KEGG PATHWAY: tpal04624

PATHWAY: tpal04624

Entry

tpal04624                   Pathway

Name

Toll and Imd signaling pathway - Thrips palmi (melon thrips)

Description

Insects, such as Drosophila, have evolved complex mechanisms to combat microbial infection. TOLL and IMD pathways are responsible for the immune response that functions through the production of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs). The TOLL pathway mainly detects fungi, Gram-positive bacteria and virulence factors (proteases et al.). Activation of the TOLL pathway results in degradation of Cactus and localization of Dorsal and Dif to the nucleus. On the other hand, the IMD pathway responses to Gram-negative bacteria and leads to the activation of Relish. Dorsal, Dif and Relish induce the transcriptional up-regulation of AMPs in the nucleus.

Class

Organismal Systems; Immune system

Pathway map

tpal04624

Toll and Imd signaling pathway

Organism

Thrips palmi (melon thrips) [GN:tpal]

Gene

117644313

beta-1,3-glucan-binding protein-like [KO:K20692]

117644271

beta-1,3-glucan-binding protein 1-like isoform X1 [KO:K20697]

117645095

beta-1,3-glucan-binding protein-like [KO:K20697]

117645096

beta-1,3-glucan-binding protein-like [KO:K20697]

117653381

uncharacterized protein LOC117653381 [KO:K01446]

117644801

peptidoglycan-recognition protein 2 [KO:K01446]

117649907

serine protease 33-like [KO:K20674] [EC:3.4.21.-]

117644806

modular serine protease-like isoform X1 [KO:K20674] [EC:3.4.21.-]

117648106

transmembrane protease serine 9-like [KO:K20675]

117651024

spaetzle-processing enzyme-like [KO:K20672] [EC:3.4.21.-]

117650493

protein toll [KO:K18809]

117652439

toll-like receptor 6 [KO:K18809]

117652501

toll-like receptor Tollo [KO:K18809]

117652348

toll-like receptor 7 [KO:K18809]

117652519

toll-like receptor Tollo [KO:K18809]

117649129

myeloid differentiation primary response protein MyD88 isoform X1 [KO:K04729]

117653576

interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase 4-like [KO:K04733] [EC:2.7.11.1]

117642900

serine/threonine-protein kinase RIPK-like [KO:K04730] [EC:2.7.11.1]

117643118

serine/threonine-protein kinase pelle-like [KO:K04730] [EC:2.7.11.1]

117654524

NF-kappa-B inhibitor cactus-like [KO:K04734]

117647666

embryonic polarity protein dorsal-like isoform X1 [KO:K09254]

117641680

beta-TrCP isoform X1 [KO:K03362]

117644254

F-box/LRR-repeat protein 7-like [KO:K03362]

117648191

defensin-like [KO:K20668]

117648194

defensin-like [KO:K20668]

117642659

peptidoglycan-recognition protein LB-like isoform X1 [KO:K24076] [EC:3.5.1.28]

117653028

peptidoglycan-recognition protein 2-like [KO:K24096] [EC:3.5.1.28]

117653026

uncharacterized protein LOC117653026 [KO:K24074]

117653620

peptidoglycan-recognition protein LE-like [KO:K24074]

117653749

uncharacterized protein LOC117653749 [KO:K24074]

117652560

ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2-17 kDa [KO:K06689] [EC:2.3.2.23]

117649926

ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2 D2B-like [KO:K06689] [EC:2.3.2.23]

117650733

ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2 35-like [KO:K06689] [EC:2.3.2.23]

117652864

death-associated inhibitor of apoptosis 2-like [KO:K16060]

117651321

ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2 variant 2 [KO:K10704]

117650289

ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2 N [KO:K10580] [EC:2.3.2.23]

117639241

uncharacterized protein LOC117639241 isoform X1 [KO:K04398] [EC:3.4.22.61]

