Entry
Name
Two-component system
Description
Two-component signal transduction systems enable bacteria to sense, respond, and adapt to changes in their environment or in their intracellular state. Each two-component system consists of a sensor protein-histidine kinase (HK) and a response regulator (RR). In the prototypical two-component pathway, the sensor HK phosphorylates its own conserved His residue in response to a signal(s) in the environment. Subsequently, the phosphoryl group of HK is transferred onto a specific Asp residue on the RR. The activated RR can then effect changes in cellular physiology, often by regulating gene expression. Two-component pathways thus often enable cells to sense and respond to stimuli by inducing changes in transcription.
Class
Environmental Information Processing; Signal transduction
BRITE hierarchy
Pathway map
Ortholog table
Module
Other DBs
Reference
Authors
Yamamoto K, Hirao K, Oshima T, Aiba H, Utsumi R, Ishihama A.
Title
Functional characterization in vitro of all two-component signal transduction systems from Escherichia coli.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Abdel-Fattah WR, Chen Y, Eldakak A, Hulett FM.
Title
Bacillus subtilis phosphorylated PhoP: direct activation of the E(sigma)A- and repression of the E(sigma)E-responsive phoB-PS+V promoters during pho response.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Navarre WW, Halsey TA, Walthers D, Frye J, McClelland M, Potter JL, Kenney LJ, Gunn JS, Fang FC, Libby SJ.
Title
Co-regulation of Salmonella enterica genes required for virulence and resistance to antimicrobial peptides by SlyA and PhoP/PhoQ.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Cai SJ, Inouye M.
Title
EnvZ-OmpR interaction and osmoregulation in Escherichia coli.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Batchelor E, Walthers D, Kenney LJ, Goulian M.
Title
The Escherichia coli CpxA-CpxR envelope stress response system regulates expression of the porins ompF and ompC.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Nagakubo S, Nishino K, Hirata T, Yamaguchi A.
Title
The putative response regulator BaeR stimulates multidrug resistance of Escherichia coli via a novel multidrug exporter system, MdtABC.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Hagiwara D, Yamashino T, Mizuno T.
Title
A Genome-wide view of the Escherichia coli BasS-BasR two-component system implicated in iron-responses.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Munson GP, Lam DL, Outten FW, O'Halloran TV.
Title
Identification of a copper-responsive two-component system on the chromosome of Escherichia coli K-12.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Sperandio V, Torres AG, Kaper JB.
Title
Quorum sensing Escherichia coli regulators B and C (QseBC): a novel two-component regulatory system involved in the regulation of flagella and motility by quorum sensing in E. coli.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Epstein W.
Title
The roles and regulation of potassium in bacteria.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Ansaldi M, Simon G, Lepelletier M, Mejean V.
Title
The TorR high-affinity binding site plays a key role in both torR autoregulation and torCAD operon expression in Escherichia coli.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Malpica R, Franco B, Rodriguez C, Kwon O, Georgellis D.
Title
Identification of a quinone-sensitive redox switch in the ArcB sensor kinase.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Widenhorn KA, Somers JM, Kay WW.
Title
Genetic regulation of the tricarboxylate transport operon (tctI) of Salmonella typhimurium.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Hyyrylainen HL, Bolhuis A, Darmon E, Muukkonen L, Koski P, Vitikainen M, Sarvas M, Pragai Z, Bron S, van Dijl JM, Kontinen VP.
Title
A novel two-component regulatory system in Bacillus subtilis for the survival of severe secretion stress.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Zhang X, Hulett FM.
Title
ResD signal transduction regulator of aerobic respiration in Bacillus subtilis: ctaA promoter regulation.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Senadheera MD, Guggenheim B, Spatafora GA, Huang YC, Choi J, Hung DC, Treglown JS, Goodman SD, Ellen RP, Cvitkovitch DG.
Title
A VicRK signal transduction system in Streptococcus mutans affects gtfBCD, gbpB, and ftf expression, biofilm formation, and genetic competence development.
Journal
Reference
Authors
He H, Zahrt TC.
Title
Identification and characterization of a regulatory sequence recognized by Mycobacterium tuberculosis persistence regulator MprA.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Hutchings MI
Title
Unusual two-component signal transduction pathways in the actinobacteria.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Kramer R
Title
Osmosensing and osmosignaling in Corynebacterium glutamicum.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Eraso JM, Kaplan S.
