KEGG   PATHWAY: acir02024
Entry
acir02024                   Pathway                                
Name
Quorum sensing - Actinomadura citrea
Description
Quorum sensing (QS) is a regulatory system that allows bacteria to share information about cell density and adjust gene expression accordingly. All QS bacteria produce and release chemical signal molecules called autoinducers (AIs) that increase in concentration as a function of cell density. The most commonly studied AIs belong to one of the following three categories: acylated homoserine lactones, also referred to as AI-1, used by Gram-negative bacteria; peptide signals, used by Gram-positive bacteria; and AI-2, used by both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. QS can be divided into at least 4 steps: production of AIs by the bacterial cell; release of AIs, either actively or passively, into the surrounding environment; recognition of AIs by specific receptors; and leading to changes in gene regulation once they exceed a threshold concentration. The processes controlled by QS include virulence, competence, conjugation, antibiotic production, motility, sporulation, and biofilm formation.
Class
Cellular Processes; Cellular community - prokaryotes
Pathway map
acir02024  Quorum sensing
acir02024

Other DBs
GO: 0009372
Organism
Actinomadura citrea [GN:acir]
Gene
OG979_00040  3-deoxy-7-phosphoheptulonate synthase class II [KO:K01626] [EC:2.5.1.54]
OG979_36105  response regulator [KO:K07667]
OG979_00660  response regulator [KO:K07667]
OG979_07775  glutamate decarboxylase [KO:K01580] [EC:4.1.1.15]
OG979_33995  extracellular solute-binding protein [KO:K02055]
OG979_04675  ABC transporter substrate-binding protein [KO:K02055]
OG979_06545  ABC transporter substrate-binding protein [KO:K02055]
OG979_13930  extracellular solute-binding protein [KO:K02055]
OG979_26200  extracellular solute-binding protein [KO:K02055]
OG979_34010  ABC transporter permease subunit [KO:K02053]
OG979_04665  ABC transporter permease [KO:K02053]
OG979_13945  ABC transporter permease [KO:K02053]
OG979_34005  ABC transporter permease subunit [KO:K02054]
OG979_04670  ABC transporter permease [KO:K02054]
OG979_34000  ABC transporter ATP-binding protein [KO:K02052]
OG979_04680  ABC transporter ATP-binding protein [KO:K02052]
OG979_13935  ABC transporter ATP-binding protein [KO:K02052]
OG979_29920  ABC transporter substrate-binding protein [KO:K01999]
OG979_35450  ABC transporter substrate-binding protein [KO:K01999]
OG979_35875  ABC transporter substrate-binding protein [KO:K01999]
OG979_37025  ABC transporter substrate-binding protein [KO:K01999]
OG979_39925  branched-chain amino acid ABC transporter substrate-binding protein [KO:K01999]
OG979_41095  ABC transporter substrate-binding protein [KO:K01999]
OG979_01575  ABC transporter substrate-binding protein [KO:K01999]
OG979_03500  branched-chain amino acid ABC transporter substrate-binding protein [KO:K01999]
OG979_29925  branched-chain amino acid ABC transporter permease [KO:K01997]
OG979_35445  branched-chain amino acid ABC transporter permease [KO:K01997]
OG979_35880  branched-chain amino acid ABC transporter permease [KO:K01997]
OG979_37030  branched-chain amino acid ABC transporter permease [KO:K01997]
OG979_39930  branched-chain amino acid ABC transporter permease [KO:K01997]
OG979_41105  branched-chain amino acid ABC transporter permease [KO:K01997]
OG979_01570  branched-chain amino acid ABC transporter permease [KO:K01997]
