KEGG   PATHWAY: ppam04932
Entry
ppam04932                   Pathway                                
Name
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease - Pteronotus mesoamericanus (Parnell's mustached bat)
Description
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) represents a spectrum ranging from simple steatosis to more severe steatohepatitis with hepatic inflammation and fibrosis, known as nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). NASH may further lead to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). This map shows a stage-dependent progression of NAFLD. In the first stage of NAFLD, excess lipid accumulation has been demonstrated. The main cause is the induction of insulin resistance, which leads to a defect in insulin suppression of free fatty acids (FAAs) disposal. In addition, two transcription factors, SREBP-1c and PPAR-alpha, activate key enzymes of lipogenesis and increase the synthesis of FAAs in liver. In the second stage, as a consequence of the progression to NASH, the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is enhanced due to oxidation stress through mitochondrial beta-oxidation of fatty acids and endoplamic reticulum (ER) stress, leading to lipid peroxidation. The lipid peroxidation can further cause the production of cytokines (Fas ligand, TNF-alpha, IL-8 and TGF), promoting cell death, inflammation and fibrosis. The activation of JNK, which is induced by ER stress, TNF-alpha and FAAs, is also associated with NAFLD progression. Increased JNK promotes cytokine production and initiation of HCC.
Class
Human Diseases; Endocrine and metabolic disease
Pathway map
ppam04932  Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
ppam04932

Organism
Pteronotus mesoamericanus (Parnell's mustached bat) [GN:ppam]
Gene
129063428  IL6; interleukin-6 [KO:K05405]
129062297  IL6R; interleukin-6 receptor subunit alpha [KO:K05055]
129086506  SOCS3; suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 [KO:K04696]
129066972  TNF; tumor necrosis factor [KO:K03156]
129071418  TNFRSF1A; tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 1A [KO:K03158]
129085322  NFKB1; nuclear factor NF-kappa-B p105 subunit isoform X1 [KO:K02580]
129068571  RELA; transcription factor p65 [KO:K04735]
129068502  INS; insulin [KO:K04526]
129064990  INSR; insulin receptor isoform X1 [KO:K04527] [EC:2.7.10.1]
129080305  IRS1; insulin receptor substrate 1 [KO:K16172]
129071212  IRS2; insulin receptor substrate 2 isoform X1 [KO:K07187]
129075675  PIK3CD; phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit delta isoform isoform X1 [KO:K00922] [EC:2.7.1.153]
129076577  PIK3CA; phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit alpha isoform [KO:K00922] [EC:2.7.1.153]
129088291  PIK3CB; phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit beta isoform [KO:K00922] [EC:2.7.1.153]
129074969  PIK3R2; phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase regulatory subunit beta [KO:K02649]
129069407  PIK3R3; phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase regulatory subunit gamma isoform X1 [KO:K02649]
129074590  PIK3R1; phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase regulatory subunit alpha isoform X1 [KO:K02649]
129076641  AKT2; RAC-beta serine/threonine-protein kinase [KO:K04456] [EC:2.7.11.1]
129066231  AKT1; RAC-alpha serine/threonine-protein kinase [KO:K04456] [EC:2.7.11.1]
129073033  AKT3; RAC-gamma serine/threonine-protein kinase [KO:K04456] [EC:2.7.11.1]
129075418  GSK3A; glycogen synthase kinase-3 alpha [KO:K08822] [EC:2.7.11.26]
129069640  GSK3B; glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta isoform X1 [KO:K03083] [EC:2.7.11.26]
129081432  NR1H3; oxysterols receptor LXR-alpha isoform X1 [KO:K08536]