117654141

caspase-8-like [KO:K04398] [EC:3.4.22.61]

117654453

mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 7-like [KO:K04427] [EC:2.7.11.25]

117639168

mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 4 [KO:K04428] [EC:2.7.11.25]

117649816

dual specificity mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 6 isoform X1 [KO:K04432] [EC:2.7.12.2]

117648068

mitogen-activated protein kinase p38b-like isoform X1 [KO:K04441] [EC:2.7.11.24]

117639045

cyclic AMP-dependent transcription factor ATF-2 [KO:K04450]

117640823

dual oxidase [KO:K13411] [EC:1.6.3.1 1.11.1.-]

117641320

dual specificity mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase hemipterous-like [KO:K04431] [EC:2.7.12.2]

117654111

stress-activated protein kinase JNK isoform X1 [KO:K04440] [EC:2.7.11.24]

117648238

transcription factor AP-1 [KO:K04448]

117651361

transcription factor kayak, isoforms A/B/F isoform X1 [KO:K09031]

117643604

inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa-B kinase subunit alpha [KO:K07209] [EC:2.7.11.10]

117645322

ankyrin-3-like isoform X1 [KO:K09255]

117643877

nuclear factor NF-kappa-B p110 subunit-like isoform X1 [KO:K02580]

117644098

uncharacterized protein LOC117644098 isoform X1 [KO:K02580]

117642680

FAS-associated factor 1 [KO:K20703]

117645114

diptericin A [KO:K20669]

Compound

C00027

Hydrogen peroxide

Reference

PMID:22824741

Authors

Merkling SH, van Rij RP

Title

Beyond RNAi: antiviral defense strategies in Drosophila and mosquito.

Journal

J Insect Physiol 59:159-70 (2013)
DOI:10.1016/j.jinsphys.2012.07.004

Reference

PMID:21209287

Authors

Valanne S, Wang JH, Ramet M

Title

The Drosophila Toll signaling pathway.

Journal

J Immunol 186:649-56 (2011)
DOI:10.4049/jimmunol.1002302

Reference

PMID:21625362

Authors

Silverman N, Paquette N, Aggarwal K

Title

Specificity and signaling in the Drosophila immune response.

Journal

Invertebrate Surviv J 6:163-174 (2009)

Reference

PMID:22076558

Authors

Royet J, Gupta D, Dziarski R

Title

Peptidoglycan recognition proteins: modulators of the microbiome and inflammation.

Journal

Nat Rev Immunol 11:837-51 (2011)
DOI:10.1038/nri3089

Reference

PMID:25421701

Authors

Buchon N, Silverman N, Cherry S

Title

Immunity in Drosophila melanogaster--from microbial recognition to whole-organism physiology.

Journal

Nat Rev Immunol 14:796-810 (2014)
DOI:10.1038/nri3763

Reference

PMID:17948019

Authors

Ferrandon D, Imler JL, Hetru C, Hoffmann JA

Title

The Drosophila systemic immune response: sensing and signalling during bacterial and fungal infections.

Journal

Nat Rev Immunol 7:862-74 (2007)
DOI:10.1038/nri2194

Reference

PMID:25674081

Authors

Stokes BA, Yadav S, Shokal U, Smith LC, Eleftherianos I

Title

Bacterial and fungal pattern recognition receptors in homologous innate signaling pathways of insects and mammals.

Journal

Front Microbiol 6:19 (2015)
DOI:10.3389/fmicb.2015.00019

Reference

PMID:22368770

Authors

Igboin CO, Griffen AL, Leys EJ

Title

The Drosophila melanogaster host model.

Journal

J Oral Microbiol 4:JOM-4-10368 (2012)
DOI:10.3402/jom.v4i0.10368

Reference

PMID:23893105

Authors

Buchon N, Broderick NA, Lemaitre B

Title

Gut homeostasis in a microbial world: insights from Drosophila melanogaster.