OG979_03495  branched-chain amino acid ABC transporter permease [KO:K01997]
OG979_05250  branched-chain amino acid ABC transporter permease [KO:K01997]
OG979_26600  ABC transporter permease [KO:K01997 K01998]
OG979_29930  branched-chain amino acid ABC transporter permease [KO:K01998]
OG979_35440  branched-chain amino acid ABC transporter permease [KO:K01998]
OG979_35885  branched-chain amino acid ABC transporter ATP-binding protein/permease [KO:K01995 K01998]
OG979_37035  branched-chain amino acid ABC transporter permease [KO:K01998]
OG979_39935  branched-chain amino acid ABC transporter ATP-binding protein/permease [KO:K01995 K01998]
OG979_41100  branched-chain amino acid ABC transporter permease [KO:K01998]
OG979_01565  branched-chain amino acid ABC transporter ATP-binding protein/permease [KO:K01995 K01998]
OG979_03490  branched-chain amino acid ABC transporter permease [KO:K01998]
OG979_05255  branched-chain amino acid ABC transporter permease [KO:K01998]
OG979_29910  ABC transporter ATP-binding protein [KO:K01995]
OG979_35435  ABC transporter ATP-binding protein [KO:K01995]
OG979_37040  ABC transporter ATP-binding protein [KO:K01995]
OG979_40200  ATP-binding cassette domain-containing protein [KO:K01995]
OG979_41115  ABC transporter ATP-binding protein [KO:K01995]
OG979_03485  ABC transporter ATP-binding protein [KO:K01995]
OG979_05245  ABC transporter ATP-binding protein [KO:K01995]
OG979_26605  ABC transporter ATP-binding protein [KO:K01995]
OG979_29915  ABC transporter ATP-binding protein [KO:K01996]
OG979_35430  ABC transporter ATP-binding protein [KO:K01996]
OG979_35890  ABC transporter ATP-binding protein [KO:K01996]
OG979_37045  ABC transporter ATP-binding protein [KO:K01996]
OG979_39940  ABC transporter ATP-binding protein [KO:K01996]
OG979_41110  ABC transporter ATP-binding protein [KO:K01996]
OG979_01560  ABC transporter ATP-binding protein [KO:K01996]
OG979_03480  ABC transporter ATP-binding protein [KO:K01996]
OG979_05240  ABC transporter ATP-binding protein [KO:K01996]
OG979_26610  ABC transporter ATP-binding protein [KO:K01996]
OG979_30590  AMP-binding protein [KO:K01897] [EC:6.2.1.3]
OG979_35425  AMP-binding protein [KO:K01897] [EC:6.2.1.3]
OG979_02695  AMP-binding protein [KO:K01897] [EC:6.2.1.3]
OG979_04595  long-chain fatty acid--CoA ligase [KO:K01897] [EC:6.2.1.3]
OG979_24565  acyl-CoA synthetase [KO:K01897] [EC:6.2.1.3]
OG979_27340  AMP-binding protein [KO:K01897] [EC:6.2.1.3]
OG979_29320  long-chain fatty acid--CoA ligase [KO:K01897] [EC:6.2.1.3]
OG979_34045  Crp/Fnr family transcriptional regulator [KO:K10914]
OG979_36835  Crp/Fnr family transcriptional regulator [KO:K10914]
OG979_37900  Crp/Fnr family transcriptional regulator [KO:K10914]
OG979_10205  Crp/Fnr family transcriptional regulator [KO:K10914]
OG979_19285  Crp/Fnr family transcriptional regulator [KO:K10914]
OG979_18850  class I SAM-dependent methyltransferase [KO:K20331] [EC:2.1.1.349]
OG979_30895  ribA; GTP cyclohydrolase II [KO:K01497] [EC:3.5.4.25]
OG979_31965  dCMP deaminase [KO:K11752] [EC:3.5.4.26 1.1.1.193]
OG979_33420  ABC transporter substrate-binding protein [KO:K15580]
OG979_42090  ABC transporter substrate-binding protein [KO:K15580]
OG979_42085  ABC transporter permease [KO:K15581]
OG979_42080  ABC transporter permease [KO:K15582]
OG979_40375  ABC transporter ATP-binding protein [KO:K15583]
OG979_42075  ABC transporter ATP-binding protein [KO:K15583]
OG979_17250  ABC transporter ATP-binding protein [KO:K15583]
OG979_40380  ATP-binding cassette domain-containing protein [KO:K10823]