Title
Oxygen-insensitive synthesis of the photosynthetic membranes of Rhodobacter sphaeroides: a mutant histidine kinase.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Haydel SE, Dunlap NE, Benjamin WH Jr.
Title
In vitro evidence of two-component system phosphorylation between the Mycobacterium tuberculosis TrcR/TrcS proteins.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Quisel JD, Burkholder WF, Grossman AD.
Title
In vivo effects of sporulation kinases on mutant Spo0A proteins in Bacillus subtilis.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Kaspar S, Bott M.
Title
The sensor kinase CitA (DpiB) of Escherichia coli functions as a high-affinity citrate receptor.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Janausch IG, Garcia-Moreno I, Unden G.
Title
Function of DcuS from Escherichia coli as a fumarate-stimulated histidine protein kinase in vitro.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Brunskill EW, Bayles KW.
Title
Identification and molecular characterization of a putative regulatory locus that affects autolysis in Staphylococcus aureus.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Fujimoto DF, Brunskill EW, Bayles KW.
Title
Analysis of genetic elements controlling Staphylococcus aureus lrgAB expression: potential role of DNA topology in SarA regulation.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Dufour P, Jarraud S, Vandenesch F, Greenland T, Novick RP, Bes M, Etienne J, Lina G.
Title
High genetic variability of the agr locus in Staphylococcus species.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Rabin RS, Stewart V.
Title
Dual response regulators (NarL and NarP) interact with dual sensors (NarX and NarQ) to control nitrate- and nitrite-regulated gene expression in Escherichia coli K-12.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Chiang RC, Cavicchioli R, Gunsalus RP.
Title
'Locked-on' and 'locked-off' signal transduction mutations in the periplasmic domain of the Escherichia coli NarQ and NarX sensors affect nitrate- and nitrite-dependent regulation by NarL and NarP.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Verhamme DT, Postma PW, Crielaard W, Hellingwerf KJ.
Title
Cooperativity in signal transfer through the Uhp system of Escherichia coli.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Hagiwara D, Sugiura M, Oshima T, Mori H, Aiba H, Yamashino T, Mizuno T.
Title
Genome-wide analyses revealing a signaling network of the RcsC-YojN-RcsB phosphorelay system in Escherichia coli.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Hirakawa H, Nishino K, Yamada J, Hirata T, Yamaguchi A.
Title
Beta-lactam resistance modulated by the overexpression of response regulators of two-component signal transduction systems in Escherichia coli.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Suzuki K, Wang X, Weilbacher T, Pernestig AK, Melefors O, Georgellis D, Babitzke P, Romeo T.
Title
Regulatory circuitry of the CsrA/CsrB and BarA/UvrY systems of Escherichia coli.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Kato A, Ohnishi H, Yamamoto K, Furuta E, Tanabe H, Utsumi R.
Title
Transcription of emrKY is regulated by the EvgA-EvgS two-component system in Escherichia coli K-12.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Ansaldi M, Dubnau D.
Title
Diversifying selection at the Bacillus quorum-sensing locus and determinants of modification specificity during synthesis of the ComX pheromone.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Gabdrakhmanova L, Vishniakov I, Sharipova M, Balaban N, Kostrov S, Leshchinskaya I.
Title
Salt stress induction of glutamyl endopeptidase biosynthesis in Bacillus intermedius.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Aguilar PS, Hernandez-Arriaga AM, Cybulski LE, Erazo AC, de Mendoza D.
Title
Molecular basis of thermosensing: a two-component signal transduction thermometer in Bacillus subtilis.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Kuroda M, Kuroda H, Oshima T, Takeuchi F, Mori H, Hiramatsu K.
Title
Two-component system VraSR positively modulates the regulation of cell-wall biosynthesis pathway in Staphylococcus aureus.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Saini DK, Malhotra V, Dey D, Pant N, Das TK, Tyagi JS.
Title
DevR-DevS is a bona fide two-component system of Mycobacterium tuberculosis that is hypoxia-responsive in the absence of the DNA-binding domain of DevR.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Fedtke I, Kamps A, Krismer B, Gotz F.
Title
The nitrate reductase and nitrite reductase operons and the narT gene of Staphylococcus carnosus are positively controlled by the novel two-component system NreBC.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Shiau SP, Chen P, Reitzer LJ.
Title
Effects of insertions and deletions in glnG (ntrC) of Escherichia coli on nitrogen regulator I-dependent DNA binding and transcriptional activation.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Leonhartsberger S, Huber A, Lottspeich F, Bock A.
