Entry
Name
Cholinergic synapse - Rhinopithecus bieti (black snub-nosed monkey)
Description
Acetylcholine (ACh) is a neurotransmitter widely distributed in the central (and also peripheral, autonomic and enteric) nervous system (CNS). In the CNS, ACh facilitates many functions, such as learning, memory, attention and motor control. When released in the synaptic cleft, ACh binds to two distinct types of receptors: Ionotropic nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChR) and metabotropic muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAChRs). The activation of nAChR by ACh leads to the rapid influx of Na+ and Ca2+ and subsequent cellular depolarization. Activation of mAChRs is relatively slow (milliseconds to seconds) and, depending on the subtypes present (M1-M5), they directly alter cellular homeostasis of phospholipase C, inositol trisphosphate, cAMP, and free calcium. In the cleft, ACh may also be hydrolyzed by acetylcholinesterase (AChE) into choline and acetate. The choline derived from ACh hydrolysis is recovered by a presynaptic high-affinity choline transporter (CHT).
Class
Organismal Systems; Nervous system
BRITE hierarchy
Pathway map
Ortholog table
Other DBs
Organism
Rhinopithecus bieti (black snub-nosed monkey) [GN:
rbb ]
Gene
108525235 LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: vesicular acetylcholine transporter-like [KO:K14636 ]
108542641 GNAQ; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(q) subunit alpha isoform X1 [KO:K04634 ]
108512657 GNA11; guanine nucleotide-binding protein subunit alpha-11 [KO:K04635 ]
108526885 PLCB2; 1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase beta-2 isoform X1 [KO:K05858 ] [EC:3.1.4.11 ]
108527564 PLCB4; 1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase beta-4 isoform X1 [KO:K05858 ] [EC:3.1.4.11 ]
108528737 ITPR1; inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor type 1 isoform X1 [KO:K04958 ]
108523739 ITPR2; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor type 2 [KO:K04959 ]
108538141 KCNQ1; potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily KQT member 1 [KO:K04926 ]
108535299 KCNQ2; potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily KQT member 2 isoform X1 [KO:K04927 ]
108531620 KCNQ3; potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily KQT member 3 [KO:K04928 ]
108530392 KCNQ4; potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily KQT member 4 [KO:K04929 ]
108529208 KCNQ5; potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily KQT member 5 isoform X1 [KO:K04930 ]
108521437 KCNJ4; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: inward rectifier potassium channel 4 [KO:K04998 ]
108523120 KCNJ14; ATP-sensitive inward rectifier potassium channel 14 [KO:K05007 ]
108519632 GNAI3; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(k) subunit alpha [KO:K04630 ]
108534866 GNAI1; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(i) subunit alpha-1 [KO:K04630 ]
108526962 GNAI2; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(i) subunit alpha-2 isoform X1 [KO:K04630 ]
108536033 GNB1; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(T) subunit beta-1 [KO:K04536 ]
108538195 GNB2; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(T) subunit beta-2 [KO:K04537 ]
108542034 GNB3; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(T) subunit beta-3 isoform X1 [KO:K07825 ]
108532909 GNB4; guanine nucleotide-binding protein subunit beta-4 [KO:K04538 ]
108538179 GNB5; guanine nucleotide-binding protein subunit beta-5 [KO:K04539 ]
108513682 GNG2; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-2 isoform X1 [KO:K07826 ]
108533573 GNG3; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-3 [KO:K04540 ]
108522231 GNG4; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-4 [KO:K04541 ]
108515100 guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-5 [KO:K04542 ]
108527696 GNG5; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-5 [KO:K04542 ]
108531452 GNG7; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-7 [KO:K04543 ]
108531050 GNG8; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-8 [KO:K04544 ]
108521438 guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-10 [KO:K04545 ]
108517188 guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-11 [KO:K04546 ]
108532869 GNG12; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-12 [KO:K04347 ]
108519469 GNG13; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-13 [KO:K04547 ]
108517177 guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(T) subunit gamma-T1-like [KO:K04548 ]
108516491 GNGT2; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-T2 [KO:K04549 ]
108516224 KCNJ3; G protein-activated inward rectifier potassium channel 1 isoform X1 [KO:K04997 ]
108543818 KCNJ6; G protein-activated inward rectifier potassium channel 2 [KO:K05000 ]
108540484 PIK3CG; phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit gamma isoform [KO:K21289 ] [EC:2.7.1.153 ]
108513498 PIK3R5; phosphoinositide 3-kinase regulatory subunit 5 isoform X1 [KO:K21290 ]
108513507 PIK3R6; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: phosphoinositide 3-kinase regulatory subunit 6 [KO:K21290 ]
108531792 CHRNA7; neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-7 [KO:K04809 ]
108526637 CHRNB2; neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-2 isoform X1 [KO:K04813 ]
108537978 CHRNA3; neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-3 isoform X1 [KO:K04805 ]