OG979_42070  dipeptide ABC transporter ATP-binding protein [KO:K10823]
OG979_17245  ATP-binding cassette domain-containing protein [KO:K10823]
OG979_31270  ABC transporter substrate-binding protein [KO:K02035]
OG979_35575  ABC transporter substrate-binding protein [KO:K02035]
OG979_37685  ABC transporter substrate-binding protein [KO:K02035]
OG979_40355  ABC transporter substrate-binding protein [KO:K02035]
OG979_40470  ABC transporter substrate-binding protein [KO:K02035]
OG979_40480  ABC transporter substrate-binding protein [KO:K02035]
OG979_01065  ABC transporter substrate-binding protein [KO:K02035]
OG979_02795  ABC transporter substrate-binding protein [KO:K02035]
OG979_10285  ABC transporter substrate-binding protein [KO:K02035]
OG979_17265  ABC transporter substrate-binding protein [KO:K02035]
OG979_18490  ABC transporter substrate-binding protein [KO:K02035]
OG979_28525  ABC transporter substrate-binding protein [KO:K02035]
OG979_31265  ABC transporter permease [KO:K02033]
OG979_35580  ABC transporter permease [KO:K02033]
OG979_37650  ABC transporter permease [KO:K02033]
OG979_37690  ABC transporter permease [KO:K02033]
OG979_40365  ABC transporter permease [KO:K02033]
OG979_01070  ABC transporter permease [KO:K02033]
OG979_02790  ABC transporter permease [KO:K02033]
OG979_10290  ABC transporter permease [KO:K02033]
OG979_28515  ABC transporter permease [KO:K02033]
OG979_31260  dipeptide/oligopeptide/nickel ABC transporter permease/ATP-binding protein [KO:K02031 K02034]
OG979_35585  ABC transporter permease [KO:K02034]
OG979_37645  ABC transporter permease [KO:K02034]
OG979_37680  ABC transporter permease [KO:K02034]
OG979_40370  ABC transporter permease [KO:K02034]
OG979_01075  dipeptide/oligopeptide/nickel ABC transporter permease/ATP-binding protein [KO:K02031 K02034]
OG979_02785  ABC transporter permease [KO:K02034]
OG979_10295  ABC transporter permease [KO:K02034]
OG979_17255  ABC transporter permease [KO:K02034]
OG979_28520  ABC transporter permease [KO:K02034]
OG979_35590  ABC transporter ATP-binding protein [KO:K02031]
OG979_37695  ABC transporter ATP-binding protein [KO:K02031]
OG979_02780  ABC transporter ATP-binding protein [KO:K02031 K02032]
OG979_28510  ABC transporter ATP-binding protein [KO:K02031]
OG979_31255  ABC transporter ATP-binding protein [KO:K02032]
OG979_35595  ABC transporter ATP-binding protein [KO:K02032]
OG979_37700  ABC transporter ATP-binding protein [KO:K02032]
OG979_01080  ABC transporter ATP-binding protein [KO:K02032]
OG979_10305  ABC transporter ATP-binding protein [KO:K02032]
OG979_28505  ATP-binding cassette domain-containing protein [KO:K02032]
OG979_18385  yidC; membrane protein insertase YidC [KO:K03217]
OG979_05510  secD; protein translocase subunit SecD [KO:K12257]
OG979_22475  secE; preprotein translocase subunit SecE [KO:K03073]
OG979_36925  secG; preprotein translocase subunit SecG [KO:K03075]
OG979_22820  secY; preprotein translocase subunit SecY [KO:K03076]
OG979_41775  yajC; preprotein translocase subunit YajC [KO:K03210]
OG979_05960  secA2; accessory Sec system translocase SecA2 [KO:K03070] [EC:7.4.2.8]
OG979_24225  secA; preprotein translocase subunit SecA [KO:K03070] [EC:7.4.2.8]
OG979_06835  ftsY; signal recognition particle-docking protein FtsY [KO:K03110]
OG979_06815  ffh; signal recognition particle protein [KO:K03106] [EC:3.6.5.4]
OG979_18780  alkaline phosphatase family protein [KO:K01114] [EC:3.1.4.3]
Compound
C00007  Oxygen
C00009  Orthophosphate
