KEGG   PATHWAY: pcad04140
Entry
pcad04140                   Pathway                                
Name
Autophagy - animal - Physeter catodon (sperm whale)
Description
Autophagy (or macroautophagy) is a cellular catabolic pathway involving in protein degradation, organelle turnover, and non-selective breakdown of cytoplasmic components, which is evolutionarily conserved among eukaryotes and exquisitely regulated. This progress initiates with production of the autophagosome, a double-membrane intracellular structure of reticular origin that engulfs cytoplasmic contents and ultimately fuses with lysosomes for cargo degradation. Autophagy is regulated in response to extra- or intracellular stress and signals such as starvation, growth factor deprivation and ER stress. Constitutive level of autophagy plays an important role in cellular homeostasis and maintains quality control of essential cellular components.
Class
Cellular Processes; Transport and catabolism
Pathway map
pcad04140  Autophagy - animal
pcad04140

Other DBs
GO: 0006914
Organism
Physeter catodon (sperm whale) [GN:pcad]
Gene
112062628  INS; insulin [KO:K04526]
102977826  IGF1R; insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor isoform X3 [KO:K05087] [EC:2.7.10.1]
102992290  IRS1; insulin receptor substrate 1 [KO:K16172]
112064787  IRS2; insulin receptor substrate 2 isoform X2 [KO:K07187]
102982336  LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: insulin receptor substrate 1-like [KO:K17445]
102989579  IRS4; insulin receptor substrate 4 [KO:K17446]
102986098  PIK3CA; phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit alpha isoform [KO:K00922] [EC:2.7.1.153]
102978952  PIK3CD; phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit delta isoform [KO:K00922] [EC:2.7.1.153]
102977108  PIK3CB; phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit beta isoform [KO:K00922] [EC:2.7.1.153]
102975555  PIK3R3; phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase regulatory subunit gamma [KO:K02649]
102991779  PIK3R2; phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase regulatory subunit beta [KO:K02649]
102991192  PIK3R1; phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase regulatory subunit alpha isoform X2 [KO:K02649]
102977392  PDPK1; 3-phosphoinositide-dependent protein kinase 1 isoform X1 [KO:K06276] [EC:2.7.11.1]
102981524  AKT1; RAC-alpha serine/threonine-protein kinase isoform X1 [KO:K04456] [EC:2.7.11.1]
102976971  AKT3; RAC-gamma serine/threonine-protein kinase isoform X3 [KO:K04456] [EC:2.7.11.1]
102990087  RAC-beta serine/threonine-protein kinase [KO:K04456] [EC:2.7.11.1]
102984551  PTEN; phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate 3-phosphatase and dual-specificity protein phosphatase PTEN isoform X2 [KO:K01110] [EC:3.1.3.16 3.1.3.48 3.1.3.67]
102994715  HRAS; GTPase HRas isoform X2 [KO:K02833]
102977125  KRAS; GTPase KRas isoform X1 [KO:K07827]
102992439  LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: GTPase NRas-like [KO:K07828]
102982641  NRAS; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: GTPase NRas [KO:K07828]
102974392  MRAS; ras-related protein M-Ras [KO:K07831]
102986000  RRAS; ras-related protein R-Ras [KO:K07829]
102980435  RRAS2; ras-related protein R-Ras2 isoform X1 [KO:K07830]
102987866  RAF1; RAF proto-oncogene serine/threonine-protein kinase isoform X2 [KO:K04366] [EC:2.7.11.1]
102992191  MAP2K1; dual specificity mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 1 [KO:K04368] [EC:2.7.12.2]
102994150  MAP2K2; dual specificity mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 2 [KO:K04369] [EC:2.7.12.2]
102984305  MAPK1; mitogen-activated protein kinase 1 [KO:K04371] [EC:2.7.11.24]
102989074  MAPK3; mitogen-activated protein kinase 3 [KO:K04371] [EC:2.7.11.24]
102978574  HIF1A; hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha [KO:K08268]