Journal

Nat Rev Microbiol 11:615-26 (2013)
DOI:10.1038/nrmicro3074

Reference

PMID:26290570

Authors

Handu M, Kaduskar B, Ravindranathan R, Soory A, Giri R, Elango VB, Gowda H, Ratnaparkhi GS

Title

SUMO-Enriched Proteome for Drosophila Innate Immune Response.

Journal

G3 (Bethesda) 5:2137-54 (2015)
DOI:10.1534/g3.115.020958

Reference

PMID:23632253

Authors

Lindsay SA, Wasserman SA

Title

Conventional and non-conventional Drosophila Toll signaling.

Journal

Dev Comp Immunol 42:16-24 (2014)
DOI:10.1016/j.dci.2013.04.011

Reference

PMID:22549468

Authors

Meinander A, Runchel C, Tenev T, Chen L, Kim CH, Ribeiro PS, Broemer M, Leulier F, Zvelebil M, Silverman N, Meier P

Title

Ubiquitylation of the initiator caspase DREDD is required for innate immune signalling.

Journal

EMBO J 31:2770-83 (2012)
DOI:10.1038/emboj.2012.121

Reference

PMID:24706930

Authors

Myllymaki H, Valanne S, Ramet M

Title

The Drosophila imd signaling pathway.

Journal

J Immunol 192:3455-62 (2014)
DOI:10.4049/jimmunol.1303309

Reference

PMID:17343912

Authors

Valanne S, Kleino A, Myllymaki H, Vuoristo J, Ramet M

Title

Iap2 is required for a sustained response in the Drosophila Imd pathway.

Journal

Dev Comp Immunol 31:991-1001 (2007)
DOI:10.1016/j.dci.2007.01.004

Reference

PMID:15556270

Authors

Levy F, Rabel D, Charlet M, Bulet P, Hoffmann JA, Ehret-Sabatier L

Title

Peptidomic and proteomic analyses of the systemic immune response of Drosophila.

Journal

Biochimie 86:607-16 (2004)
DOI:10.1016/j.biochi.2004.07.007

Reference

PMID:27851910

Authors

Iatsenko I, Kondo S, Mengin-Lecreulx D, Lemaitre B

Title

PGRP-SD, an Extracellular Pattern-Recognition Receptor, Enhances Peptidoglycan-Mediated Activation of the Drosophila Imd Pathway.

Journal

Immunity 45:1013-1023 (2016)
DOI:10.1016/j.immuni.2016.10.029

Reference

PMID:21364998

Authors

Zaidman-Remy A, Poidevin M, Herve M, Welchman DP, Paredes JC, Fahlander C, Steiner H, Mengin-Lecreulx D, Lemaitre B

Title

Drosophila immunity: analysis of PGRP-SB1 expression, enzymatic activity and function.

Journal

PLoS One 6:e17231 (2011)
DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0017231

Reference

PMID:29398649

Authors

Charroux B, Capo F, Kurz CL, Peslier S, Chaduli D, Viallat-Lieutaud A, Royet J

Title

Cytosolic and Secreted Peptidoglycan-Degrading Enzymes in Drosophila Respectively Control Local and Systemic Immune Responses to Microbiota.

Journal

Cell Host Microbe 23:215-228.e4 (2018)
DOI:10.1016/j.chom.2017.12.007

Reference

PMID:26385528

Authors

Koyama H, Kato D, Minakuchi C, Tanaka T, Yokoi K, Miura K

Title

Peptidoglycan recognition protein genes and their roles in the innate immune pathways of the red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum.

Journal

J Invertebr Pathol 132:86-100 (2015)
DOI:10.1016/j.jip.2015.09.003

Related
pathway

tpal04013

MAPK signaling pathway - fly

tpal04120

Ubiquitin mediated proteolysis

tpal04214

Apoptosis - fly

KO pathway

ko04624

LinkDB

DBGET integrated database retrieval system