C00059  Sulfate
C00232  Succinate semialdehyde
C00334  4-Aminobutanoate
C00547  L-Noradrenaline
C00788  L-Adrenaline
C01019  L-Fucose
C11837  N-Butyryl-L-homoserine lactone
C11841  N-(3-Oxooctanoyl)homoserine lactone
C11844  N-Heptanoylhomoserine lactone
C11845  N-(3-Hydroxy-7-cis-tetradecenoyl)homoserine lactone
C11848  2-Heptyl-3-hydroxy-quinolone
C16421  AI-2
C16463  3',5'-Cyclic diGMP
C16640  CAI-1
C18049  N-Acyl-L-homoserine lactone
C18206  cis-11-Methyl-2-dodecenoic acid
C20643  2-Heptyl-4(1H)-quinolone
C20677  N-(4-Coumaroyl)-L-homoserine lactone
C20959  (4S)-4-Hydroxy-5-phosphooxypentane-2,3-dione
C21195  N-(3-Hydroxybutanoyl)-L-homoserine lactone
C21197  N-Hexanoyl-L-homoserine lactone
C21198  N-(3-Oxohexanoyl)-L-homoserine lactone
C21199  N-Octanoyl-L-homoserine lactone
C21200  N-3-Hydroxyoctanoyl-L-homoserine lactone
C21201  N-3-Oxo-dodecanoyl-L-homoserine lactone
C21202  cis-2-Dodecenoic acid
C21220  AIP-1
C21221  CSP
C21222  CSP
C21223  Blp
C21224  SHP2
C21225  SHP3
C21226  cCF10
C21227  iCF10
C21228  cAD1
C21229  iAD1
C21230  ComX pheromone
C21231  PhrA pentapeptide
C21232  PhrC pentapeptide
C21233  PhrE pentapeptide
C21234  PhrF pentapeptide
C21235  PhrG pentapeptide
C21236  PhrH pentapeptide
C21237  PhrK pentapeptide
C21238  NprX peptide
C21239  PapR peptide
C21241  AIP-2
C21242  AIP-3
C21243  AIP-4
C21244  AgrD peptide
C21245  AgrD1 peptide
C21246  GBAP
C21382  R-THMF
Reference
  Authors
Pereira CS, Thompson JA, Xavier KB
  Title
AI-2-mediated signalling in bacteria.
  Journal
FEMS Microbiol Rev 37:156-81 (2013)
DOI:10.1111/j.1574-6976.2012.00345.x
Reference
  Authors
Verma SC, Miyashiro T
  Title
Quorum sensing in the squid-Vibrio symbiosis.
  Journal
Int J Mol Sci 14:16386-401 (2013)
DOI:10.3390/ijms140816386
Reference
  Authors
Norsworthy AN, Visick KL
  Title
Gimme shelter: how Vibrio fischeri successfully navigates an animal's multiple environments.
  Journal
Front Microbiol 4:356 (2013)
DOI:10.3389/fmicb.2013.00356
Reference
  Authors
Papaioannou E, Utari PD, Quax WJ
  Title
Choosing an appropriate infection model to study quorum sensing inhibition in Pseudomonas infections.
  Journal
Int J Mol Sci 14:19309-40 (2013)
DOI:10.3390/ijms140919309
Reference
  Authors
Heeb S, Fletcher MP, Chhabra SR, Diggle SP, Williams P, Camara M
  Title
Quinolones: from antibiotics to autoinducers.
  Journal
FEMS Microbiol Rev 35:247-74 (2011)
DOI:10.1111/j.1574-6976.2010.00247.x
Reference
  Authors
Rasamiravaka T, Labtani Q, Duez P, El Jaziri M
  Title
The formation of biofilms by Pseudomonas aeruginosa: a review of the natural and synthetic compounds interfering with control mechanisms.
  Journal
Biomed Res Int 2015:759348 (2015)
DOI:10.1155/2015/759348
Reference
  Authors
Whiteley M, Greenberg EP
  Title
Promoter specificity elements in Pseudomonas aeruginosa quorum-sensing-controlled genes.
  Journal
J Bacteriol 183:5529-34 (2001)
DOI:10.1128/JB.183.19.5529-5534.2001
Reference
  Authors
Chin-A-Woeng TF, van den Broek D, de Voer G, van der Drift KM, Tuinman S, Thomas-Oates JE, Lugtenberg BJ, Bloemberg GV
  Title
Phenazine-1-carboxamide production in the biocontrol strain Pseudomonas chlororaphis PCL1391 is regulated by multiple factors secreted into the growth medium.
  Journal
Mol Plant Microbe Interact 14:969-79 (2001)
DOI:10.1094/MPMI.2001.14.8.969
Reference
  Authors
Hughes DT, Clarke MB, Yamamoto K, Rasko DA, Sperandio V
  Title
The QseC adrenergic signaling cascade in Enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC).