Title
The hydH/G Genes from Escherichia coli code for a zinc and lead responsive two-component regulatory system.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Lioliou EE, Kyriakidis DA.
Title
The role of bacterial antizyme: From an inhibitory protein to AtoC transcriptional regulator.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Yamamoto K, Ishihama A
Title
Transcriptional response of Escherichia coli to external copper.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Ashby MK, Mullineaux CW
Title
Cyanobacterial ycf27 gene products regulate energy transfer from phycobilisomes to photosystems I and II.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Lopez-Maury L, Garcia-Dominguez M, Florencio FJ, Reyes JC
Title
A two-component signal transduction system involved in nickel sensing in the cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Glover RT, Kriakov J, Garforth SJ, Baughn AD, Jacobs WR Jr
Title
The two-component regulatory system senX3-regX3 regulates phosphate-dependent gene expression in Mycobacterium smegmatis.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Hsiao HY, He Q, Van Waasbergen LG, Grossman AR
Title
Control of photosynthetic and high-light-responsive genes by the histidine kinase DspA: negative and positive regulation and interactions between signal transduction pathways.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Mutsuda M, Michel KP, Zhang X, Montgomery BL, Golden SS
Title
Biochemical properties of CikA, an unusual phytochrome-like histidine protein kinase that resets the circadian clock in Synechococcus elongatus PCC 7942.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Yeh KC, Wu SH, Murphy JT, Lagarias JC
Title
A cyanobacterial phytochrome two-component light sensory system.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Niu S, Jiang SQ, Hong J
Title
Salmonella typhimurium pgtB mutants conferring constitutive expression of phosphoglycerate transporter pgtP independent of pgtC.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Takai N, Nakajima M, Oyama T, Kito R, Sugita C, Sugita M, Kondo T, Iwasaki H
Title
A KaiC-associating SasA-RpaA two-component regulatory system as a major circadian timing mediator in cyanobacteria.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Janausch IG, Zientz E, Tran QH, Kroger A, Unden G
Title
C4-dicarboxylate carriers and sensors in bacteria.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Zhou YF, Nan B, Nan J, Ma Q, Panjikar S, Liang YH, Wang Y, Su XD
Title
C4-dicarboxylates sensing mechanism revealed by the crystal structures of DctB sensor domain.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Novick RP, Jiang D
Title
The staphylococcal saeRS system coordinates environmental signals with agr quorum sensing.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Leech AJ, Sprinkle A, Wood L, Wozniak DJ, Ohman DE
Title
The NtrC family regulator AlgB, which controls alginate biosynthesis in mucoid Pseudomonas aeruginosa, binds directly to the algD promoter.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Paul R, Jaeger T, Abel S, Wiederkehr I, Folcher M, Biondi EG, Laub MT, Jenal U
Title
Allosteric regulation of histidine kinases by their cognate response regulator determines cell fate.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Whitchurch CB, Leech AJ, Young MD, Kennedy D, Sargent JL, Bertrand JJ, Semmler AB, Mellick AS, Martin PR, Alm RA, Hobbs M, Beatson SA, Huang B, Nguyen L, Commolli JC, Engel JN, Darzins A, Mattick JS.
Title
Characterization of a complex chemosensory signal transduction system which controls twitching motility in Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Yoshihara S, Ikeuchi M.