102989531  DDIT4; DNA damage-inducible transcript 4 protein [KO:K08270]
102985473  TSC2; tuberin isoform X9 [KO:K07207]
102991442  TSC1; hamartin isoform X1 [KO:K07206]
102975594  BNIP3; BCL2/adenovirus E1B 19 kDa protein-interacting protein 3 isoform X1 [KO:K15464]
102994517  RHEB; GTP-binding protein Rheb [KO:K07208]
102990076  RPTOR; regulatory-associated protein of mTOR isoform X2 [KO:K07204]
102995355  DEPTOR; DEP domain-containing mTOR-interacting protein isoform X2 [KO:K20402]
102991493  MTOR; serine/threonine-protein kinase mTOR isoform X2 [KO:K07203] [EC:2.7.11.1]
102990917  AKT1S1; proline-rich AKT1 substrate 1 isoform X1 [KO:K16184]
102983008  MLST8; target of rapamycin complex subunit LST8 isoform X1 [KO:K08266]
102976885  RPS6KB2; ribosomal protein S6 kinase beta-2 isoform X1 [KO:K04688] [EC:2.7.11.1]
102990399  RPS6KB1; ribosomal protein S6 kinase beta-1 isoform X1 [KO:K04688] [EC:2.7.11.1]
102989596  IGBP1; immunoglobulin-binding protein 1 isoform X4 [KO:K17606]
102974912  PPP2CB; serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2A catalytic subunit beta isoform [KO:K04382] [EC:3.1.3.16]
102993796  PPP2CA; serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2A catalytic subunit alpha isoform [KO:K04382] [EC:3.1.3.16]
102990173  ULK1; serine/threonine-protein kinase ULK1 [KO:K21357] [EC:2.7.11.1]
102987852  ULK2; serine/threonine-protein kinase ULK2 isoform X2 [KO:K08269] [EC:2.7.11.1]
112066681  LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: autophagy-related protein 13-like [KO:K08331]
102992551  autophagy-related protein 13 isoform X8 [KO:K08331]
102992073  ATG101; autophagy-related protein 101 [KO:K19730]
102980538  RB1CC1; RB1-inducible coiled-coil protein 1 isoform X1 [KO:K17589]
102992862  ATG2A; autophagy-related protein 2 homolog A isoform X1 [KO:K17906]
102974012  ATG2B; autophagy-related protein 2 homolog B isoform X1 [KO:K17906]
102989465  WIPI2; WD repeat domain phosphoinositide-interacting protein 2 isoform X2 [KO:K17908]
102977297  WD repeat domain phosphoinositide-interacting protein 1 [KO:K17908]
102973588  WDR45; WD repeat domain phosphoinositide-interacting protein 4 isoform X2 [KO:K22991]
102997008  WDR45B; WD repeat domain phosphoinositide-interacting protein 3 isoform X1 [KO:K22991]
102984819  ATG9A; autophagy-related protein 9A isoform X3 [KO:K17907]
102992287  ATG9B; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: autophagy-related protein 9B [KO:K17907]
102976133  SUPT20H; transcription factor SPT20 homolog isoform X9 [KO:K21245]
102976081  SMCR8; guanine nucleotide exchange protein SMCR8 [KO:K23611]
102979447  WDR41; WD repeat-containing protein 41 isoform X2 [KO:K23610]
102986666  C9orf72; guanine nucleotide exchange factor C9orf72 homolog isoform X1 [KO:K23609]
102993114  RAB8A; ras-related protein Rab-8A isoform X2 [KO:K07901]
102990931  RAB39B; ras-related protein Rab-39B [KO:K07925]
102992889  SQSTM1; sequestosome-1 [KO:K14381]
102994775  TBK1; serine/threonine-protein kinase TBK1 isoform X1 [KO:K05410] [EC:2.7.11.10]
102975438  TANK; TRAF family member-associated NF-kappa-B activator isoform X2 [KO:K12650]
102983892  RAB1A; ras-related protein Rab-1A [KO:K07874]
102979338  RRAGB; ras-related GTP-binding protein B isoform X1 [KO:K16185]
102980720  RRAGA; ras-related GTP-binding protein A [KO:K16185]
102993105  RRAGD; ras-related GTP-binding protein D isoform X2 [KO:K16186]
102983533  RRAGC; ras-related GTP-binding protein C isoform X1 [KO:K16186]
102991940  STK11; serine/threonine-protein kinase STK11 isoform X5 [KO:K07298] [EC:2.7.11.1]
102987031  PRKAA1; 5'-AMP-activated protein kinase catalytic subunit alpha-1 isoform X1 [KO:K07198] [EC:2.7.11.31]
102991456  PRKAA2; 5'-AMP-activated protein kinase catalytic subunit alpha-2 [KO:K07198] [EC:2.7.11.31]
102981091  PRKACB; cAMP-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit beta isoform X1 [KO:K04345] [EC:2.7.11.11]