  Journal
PLoS Pathog 5:e1000553 (2009)
DOI:10.1371/journal.ppat.1000553
Reference
  Authors
Njoroge J, Sperandio V
  Title
Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli virulence regulation by two bacterial adrenergic kinases, QseC and QseE.
  Journal
Infect Immun 80:688-703 (2012)
DOI:10.1128/IAI.05921-11
Reference
  Authors
Pacheco AR, Curtis MM, Ritchie JM, Munera D, Waldor MK, Moreira CG, Sperandio V
  Title
Fucose sensing regulates bacterial intestinal colonization.
  Journal
Nature 492:113-7 (2012)
DOI:10.1038/nature11623
Reference
  Authors
Hirakawa H, Harwood CS, Pechter KB, Schaefer AL, Greenberg EP
  Title
Antisense RNA that affects Rhodopseudomonas palustris quorum-sensing signal receptor expression.
  Journal
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 109:12141-6 (2012)
DOI:10.1073/pnas.1200243109
Reference
  Authors
Danino VE, Wilkinson A, Edwards A, Downie JA
  Title
Recipient-induced transfer of the symbiotic plasmid pRL1JI in Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. viciae is regulated by a quorum-sensing relay.
  Journal
Mol Microbiol 50:511-25 (2003)
DOI:10.1046/j.1365-2958.2003.03699.x
Reference
  Authors
Wisniewski-Dye F, Downie JA
  Title
Quorum-sensing in Rhizobium.
  Journal
Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek 81:397-407 (2002)
DOI:10.1023/A:1020501104051
Reference
  Authors
Rodelas B, Lithgow JK, Wisniewski-Dye F, Hardman A, Wilkinson A, Economou A, Williams P, Downie JA
  Title
Analysis of quorum-sensing-dependent control of rhizosphere-expressed (rhi) genes in Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. viciae.
  Journal
J Bacteriol 181:3816-23 (1999)
DOI:10.1128/JB.181.12.3816-3823.1999
Reference
  Authors
Lang J, Faure D
  Title
Functions and regulation of quorum-sensing in Agrobacterium tumefaciens.
  Journal
Front Plant Sci 5:14 (2014)
DOI:10.3389/fpls.2014.00014
Reference
  Authors
Planamente S, Morera S, Faure D
  Title
In planta fitness-cost of the Atu4232-regulon encoding for a selective GABA-binding sensor in Agrobacterium.
  Journal
Commun Integr Biol 6:e23692 (2013)
DOI:10.4161/cib.23692
Reference
  Authors
Barnard AM, Salmond GP
  Title
Quorum sensing in Erwinia species.
  Journal
Anal Bioanal Chem 387:415-23 (2007)
DOI:10.1007/s00216-006-0701-1
Reference
  Authors
Barnard AM, Bowden SD, Burr T, Coulthurst SJ, Monson RE, Salmond GP
  Title
Quorum sensing, virulence and secondary metabolite production in plant soft-rotting bacteria.
  Journal
Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 362:1165-83 (2007)
DOI:10.1098/rstb.2007.2042
Reference
  Authors
Carlier A, Burbank L, von Bodman SB
  Title
Identification and characterization of three novel EsaI/EsaR quorum-sensing controlled stewartan exopolysaccharide biosynthetic genes in Pantoea stewartii ssp. stewartii.
  Journal
Mol Microbiol 74:903-13 (2009)
DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2958.2009.06906.x
Reference
PMID:7665477
  Authors
Beck von Bodman S, Farrand SK
  Title
Capsular polysaccharide biosynthesis and pathogenicity in Erwinia stewartii require induction by an N-acylhomoserine lactone autoinducer.
  Journal
J Bacteriol 177:5000-8 (1995)
DOI:10.1128/JB.177.17.5000-5008.1995
Reference
  Authors
O'Grady EP, Viteri DF, Malott RJ, Sokol PA
  Title
Reciprocal regulation by the CepIR and CciIR quorum sensing systems in Burkholderia cenocepacia.
  Journal
BMC Genomics 10:441 (2009)
DOI:10.1186/1471-2164-10-441
Reference
  Authors
Malott RJ, Baldwin A, Mahenthiralingam E, Sokol PA
  Title
Characterization of the cciIR quorum-sensing system in Burkholderia cenocepacia.