129079171  RXRA; retinoic acid receptor RXR-alpha isoform X1 [KO:K08524]
129068750  SREBF1; sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1 isoform X1 [KO:K07197]
129083777  MLXIPL; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: carbohydrate-responsive element-binding protein [KO:K09113]
129087021  MLX; max-like protein X isoform X1 [KO:K09113]
129087455  MLXIP; MLX-interacting protein [KO:K09113]
129062152  PKLR; pyruvate kinase PKLR isoform X1 [KO:K12406] [EC:2.7.1.40]
129062865  LEP; leptin [KO:K05424]
129071159  LEPR; leptin receptor isoform X1 [KO:K05062]
129079867  ADIPOQ; adiponectin [KO:K07296]
129072922  ADIPOR1; adiponectin receptor protein 1 isoform X1 [KO:K07297]
129073523  ADIPOR2; adiponectin receptor protein 2 [KO:K07297]
129070681  PRKAA2; 5'-AMP-activated protein kinase catalytic subunit alpha-2 isoform X1 [KO:K07198] [EC:2.7.11.31]
129079006  PRKAA1; 5'-AMP-activated protein kinase catalytic subunit alpha-1 [KO:K07198] [EC:2.7.11.31]
129087246  PRKAB1; 5'-AMP-activated protein kinase subunit beta-1 isoform X1 [KO:K07199]
129084876  PRKAG1; 5'-AMP-activated protein kinase subunit gamma-1 isoform X1 [KO:K07200]
129086754  PRKAG2; 5'-AMP-activated protein kinase subunit gamma-2 isoform X1 [KO:K07200]
129080341  PRKAG3; 5'-AMP-activated protein kinase subunit gamma-3 isoform X1 [KO:K07200]
129068299  MAPK12; mitogen-activated protein kinase 12 [KO:K04441] [EC:2.7.11.24]
129068300  MAPK11; mitogen-activated protein kinase 11 [KO:K04441] [EC:2.7.11.24]
129067412  MAPK14; mitogen-activated protein kinase 14 isoform X1 [KO:K04441] [EC:2.7.11.24]
129067413  MAPK13; mitogen-activated protein kinase 13 [KO:K04441] [EC:2.7.11.24]
129077896  PPARA; peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha isoform X1 [KO:K07294]
129088213  PPARG; peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma isoform X1 [KO:K08530]
129069153  CDC42; cell division control protein 42 homolog isoform X1 [KO:K04393]
129078413  ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 1-like [KO:K04392]
129068140  RAC1; ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 1 isoform X1 [KO:K04392]
129068574  MAP3K11; mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 11 [KO:K04419] [EC:2.7.11.25]
129069687  MAPK8; mitogen-activated protein kinase 8 isoform X1 [KO:K04440] [EC:2.7.11.24]
129065007  MAPK9; mitogen-activated protein kinase 9 isoform X1 [KO:K04440] [EC:2.7.11.24]
129085376  MAPK10; mitogen-activated protein kinase 10 isoform X1 [KO:K04440] [EC:2.7.11.24]
129070759  ITCH; E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase Itchy homolog isoform X1 [KO:K05632] [EC:2.3.2.26]
129070208  ERN1; serine/threonine-protein kinase/endoribonuclease IRE1 isoform X1 [KO:K08852] [EC:2.7.11.1 3.1.26.-]
129079528  TRAF2; TNF receptor-associated factor 2 [KO:K03173] [EC:2.3.2.27]
129067800  MAP3K5; mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 5 [KO:K04426] [EC:2.7.11.25]
129065732  FOS; protein c-Fos [KO:K04379]
129070771  JUN; transcription factor Jun [KO:K04448]
129072125  IL1A; interleukin-1 alpha [KO:K04383]
129072126  IL1B; interleukin-1 beta [KO:K04519]
129064790  IKBKB; inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa-B kinase subunit beta isoform X1 [KO:K07209] [EC:2.7.11.10]
129087130  XBP1; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: X-box-binding protein 1 [KO:K09027]
129083167  CEBPA; CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein alpha [KO:K09055]
129079804  LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: cytochrome P450 2E1 [KO:K07415] [EC:1.14.14.-]
129081899  FASLG; tumor necrosis factor ligand superfamily member 6 [KO:K04389]
129083830  CXCL8; interleukin-8 [KO:K10030]