102995361  PRKACA; cAMP-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit alpha isoform X1 [KO:K04345] [EC:2.7.11.11]
102984279  PRKCD; protein kinase C delta type isoform X1 [KO:K06068] [EC:2.7.11.13]
102996353  MAPK8; mitogen-activated protein kinase 8 isoform X3 [KO:K04440] [EC:2.7.11.24]
102977417  MAPK9; mitogen-activated protein kinase 9 isoform X1 [KO:K04440] [EC:2.7.11.24]
102984741  MAPK10; mitogen-activated protein kinase 10 [KO:K04440] [EC:2.7.11.24]
102987942  BCL2; apoptosis regulator Bcl-2 isoform X1 [KO:K02161]
102980439  BCL2L1; bcl-2-like protein 1 isoform X1 [KO:K04570]
102974655  BAD; bcl2-associated agonist of cell death [KO:K02158]
102976886  BECN2; beclin-2 [KO:K08334]
102991892  BECN1; beclin-1 [KO:K08334]
102981153  NRBF2; nuclear receptor-binding factor 2 [KO:K21246]
102984787  PIK3R4; phosphoinositide 3-kinase regulatory subunit 4 isoform X1 [KO:K08333] [EC:2.7.11.1]
102975170  PIK3C3; phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase catalytic subunit type 3 isoform X1 [KO:K00914] [EC:2.7.1.137]
102986190  ATG14; beclin 1-associated autophagy-related key regulator [KO:K17889]
102989160  activating molecule in BECN1-regulated autophagy protein 1 isoform X1 [KO:K17985]
102993207  TRAF6; TNF receptor-associated factor 6 isoform X2 [KO:K03175] [EC:2.3.2.27]
102985945  TP53INP2; tumor protein p53-inducible nuclear protein 2 isoform X1 [KO:K21247]
102989670  VMP1; vacuole membrane protein 1 isoform X1 [KO:K21248]
102989730  STX17; syntaxin-17 isoform X1 [KO:K08491]
102981534  LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: syntaxin-17-like [KO:K08491]
102975895  UVRAG; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: UV radiation resistance-associated gene protein [KO:K21249]
102976701  SH3GLB1; endophilin-B1 isoform X1 [KO:K11248]
102985768  RUBCN; run domain Beclin-1-interacting and cysteine-rich domain-containing protein isoform X2 [KO:K19330]
102992365  CAMKK2; calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase kinase 2 isoform X1 [KO:K07359] [EC:2.7.11.17]
102995727  MAP3K7; mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 7 isoform X1 [KO:K04427] [EC:2.7.11.25]
102987670  serine/threonine-protein kinase/endoribonuclease IRE1 [KO:K08852] [EC:2.7.11.1 3.1.26.-]
102993215  DAPK3; death-associated protein kinase 3 isoform X1 [KO:K08803] [EC:2.7.11.1]
102984261  DAPK1; death-associated protein kinase 1 [KO:K08803] [EC:2.7.11.1]
102991616  DAPK2; death-associated protein kinase 2 isoform X2 [KO:K08803] [EC:2.7.11.1]
102983656  HMGB1; high mobility group protein B1 [KO:K10802]
114484476  PRAP1; proline-rich acidic protein 1 [KO:K21250]
102981822  EIF2AK3; eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2-alpha kinase 3 isoform X1 [KO:K08860] [EC:2.7.11.1]
102976822  EIF2AK4; eIF-2-alpha kinase GCN2 isoform X1 [KO:K16196] [EC:2.7.11.1]
102975968  EIF2S1; eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 subunit 1 [KO:K03237]
102980130  MTMR4; myotubularin-related protein 4 [KO:K18082] [EC:3.1.3.48 3.1.3.64 3.1.3.95]
114483905  MTMR3; myotubularin-related protein 3 [KO:K18082] [EC:3.1.3.48 3.1.3.64 3.1.3.95]
102976604  myotubularin-related protein 3 [KO:K18082] [EC:3.1.3.48 3.1.3.64 3.1.3.95]
102996901  MTMR14; myotubularin-related protein 14 isoform X1 [KO:K18086] [EC:3.1.3.64 3.1.3.95]
102993953  ZFYVE1; zinc finger FYVE domain-containing protein 1 [KO:K17603]
112061974  LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: zinc finger FYVE domain-containing protein 1-like [KO:K17603]
102980295  ATG12; ubiquitin-like protein ATG12 [KO:K08336]
102991253  ATG5; autophagy protein 5 isoform X1 [KO:K08339]
102992920  ATG16L1; autophagy-related protein 16-1 [KO:K17890]
114485325  autophagy-related protein 16-1-like [KO:K17890]
102983161  ATG16L2; protein Atg16l2 isoform X1 [KO:K20868]
102996604  ATG7; ubiquitin-like modifier-activating enzyme ATG7 [KO:K08337]