  Journal
Infect Immun 73:4982-92 (2005)
DOI:10.1128/IAI.73.8.4982-4992.2005
Reference
  Authors
Deng Y, Schmid N, Wang C, Wang J, Pessi G, Wu D, Lee J, Aguilar C, Ahrens CH, Chang C, Song H, Eberl L, Zhang LH
  Title
Cis-2-dodecenoic acid receptor RpfR links quorum-sensing signal perception with regulation of virulence through cyclic dimeric guanosine monophosphate turnover.
  Journal
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 109:15479-84 (2012)
DOI:10.1073/pnas.1205037109
Reference
  Authors
Suppiger A, Schmid N, Aguilar C, Pessi G, Eberl L
  Title
Two quorum sensing systems control biofilm formation and virulence in members of the Burkholderia cepacia complex.
  Journal
Virulence 4:400-9 (2013)
DOI:10.4161/viru.25338
Reference
  Authors
Deng Y, Wu J, Tao F, Zhang LH
  Title
Listening to a new language: DSF-based quorum sensing in Gram-negative bacteria.
  Journal
Chem Rev 111:160-73 (2011)
DOI:10.1021/cr100354f
Reference
  Authors
Ryan RP, Dow JM
  Title
Communication with a growing family: diffusible signal factor (DSF) signaling in bacteria.
  Journal
Trends Microbiol 19:145-52 (2011)
DOI:10.1016/j.tim.2010.12.003
Reference
  Authors
Kim J, Kim JG, Kang Y, Jang JY, Jog GJ, Lim JY, Kim S, Suga H, Nagamatsu T, Hwang I
  Title
Quorum sensing and the LysR-type transcriptional activator ToxR regulate toxoflavin biosynthesis and transport in Burkholderia glumae.
  Journal
Mol Microbiol 54:921-34 (2004)
DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2958.2004.04338.x
Reference
  Authors
Kim J, Kang Y, Choi O, Jeong Y, Jeong JE, Lim JY, Kim M, Moon JS, Suga H, Hwang I
  Title
Regulation of polar flagellum genes is mediated by quorum sensing and FlhDC in Burkholderia glumae.
  Journal
Mol Microbiol 64:165-79 (2007)
DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2958.2007.05646.x
Reference
  Authors
Stauff DL, Bassler BL
  Title
Quorum sensing in Chromobacterium violaceum: DNA recognition and gene regulation by the CviR receptor.
  Journal
J Bacteriol 193:3871-8 (2011)
DOI:10.1128/JB.05125-11
Reference
  Authors
Chen G, Swem LR, Swem DL, Stauff DL, O'Loughlin CT, Jeffrey PD, Bassler BL, Hughson FM
  Title
A strategy for antagonizing quorum sensing.
  Journal
Mol Cell 42:199-209 (2011)
DOI:10.1016/j.molcel.2011.04.003
Reference
  Authors
Hao G, Burr TJ
  Title
Regulation of long-chain N-acyl-homoserine lactones in Agrobacterium vitis.
  Journal
J Bacteriol 188:2173-83 (2006)
DOI:10.1128/JB.188.6.2173-2183.2006
Reference
  Authors
Savka MA, Le PT, Burr TJ
  Title
LasR receptor for detection of long-chain quorum-sensing signals: identification of N-acyl-homoserine lactones encoded by the avsI locus of Agrobacterium vitis.
  Journal
Curr Microbiol 62:101-10 (2011)
DOI:10.1007/s00284-010-9679-1
Reference
  Authors
Le KY, Otto M
  Title
Quorum-sensing regulation in staphylococci-an overview.
  Journal
Front Microbiol 6:1174 (2015)
DOI:10.3389/fmicb.2015.01174
Reference
  Authors
Queck SY, Jameson-Lee M, Villaruz AE, Bach TH, Khan BA, Sturdevant DE, Ricklefs SM, Li M, Otto M
  Title
RNAIII-independent target gene control by the agr quorum-sensing system: insight into the evolution of virulence regulation in Staphylococcus aureus.
  Journal
Mol Cell 32:150-8 (2008)
DOI:10.1016/j.molcel.2008.08.005
Reference
  Authors
Darkoh C, DuPont HL, Norris SJ, Kaplan HB
  Title
Toxin synthesis by Clostridium difficile is regulated through quorum signaling.
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