129076675  TGFB1; transforming growth factor beta-1 proprotein [KO:K13375]
129085559  EIF2AK3; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2-alpha kinase 3 [KO:K08860] [EC:2.7.11.1]
129065952  EIF2S1; eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 subunit 1 [KO:K03237]
129077836  ATF4; cyclic AMP-dependent transcription factor ATF-4 [KO:K04374]
129075812  DDIT3; DNA damage-inducible transcript 3 protein [KO:K04452]
129072137  BCL2L11; bcl-2-like protein 11 isoform X1 [KO:K16341]
129082924  BAX; apoptosis regulator BAX [KO:K02159]
129069755  FAS; tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 6 [KO:K04390]
129080711  CASP8; caspase-8 [KO:K04398] [EC:3.4.22.61]
129081160  BID; BH3-interacting domain death agonist [KO:K04726]
129082218  cytochrome c-like [KO:K08738]
129062822  cytochrome c [KO:K08738]
129083450  cytochrome c-like [KO:K08738]
129084433  cytochrome c-like [KO:K08738]
129064891  CASP3; caspase-3 isoform X1 [KO:K02187] [EC:3.4.22.56]
129077317  CASP7; caspase-7 [KO:K04397] [EC:3.4.22.60]
129068534  NDUFV1; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] flavoprotein 1, mitochondrial [KO:K03942] [EC:7.1.1.2]
129081681  NDUFV2; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] flavoprotein 2, mitochondrial [KO:K03943] [EC:7.1.1.2]
129074799  NDUFV3; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] flavoprotein 3, mitochondrial isoform X1 [KO:K03944]
129076111  NDUFA1; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 1 [KO:K03945]
129066622  NDUFA2; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 2 [KO:K03946]
129081580  NDUFA3; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 3 [KO:K03947]
129073794  NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 3-like [KO:K03947]
129075808  NDUFA4L2; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 4-like 2 [KO:K03948]
129062810  LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: cytochrome c oxidase subunit NDUFA4-like [KO:K03948]
129062895  cytochrome c oxidase subunit NDUFA4-like [KO:K03948]
129062966  NDUFA4; cytochrome c oxidase subunit NDUFA4 [KO:K03948]
129063510  NDUFA5; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 5 [KO:K03949]
129077877  NDUFA6; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 6 [KO:K03950]
129075999  NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 7-like [KO:K03951]
129078572  NDUFA7; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 7 [KO:K03951]
129079300  NDUFA8; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 8 [KO:K03952]
129074234  NDUFA9; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 9, mitochondrial [KO:K03953]
129068255  NDUFA10; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 10, mitochondrial isoform X1 [KO:K03954]
129076737  NDUFAB1; acyl carrier protein, mitochondrial [KO:K03955]
129061573  NDUFA11; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 11 [KO:K03956]
129071413  NDUFA12; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 12 [KO:K11352]
129075001  NDUFA13; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 13 [KO:K11353]
129065821  NDUFB1; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 beta subcomplex subunit 1 [KO:K03957]
129063444  NDUFB2; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 beta subcomplex subunit 2, mitochondrial [KO:K03958]
129062202  NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 beta subcomplex subunit 3-like [KO:K03959]
129080430  NDUFB3; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 beta subcomplex subunit 3 [KO:K03959]
129071855  NDUFB4; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 beta subcomplex subunit 4 [KO:K03960]
129080483  NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 beta subcomplex subunit 4-like [KO:K03960]