Title
Phototactic motility in the unicellular cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Ogawa T, Bao DH, Katoh H, Shibata M, Pakrasi HB, Bhattacharyya-Pakrasi M
Title
A two-component signal transduction pathway regulates manganese homeostasis in Synechocystis 6803, a photosynthetic organism.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Yamaguchi K, Suzuki I, Yamamoto H, Lyukevich A, Bodrova I, Los DA, Piven I, Zinchenko V, Kanehisa M, Murata N
Title
A two-component Mn2+-sensing system negatively regulates expression of the mntCAB operon in Synechocystis.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Mascher T, Zimmer SL, Smith TA, Helmann JD
Title
Antibiotic-inducible promoter regulated by the cell envelope stress-sensing two-component system LiaRS of Bacillus subtilis.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Hyyrylainen HL, Sarvas M, Kontinen VP
Title
Transcriptome analysis of the secretion stress response of Bacillus subtilis.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Serizawa M, Sekiguchi J
Title
The Bacillus subtilis YdfHI two-component system regulates the transcription of ydfJ, a member of the RND superfamily.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Ohki R, Giyanto, Tateno K, Masuyama W, Moriya S, Kobayashi K, Ogasawara N
Title
The BceRS two-component regulatory system induces expression of the bacitracin transporter, BceAB, in Bacillus subtilis.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Ogura M, Tsukahara K, Hayashi K, Tanaka T
Title
The Bacillus subtilis NatK-NatR two-component system regulates expression of the natAB operon encoding an ABC transporter for sodium ion extrusion.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Yamamoto H, Murata M, Sekiguchi J
Title
The CitST two-component system regulates the expression of the Mg-citrate transporter in Bacillus subtilis.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Satomura T, Shimura D, Asai K, Sadaie Y, Hirooka K, Fujita Y
Title
Enhancement of glutamine utilization in Bacillus subtilis through the GlnK-GlnL two-component regulatory system.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Doan T, Servant P, Tojo S, Yamaguchi H, Lerondel G, Yoshida K, Fujita Y, Aymerich S
Title
The Bacillus subtilis ywkA gene encodes a malic enzyme and its transcription is activated by the YufL/YufM two-component system in response to malate.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Tanaka K, Kobayashi K, Ogasawara N
Title
The Bacillus subtilis YufLM two-component system regulates the expression of the malate transporters MaeN (YufR) and YflS, and is essential for utilization of malate in minimal medium.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Asai K, Baik SH, Kasahara Y, Moriya S, Ogasawara N
Title
Regulation of the transport system for C4-dicarboxylic acids in Bacillus subtilis.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Hamblin MJ, Shaw JG, Kelly DJ
Title
Sequence analysis and interposon mutagenesis of a sensor-kinase (DctS) and response-regulator (DctR) controlling synthesis of the high-affinity C4-dicarboxylate transport system in Rhodobacter capsulatus.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Forward JA, Behrendt MC, Wyborn NR, Cross R, Kelly DJ
Title
TRAP transporters: a new family of periplasmic solute transport systems encoded by the dctPQM genes of Rhodobacter capsulatus and by homologs in diverse gram-negative bacteria.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Martin B, Quentin Y, Fichant G, Claverys JP
Title
Independent evolution of competence regulatory cascades in streptococci?
Journal
Reference
Authors
Hensel M, Hinsley AP, Nikolaus T, Sawers G, Berks BC
Title
The genetic basis of tetrathionate respiration in Salmonella typhimurium.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Guvener ZT, Harwood CS
Title
Subcellular location characteristics of the Pseudomonas aeruginosa GGDEF protein, WspR, indicate that it produces cyclic-di-GMP in response to growth on surfaces.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Bantinaki E, Kassen R, Knight CG, Robinson Z, Spiers AJ, Rainey PB
Title
Adaptive divergence in experimental populations of Pseudomonas fluorescens. III. Mutational origins of wrinkly spreader diversity.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Jiang M, Shao W, Perego M, Hoch JA
Title
Multiple histidine kinases regulate entry into stationary phase and sporulation in Bacillus subtilis.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Jenal U
Title
The role of proteolysis in the Caulobacter crescentus cell cycle and development.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Jenal U, Galperin MY
Title
Single domain response regulators: molecular switches with emerging roles in cell organization and dynamics.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Drepper T, Wiethaus J, Giaourakis D, Gross S, Schubert B, Vogt M, Wiencek Y, McEwan AG, Masepohl B
Title
Cross-talk towards the response regulator NtrC controlling nitrogen metabolism in Rhodobacter capsulatus.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Pawlowski K, Klosse U, de Bruijn FJ
Title
Characterization of a novel Azorhizobium caulinodans ORS571 two-component regulatory system, NtrY/NtrX, involved in nitrogen fixation and metabolism.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Chatterjee S, Almeida RP, Lindow S
Title
Living in two worlds: the plant and insect lifestyles of Xylella fastidiosa.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Dow M
Title
Diversification of the function of cell-to-cell signaling in regulation of virulence within plant pathogenic xanthomonads.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Colnaghi Simionato AV, da Silva DS, Lambais MR, Carrilho E
Title
Characterization of a putative Xylella fastidiosa diffusible signal factor by HRGC-EI-MS.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Miller LD, Russell MH, Alexandre G
Title
Diversity in bacterial chemotactic responses and niche adaptation.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Eder S, Shi L, Jensen K, Yamane K, Hulett FM
Title
A Bacillus subtilis secreted phosphodiesterase/alkaline phosphatase is the product of a Pho regulon gene, phoD.
Journal
Related pathway
KO pathway
LinkDB
All DBs