102994642  ATG10; ubiquitin-like-conjugating enzyme ATG10 isoform X1 [KO:K17888]
102992724  ATG3; ubiquitin-like-conjugating enzyme ATG3 [KO:K08343]
102981647  CFLAR; CASP8 and FADD-like apoptosis regulator isoform X1 [KO:K04724]
102987932  RAB33B; ras-related protein Rab-33B [KO:K07920]
102982768  PRKCQ; protein kinase C theta type isoform X3 [KO:K18052] [EC:2.7.11.13]
102996693  GABARAP; gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor-associated protein [KO:K08341]
102994264  GABARAPL2; gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor-associated protein-like 2 isoform X1 [KO:K08341]
102973481  GABARAPL1; gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor-associated protein-like 1 isoform X1 [KO:K08341]
102979044  MAP1LC3B; microtubule-associated proteins 1A/1B light chain 3B [KO:K10435]
102984592  MAP1LC3A; microtubule-associated proteins 1A/1B light chain 3A [KO:K10435]
102988233  ATG4D; cysteine protease ATG4D isoform X1 [KO:K08342] [EC:3.4.22.-]
102983999  ATG4B; cysteine protease ATG4B isoform X3 [KO:K08342] [EC:3.4.22.-]
102977842  ATG4C; cysteine protease ATG4C [KO:K08342] [EC:3.4.22.-]
102975390  ATG4A; cysteine protease ATG4A isoform X3 [KO:K08342] [EC:3.4.22.-]
102987453  NBR1; next to BRCA1 gene 1 protein [KO:K17987]
102987203  OPTN; optineurin isoform X3 [KO:K19946]
102982505  CALCOCO2; calcium-binding and coiled-coil domain-containing protein 2 [KO:K21348]
102983742  TAX1BP1; tax1-binding protein 1 [KO:K21347]
102989983  WDFY3; WD repeat and FYVE domain-containing protein 3 isoform X3 [KO:K22262]
102996217  UBA52; ubiquitin-60S ribosomal protein L40 [KO:K02927]
102976798  RPS27A; ubiquitin-40S ribosomal protein S27a [KO:K02977]
102981131  ubiquitin-40S ribosomal protein S27a-like [KO:K02977]
102981926  UBB; polyubiquitin-B [KO:K04551]
102989650  SNAP29; synaptosomal-associated protein 29 [KO:K08509]
102984805  VAMP8; vesicle-associated membrane protein 8 isoform X3 [KO:K08512]
102974286  YKT6; synaptobrevin homolog YKT6 [KO:K08516]
102989679  STX7; syntaxin-7 isoform X2 [KO:K08488]
102981514  EPG5; ectopic P granules protein 5 homolog [KO:K23883]
102991825  PLEKHM1; pleckstrin homology domain-containing family M member 1 [KO:K23282]
102990694  VPS11; vacuolar protein sorting-associated protein 11 homolog isoform X1 [KO:K20179]
102982871  VPS16; vacuolar protein sorting-associated protein 16 homolog [KO:K20180]
102993512  VPS18; vacuolar protein sorting-associated protein 18 homolog isoform X2 [KO:K20181]
102996287  VPS33A; vacuolar protein sorting-associated protein 33A isoform X2 [KO:K20182]
102983951  VPS39; vam6/Vps39-like protein [KO:K20183]
102984755  VPS41; vacuolar protein sorting-associated protein 41 homolog isoform X2 [KO:K20184]
102980704  BIRC6; baculoviral IAP repeat-containing protein 6 isoform X1 [KO:K10586] [EC:2.3.2.23]
102995529  Golgi reassembly-stacking protein 2 isoform X1 [KO:K26797]
102982812  GORASP1; Golgi reassembly-stacking protein 1 isoform X5 [KO:K26797]
102976905  RAB7A; ras-related protein Rab-7a [KO:K07897]
102992683  RAB7B; ras-related protein Rab-7b isoform X3 [KO:K07898]
102988275  LAMP2; lysosome-associated membrane glycoprotein 2 isoform X2 [KO:K06528]
102977382  LAMP1; lysosome-associated membrane glycoprotein 1 [KO:K06528]
102977235  CTSD; cathepsin D [KO:K01379] [EC:3.4.23.5]
112067373  procathepsin L isoform X1 [KO:K01365] [EC:3.4.22.15]
102996148  CTSL; procathepsin L isoform X2 [KO:K01365] [EC:3.4.22.15]
102974923  procathepsin L isoform X1 [KO:K01365] [EC:3.4.22.15]
102988543  procathepsin L-like [KO:K01365] [EC:3.4.22.15]
102983822  CTSB; cathepsin B isoform X1 [KO:K01363] [EC:3.4.22.1]
Compound
C00035  GDP
C00044  GTP
C00350  Phosphatidylethanolamine
C01194  1-Phosphatidyl-D-myo-inositol
C04549  1-Phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 3-phosphate
C05981  Phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-trisphosphate
Reference
PMID:15325584
  Authors
Meijer AJ, Codogno P.