129076733  NDUFB5; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 beta subcomplex subunit 5, mitochondrial [KO:K03961]
129078219  NDUFB6; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 beta subcomplex subunit 6 [KO:K03962]
129073965  NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 beta subcomplex subunit 6-like [KO:K03962]
129061437  NDUFB7; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 beta subcomplex subunit 7 [KO:K03963]
129077119  NDUFB8; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 beta subcomplex subunit 8, mitochondrial [KO:K03964]
129084321  NDUFB9; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 beta subcomplex subunit 9 [KO:K03965]
129083592  NDUFB10; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 beta subcomplex subunit 10 [KO:K03966]
129063038  NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 beta subcomplex subunit 11, mitochondrial-like [KO:K11351]
129065242  NDUFB11; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 beta subcomplex subunit 11, mitochondrial [KO:K11351]
129080402  NDUFS1; NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase 75 kDa subunit, mitochondrial [KO:K03934] [EC:7.1.1.2]
129082090  NDUFS2; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] iron-sulfur protein 2, mitochondrial [KO:K03935] [EC:7.1.1.2]
129081425  NDUFS3; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] iron-sulfur protein 3, mitochondrial [KO:K03936] [EC:7.1.1.2]
129071966  NDUFS4; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] iron-sulfur protein 4, mitochondrial [KO:K03937]
129069068  NDUFS5; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] iron-sulfur protein 5 [KO:K03938]
129074405  NDUFS6; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] iron-sulfur protein 6, mitochondrial [KO:K03939]
129080072  NDUFS7; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] iron-sulfur protein 7, mitochondrial isoform X1 [KO:K03940] [EC:7.1.1.2]
129068340  NDUFS8; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] iron-sulfur protein 8, mitochondrial [KO:K03941] [EC:7.1.1.2]
129062244  NDUFC1; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 subunit C1, mitochondrial [KO:K03967]
129072781  NDUFC2; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 subunit C2 [KO:K03968]
129074559  SDHA; succinate dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] flavoprotein subunit, mitochondrial isoform X1 [KO:K00234] [EC:1.3.5.1]
129075622  SDHB; succinate dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] iron-sulfur subunit, mitochondrial [KO:K00235] [EC:1.3.5.1]
129082086  SDHC; succinate dehydrogenase cytochrome b560 subunit, mitochondrial [KO:K00236]
129085977  SDHD; succinate dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] cytochrome b small subunit, mitochondrial [KO:K00237]
129068180  cytochrome b-c1 complex subunit Rieske, mitochondrial [KO:K00411] [EC:7.1.1.8]
129084412  cytochrome c1, heme protein, mitochondrial [KO:K00413]
129087602  cytochrome b-c1 complex subunit 1, mitochondrial [KO:K00414]
129076751  cytochrome b-c1 complex subunit 2, mitochondrial [KO:K00415]
129078685  LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: cytochrome b-c1 complex subunit 2, mitochondrial-like [KO:K00415]
129069416  cytochrome b-c1 complex subunit 6, mitochondrial [KO:K00416]
129063220  cytochrome b-c1 complex subunit 7-like [KO:K00417]
129084220  cytochrome b-c1 complex subunit 7 [KO:K00417]
129066439  cytochrome b-c1 complex subunit 8 [KO:K00418]
129087380  cytochrome b-c1 complex subunit 9 [KO:K00419]
129081642  cytochrome b-c1 complex subunit 10 [KO:K00420]
129083132  cytochrome c oxidase subunit 4 isoform 1, mitochondrial [KO:K02263]
