1 [KO:K04851 ]
111150407 voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1F isoform X1 [KO:K04853 ]
111150995 voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1S [KO:K04857 ]
Compound
C01245 D-myo-Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate
C04637 1-Phosphatidyl-D-myo-inositol 4,5-bisphosphate
Reference
Authors
Nestler EJ, Hyman SE, Malenka RC.
Title
Molecular neuropharmacology: A foundation for clinical neuroscience
Journal
The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. (2001)
Reference
Authors
Nicholls JG, Martin AR, Wallace BG, Fuchs PA.
Title
From neuron to brain, 4th ed.
Journal
Sunderland, MA: Sinauer associates (2001)
Reference
Authors
Dajas-Bailador F, Wonnacott S
Title
Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors and the regulation of neuronal signalling.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Resende RR, Adhikari A
Title
Cholinergic receptor pathways involved in apoptosis, cell proliferation and neuronal differentiation.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Origlia N, Kuczewski N, Pesavento E, Aztiria E, Domenici L
Title
The role of cholinergic system in neuronal plasticity: focus on visual cortex and muscarinic receptors.
Journal
Arch Ital Biol 146:165-88 (2008)
Reference
Authors
Oldenburg IA, Ding JB
Title
Cholinergic modulation of synaptic integration and dendritic excitability in the striatum.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Lanzafame AA, Christopoulos A, Mitchelson F
Title
Cellular signaling mechanisms for muscarinic acetylcholine receptors.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Brown DA
Title
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAChRs) in the nervous system: some functions and mechanisms.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Chang KT, Berg DK
Title
Voltage-gated channels block nicotinic regulation of CREB phosphorylation and gene expression in neurons.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Soreq H, Seidman S
Title
Acetylcholinesterase--new roles for an old actor.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Sharma G, Vijayaraghavan S
Title
Nicotinic receptor signaling in nonexcitable cells.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Araque A, Martin ED, Perea G, Arellano JI, Buno W
Title
Synaptically released acetylcholine evokes Ca2+ elevations in astrocytes in hippocampal slices.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Lucas-Meunier E, Fossier P, Baux G, Amar M
Title
Cholinergic modulation of the cortical neuronal network.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Abreu-Villaca Y, Filgueiras CC, Manhaes AC
Title
Developmental aspects of the cholinergic system.
Journal
Related pathway
KO pathway
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