  Title
Regulation and role of autophagy in mammalian cells.
  Journal
Int J Biochem Cell Biol 36:2445-62 (2004)
DOI:10.1016/j.biocel.2004.02.002
Reference
PMID:16099218
  Authors
Deretic V.
  Title
Autophagy in innate and adaptive immunity.
  Journal
Trends Immunol 26:523-8 (2005)
DOI:10.1016/j.it.2005.08.003
Reference
PMID:16200202
  Authors
Levine B, Yuan J.
  Title
Autophagy in cell death: an innocent convict?
  Journal
J Clin Invest 115:2679-88 (2005)
DOI:10.1172/JCI26390
Reference
PMID:15325588
  Authors
Tanida I, Ueno T, Kominami E.
  Title
LC3 conjugation system in mammalian autophagy.
  Journal
Int J Biochem Cell Biol 36:2503-18 (2004)
DOI:10.1016/j.biocel.2004.05.009
Reference
PMID:15928708
  Authors
Lum JJ, DeBerardinis RJ, Thompson CB.
  Title
Autophagy in metazoans: cell survival in the land of plenty.
  Journal
Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 6:439-48 (2005)
DOI:10.1038/nrm1660
Reference
PMID:15978794
  Authors
Reggiori F, Klionsky DJ.
  Title
Autophagosomes: biogenesis from scratch?
  Journal
Curr Opin Cell Biol 17:415-22 (2005)
DOI:10.1016/j.ceb.2005.06.007
Reference
PMID:11099404
  Authors
Klionsky DJ, Emr SD.
  Title
Autophagy as a regulated pathway of cellular degradation.
  Journal
Science 290:1717-21 (2000)
DOI:10.1126/science.290.5497.1717
Reference
PMID:16125113
  Authors
Bechet D, Tassa A, Taillandier D, Combaret L, Attaix D.
  Title
Lysosomal proteolysis in skeletal muscle.
  Journal
Int J Biochem Cell Biol 37:2098-114 (2005)
DOI:10.1016/j.biocel.2005.02.029
Reference
PMID:19653858
  Authors
He C, Klionsky DJ
  Title
Regulation mechanisms and signaling pathways of autophagy.
  Journal
Annu Rev Genet 43:67-93 (2009)
DOI:10.1146/annurev-genet-102808-114910
Reference
PMID:19802558
  Authors
Yang Z, Klionsky DJ
  Title
An overview of the molecular mechanism of autophagy.
  Journal
Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 335:1-32 (2009)
DOI:10.1007/978-3-642-00302-8_1
Reference
PMID:20034776
  Authors
Yang Z, Klionsky DJ
  Title
Mammalian autophagy: core molecular machinery and signaling regulation.
  Journal
Curr Opin Cell Biol 22:124-31 (2010)
DOI:10.1016/j.ceb.2009.11.014
Reference
PMID:21187343
  Authors
Chen Y, Klionsky DJ
  Title
The regulation of autophagy - unanswered questions.
  Journal
J Cell Sci 124:161-70 (2011)
DOI:10.1242/jcs.064576
Reference
PMID:21801009
  Authors
Mizushima N, Yoshimori T, Ohsumi Y
  Title
The role of Atg proteins in autophagosome formation.
  Journal
Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol 27:107-32 (2011)
DOI:10.1146/annurev-cellbio-092910-154005
Reference
PMID:24343578
  Authors
Russell RC, Yuan HX, Guan KL
  Title
Autophagy regulation by nutrient signaling.
  Journal
Cell Res 24:42-57 (2014)
DOI:10.1038/cr.2013.166
Reference
PMID:25948417
  Authors
Noda NN, Fujioka Y
  Title
Atg1 family kinases in autophagy initiation.
  Journal
Cell Mol Life Sci 72:3083-96 (2015)
DOI:10.1007/s00018-015-1917-z
Related
pathway
pcad04010  MAPK signaling pathway
pcad04141  Protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum
pcad04142  Lysosome
pcad04150  mTOR signaling pathway
pcad04152  AMPK signaling pathway
pcad04910  Insulin signaling pathway
KO pathway
ko04140   
LinkDB

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