129070485  cytochrome c oxidase subunit 4 isoform 2, mitochondrial [KO:K02263]
129064218  cytochrome c oxidase subunit 5A, mitochondrial [KO:K02264]
129080578  cytochrome c oxidase subunit 5B, mitochondrial [KO:K02265]
129077999  cytochrome c oxidase subunit 6A2, mitochondrial [KO:K02266]
129087477  cytochrome c oxidase subunit 6A1, mitochondrial [KO:K02266]
129082512  cytochrome c oxidase subunit 6B2 [KO:K02267]
129069210  cytochrome c oxidase subunit 6B1-like [KO:K02267]
129083194  cytochrome c oxidase subunit 6B1 [KO:K02267]
129070176  cytochrome c oxidase subunit 6B1-like [KO:K02267]
129077881  cytochrome c oxidase subunit 6B1-like [KO:K02267]
129071519  cytochrome c oxidase subunit 6B1-like [KO:K02267]
129072246  cytochrome c oxidase subunit 6B1-like [KO:K02267]
129074723  LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: cytochrome c oxidase subunit 6B1-like [KO:K02267]
129084242  cytochrome c oxidase subunit 6C [KO:K02268]
129083211  cytochrome c oxidase subunit 7A1, mitochondrial isoform X1 [KO:K02270]
129065908  cytochrome c oxidase subunit 7A-related protein, mitochondrial [KO:K02270]
129067112  cytochrome c oxidase subunit 7A2, mitochondrial [KO:K02270]
129087868  cytochrome c oxidase subunit 7A1, mitochondrial [KO:K02270]
129077717  cytochrome c oxidase subunit 7B2, mitochondrial [KO:K02271]
129084869  LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: cytochrome c oxidase subunit 7B, mitochondrial-like [KO:K02271]
129065349  cytochrome c oxidase subunit 7B, mitochondrial [KO:K02271]
129086072  cytochrome c oxidase subunit 7B, mitochondrial-like [KO:K02271]
129074346  cytochrome c oxidase subunit 7B, mitochondrial-like [KO:K02271]
129088401  cytochrome c oxidase subunit 7C, mitochondrial-like [KO:K02272]
129074665  cytochrome c oxidase subunit 7C, mitochondrial [KO:K02272]
129068626  cytochrome c oxidase subunit 8A, mitochondrial [KO:K02273]
Compound
C00031  D-Glucose
C00162  Fatty acid
Reference
PMID:23545492
  Authors
Naik A, Kosir R, Rozman D
  Title
Genomic aspects of NAFLD pathogenesis.
  Journal
Genomics 102:84-95 (2013)
DOI:10.1016/j.ygeno.2013.03.007
Reference
PMID:19352614
  Authors
Malaguarnera M, Di Rosa M, Nicoletti F, Malaguarnera L
  Title
Molecular mechanisms involved in NAFLD progression.
  Journal
J Mol Med (Berl) 87:679-95 (2009)
DOI:10.1007/s00109-009-0464-1
Reference
PMID:22705006
  Authors
Seki E, Brenner DA, Karin M
  Title
A liver full of JNK: signaling in regulation of cell function and disease pathogenesis, and clinical approaches.
  Journal
Gastroenterology 143:307-20 (2012)
DOI:10.1053/j.gastro.2012.06.004
Reference
PMID:21038418
  Authors
Tilg H, Moschen AR
  Title
Evolution of inflammation in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: the multiple parallel hits hypothesis.
  Journal
Hepatology 52:1836-46 (2010)
DOI:10.1002/hep.24001
Reference
PMID:16364488
  Authors
Larter CZ, Farrell GC
  Title
Insulin resistance, adiponectin, cytokines in NASH: Which is the best target to treat?
  Journal
J Hepatol 44:253-61 (2006)
DOI:10.1016/j.jhep.2005.11.030
Reference
PMID:22570745
  Authors
Farrell GC, van Rooyen D, Gan L, Chitturi S
  Title
NASH is an Inflammatory Disorder: Pathogenic, Prognostic and Therapeutic Implications.
  Journal
Gut Liver 6:149-71 (2012)
DOI:10.5009/gnl.2012.6.2.149
Reference
PMID:20619513
  Authors
Shapiro H, Tehilla M, Attal-Singer J, Bruck R, Luzzatti R, Singer P
  Title
The therapeutic potential of long-chain omega-3 fatty acids in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease.
  Journal
Clin Nutr 30:6-19 (2011)
DOI:10.1016/j.clnu.2010.06.001
Reference
PMID:20303879
  Authors
Hotamisligil GS
  Title
Endoplasmic reticulum stress and the inflammatory basis of metabolic disease.