108537980 CHRNB4; neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-4 [KO:K04815 ]
108513373 CHRNA6; neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-6 [KO:K04808 ]
108540349 CREB1; cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 1 isoform X1 [KO:K05870 ]
108520463 ATF4; cyclic AMP-dependent transcription factor ATF-4 [KO:K04374 ]
108519245 CREB3L1; cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 3-like protein 1 [KO:K09048 ]
108518996 CREB3; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 3 [KO:K09048 ]
108542557 CREB3L2; cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 3-like protein 2 [KO:K09048 ]
108512141 CREB3L3; cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 3-like protein 3 isoform X1 [KO:K09048 ]
108518846 CREB3L4; cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 3-like protein 4 [KO:K09048 ]
108535460 CREB5; cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 5 isoform X1 [KO:K09047 ]
108532044 CAMK2A; calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase type II subunit alpha isoform X1 [KO:K04515 ] [EC:2.7.11.17 ]
108544005 LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase type II subunit beta-like [KO:K04515 ] [EC:2.7.11.17 ]
108516884 CAMK2G; calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase type II subunit gamma isoform X1 [KO:K04515 ] [EC:2.7.11.17 ]
108512486 CAMK2D; calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase type II subunit delta isoform X1 [KO:K04515 ] [EC:2.7.11.17 ]
108544591 PIK3CB; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit beta isoform [KO:K00922 ] [EC:2.7.1.153 ]
108532960 PIK3CA; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit alpha isoform [KO:K00922 ] [EC:2.7.1.153 ]
108539355 PIK3CD; phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit delta isoform isoform X1 [KO:K00922 ] [EC:2.7.1.153 ]
108535636 PIK3R3; phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase regulatory subunit gamma isoform X1 [KO:K02649 ]
108534276 PIK3R2; phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase regulatory subunit beta [KO:K02649 ]
108541175 PIK3R1; phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase regulatory subunit alpha isoform X1 [KO:K02649 ]
108544091 CACNA1A; voltage-dependent P/Q-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1A [KO:K04344 ]
108542921 CACNA1B; voltage-dependent N-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1B isoform X1 [KO:K04849 ]
108522695 CACNA1C; voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1C isoform X1 [KO:K04850 ]
108515198 CACNA1D; voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1D isoform X1 [KO:K04851 ]
108521361 voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1F isoform X1 [KO:K04853 ]
108545075 CACNA1S; voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1S isoform X1 [KO:K04857 ]
Compound
C01245 D-myo-Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate
C04637 1-Phosphatidyl-D-myo-inositol 4,5-bisphosphate
Reference
Authors
Nestler EJ, Hyman SE, Malenka RC.
Title
Molecular neuropharmacology: A foundation for clinical neuroscience
Journal
The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. (2001)
Reference
Authors
Nicholls JG, Martin AR, Wallace BG, Fuchs PA.
Title
From neuron to brain, 4th ed.
Journal
Sunderland, MA: Sinauer associates (2001)
Reference
Authors
Dajas-Bailador F, Wonnacott S
Title
Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors and the regulation of neuronal signalling.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Resende RR, Adhikari A
Title
Cholinergic receptor pathways involved in apoptosis, cell proliferation and neuronal differentiation.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Origlia N, Kuczewski N, Pesavento E, Aztiria E, Domenici L
Title
The role of cholinergic system in neuronal plasticity: focus on visual cortex and muscarinic receptors.
Journal
Arch Ital Biol 146:165-88 (2008)
Reference
Authors
Oldenburg IA, Ding JB
Title
Cholinergic modulation of synaptic integration and dendritic excitability in the striatum.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Lanzafame AA, Christopoulos A, Mitchelson F
Title
Cellular signaling mechanisms for muscarinic acetylcholine receptors.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Brown DA
Title
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAChRs) in the nervous system: some functions and mechanisms.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Chang KT, Berg DK
Title
Voltage-gated channels block nicotinic regulation of CREB phosphorylation and gene expression in neurons.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Soreq H, Seidman S
Title
Acetylcholinesterase--new roles for an old actor.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Sharma G, Vijayaraghavan S
Title
Nicotinic receptor signaling in nonexcitable cells.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Araque A, Martin ED, Perea G, Arellano JI, Buno W
Title
Synaptically released acetylcholine evokes Ca2+ elevations in astrocytes in hippocampal slices.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Lucas-Meunier E, Fossier P, Baux G, Amar M
Title
Cholinergic modulation of the cortical neuronal network.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Abreu-Villaca Y, Filgueiras CC, Manhaes AC
Title
Developmental aspects of the cholinergic system.
Journal
Related pathway
KO pathway
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