  Journal
Cell 140:900-17 (2010)
DOI:10.1016/j.cell.2010.02.034
Reference
PMID:17498512
  Authors
Parekh S, Anania FA
  Title
Abnormal lipid and glucose metabolism in obesity: implications for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease.
  Journal
Gastroenterology 132:2191-207 (2007)
DOI:10.1053/j.gastro.2007.03.055
Reference
PMID:16374858
  Authors
Schattenberg JM, Singh R, Wang Y, Lefkowitch JH, Rigoli RM, Scherer PE, Czaja MJ
  Title
JNK1 but not JNK2 promotes the development of steatohepatitis in mice.
  Journal
Hepatology 43:163-72 (2006)
DOI:10.1002/hep.20999
Reference
PMID:22940046
  Authors
Leung TM, Nieto N
  Title
CYP2E1 and oxidant stress in alcoholic and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.
  Journal
J Hepatol 58:395-8 (2013)
DOI:10.1016/j.jhep.2012.08.018
Reference
PMID:14685853
  Authors
Zafrani ES
  Title
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: an emerging pathological spectrum.
  Journal
Virchows Arch 444:3-12 (2004)
DOI:10.1007/s00428-003-0943-7
Reference
PMID:12891546
  Authors
Feldstein AE, Canbay A, Angulo P, Taniai M, Burgart LJ, Lindor KD, Gores GJ
  Title
Hepatocyte apoptosis and fas expression are prominent features of human nonalcoholic steatohepatitis.
  Journal
Gastroenterology 125:437-43 (2003)
DOI:10.1016/S0016-5085(03)00907-7
Reference
PMID:16406828
  Authors
Begriche K, Igoudjil A, Pessayre D, Fromenty B
  Title
Mitochondrial dysfunction in NASH: causes, consequences and possible means to prevent it.
  Journal
Mitochondrion 6:1-28 (2006)
DOI:10.1016/j.mito.2005.10.004
Reference
PMID:9285483
  Authors
Leonarduzzi G, Scavazza A, Biasi F, Chiarpotto E, Camandola S, Vogel S, Dargel R, Poli G
  Title
The lipid peroxidation end product 4-hydroxy-2,3-nonenal up-regulates transforming growth factor beta1 expression in the macrophage lineage: a link between oxidative injury and fibrosclerosis.
  Journal
FASEB J 11:851-7 (1997)
DOI:10.1096/fasebj.11.11.9285483
Reference
PMID:21145844
  Authors
Malhi H, Kaufman RJ
  Title
Endoplasmic reticulum stress in liver disease.
  Journal
J Hepatol 54:795-809 (2011)
DOI:10.1016/j.jhep.2010.11.005
Reference
PMID:18242193
  Authors
Mantena SK, King AL, Andringa KK, Eccleston HB, Bailey SM
  Title
Mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of alcohol- and obesity-induced fatty liver diseases.
  Journal
Free Radic Biol Med 44:1259-72 (2008)
DOI:10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2007.12.029
Reference
PMID:18061659
  Authors
Serviddio G, Sastre J, Bellanti F, Vina J, Vendemiale G, Altomare E
  Title
Mitochondrial involvement in non-alcoholic steatohepatitis.
  Journal
Mol Aspects Med 29:22-35 (2008)
DOI:10.1016/j.mam.2007.09.014
Reference
PMID:23299992
  Authors
Begriche K, Massart J, Robin MA, Bonnet F, Fromenty B
  Title
Mitochondrial adaptations and dysfunctions in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease.
  Journal
Hepatology 58:1497-507 (2013)
DOI:10.1002/hep.26226
Related
pathway
ppam00061  Fatty acid biosynthesis
ppam00190  Oxidative phosphorylation
ppam03320  PPAR signaling pathway
ppam04141  Protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum
ppam04151  PI3K-Akt signaling pathway
ppam04210  Apoptosis
ppam04668  TNF signaling pathway
ppam04920  Adipocytokine signaling pathway
ppam04930  Type II diabetes mellitus
KO pathway
ko04932   
LinkDB

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