KEGG Modules

Carbohydrate metabolism
Central carbohydrate metabolism
M00001 Glycolysis (Embden-Meyerhof pathway), glucose => pyruvate [PATH:csi00010 csi01200 csi01100]
M00002 Glycolysis, core module involving three-carbon compounds [PATH:csi00010 csi01200 csi01230 csi01100]
M00003 Gluconeogenesis, oxaloacetate => fructose-6P [PATH:csi00010 csi00020 csi01100]
M00307 Pyruvate oxidation, pyruvate => acetyl-CoA [PATH:csi00010 csi00020 csi00620 csi00785 csi01200 csi01210 csi01100]
M00009 Citrate cycle (TCA cycle, Krebs cycle) [PATH:csi00020 csi01200 csi01100]
M00010 Citrate cycle, first carbon oxidation, oxaloacetate => 2-oxoglutarate [PATH:csi00020 csi01200 csi01210 csi01230 csi01100]
M00011 Citrate cycle, second carbon oxidation, 2-oxoglutarate => oxaloacetate [PATH:csi00020 csi01200 csi01210 csi01100]
M00004 Pentose phosphate pathway (Pentose phosphate cycle) [PATH:csi00030 csi01200 csi01100 csi01120]
M00006 Pentose phosphate pathway, oxidative phase, glucose 6P => ribulose 5P [PATH:csi00030 csi01200 csi01100 csi01120]
M00007 Pentose phosphate pathway, non-oxidative phase, fructose 6P => ribose 5P [PATH:csi00030 csi01200 csi01230 csi01100 csi01120]
M00005 PRPP biosynthesis, ribose 5P => PRPP [PATH:csi00030 csi00230 csi01200 csi01230 csi01100]
M00008 Entner-Doudoroff pathway, glucose-6P => glyceraldehyde-3P + pyruvate [PATH:csi00030 csi01200 csi01100 csi01120]

Other carbohydrate metabolism
M00631 D-Galacturonate degradation (bacteria), D-galacturonate => pyruvate + D-glyceraldehyde 3P [PATH:csi00040 csi00030 csi01100]
M00061 D-Glucuronate degradation, D-glucuronate => pyruvate + D-glyceraldehyde 3P [PATH:csi00040 csi00030 csi01100]
M00081 Pectin degradation [PATH:csi00040 csi01100]
M00632 Galactose degradation, Leloir pathway, galactose => alpha-D-glucose-1P [PATH:csi00052 csi01100]
M00552 D-galactonate degradation, De Ley-Doudoroff pathway, D-galactonate => glycerate-3P [PATH:csi00052 csi01100]
M00114 Ascorbate biosynthesis, plants, fructose-6P => ascorbate [PATH:csi00051 csi00053 csi01240 csi01100 csi01110]
M00854 Glycogen biosynthesis, glucose-1P => glycogen/starch [PATH:csi00500 csi01100]
M00855 Glycogen degradation, glycogen => glucose-6P [PATH:csi00500 csi01100]
M00549 Nucleotide sugar biosynthesis, glucose => UDP-glucose [PATH:csi00520 csi01250 csi01100]
M00554 Nucleotide sugar biosynthesis, galactose => UDP-galactose [PATH:csi00520 csi00052 csi01250 csi01100]
M00892 UDP-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine biosynthesis, eukaryotes, glucose => UDP-GlcNAc [PATH:csi00520 csi01250 csi01100]
M00909 UDP-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine biosynthesis, prokaryotes, glucose => UDP-GlcNAc [PATH:csi00520 csi01250 csi01100]
M00012 Glyoxylate cycle [PATH:csi00630 csi01200 csi01100 csi01110]
M00532 Photorespiration [PATH:csi00630 csi01200 csi01100 csi01110]
M00741 Propanoyl-CoA metabolism, propanoyl-CoA => succinyl-CoA [PATH:csi00280 csi00630 csi00640 csi01200 csi01100]
M00132 Inositol phosphate metabolism, Ins(1,3,4)P3 => phytate [PATH:csi00562 csi01100]

Energy metabolism
Carbon fixation
M00165 Reductive pentose phosphate cycle (Calvin cycle) [PATH:csi00710 csi01200 csi01100 csi01120]
M00168 CAM (Crassulacean acid metabolism), dark [PATH:csi00620 csi00710 csi01200 csi01100 csi01120]
M00169 CAM (Crassulacean acid metabolism), light [PATH:csi00620 csi00710 csi01200 csi01100 csi01120]
M00172 C4-dicarboxylic acid cycle, NADP - malic enzyme type [PATH:csi00620 csi00710 csi01200 csi01100 csi01120]
M00171 C4-dicarboxylic acid cycle, NAD - malic enzyme type [PATH:csi00710 csi01200 csi01100 csi01120]
M00170 C4-dicarboxylic acid cycle, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase type [PATH:csi00710 csi01200 csi01100 csi01120]
M00579 Phosphate acetyltransferase-acetate kinase pathway, acetyl-CoA => acetate [PATH:csi00430 csi00620 csi00720 csi01200 csi01100 csi01120]

Methane metabolism
Nitrogen metabolism
M00531 Assimilatory nitrate reduction, nitrate => ammonia [PATH:csi00910 csi01100 csi01120]
M00530 Dissimilatory nitrate reduction, nitrate => ammonia [PATH:csi00910 csi01100 csi01120]

Sulfur metabolism
M00176 Assimilatory sulfate reduction, sulfate => H2S [PATH:csi00920 csi01100 csi01120]

Photosynthesis
M00161 Photosystem II [PATH:csi01100]
M00163 Photosystem I [PATH:csi01100]

ATP synthesis
M00144 NADH:quinone oxidoreductase, prokaryotes [PATH:csi00190 csi01100]
M00145 NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase, chloroplasts and cyanobacteria [PATH:csi00190 csi01100]
M00142 NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase, mitochondria [PATH:csi00190 csi01100]
M00149 Succinate dehydrogenase, prokaryotes [PATH:csi00190 csi01100]
M00150 Fumarate reductase, prokaryotes [PATH:csi00190 csi01100]
M00151 Cytochrome bc1 complex respiratory unit [PATH:csi00190 csi01100]
M00155 Cytochrome c oxidase, prokaryotes [PATH:csi00190 csi01100]
M00153 Cytochrome bd ubiquinol oxidase [PATH:csi00190]
M00417 Cytochrome o ubiquinol oxidase [PATH:csi00190 csi01100]
M00157 F-type ATPase, prokaryotes and chloroplasts [PATH:csi00190 csi01100]

Lipid metabolism
Fatty acid metabolism
M00082 Fatty acid biosynthesis, initiation [PATH:csi00061 csi01212 csi01100]
M00083 Fatty acid biosynthesis, elongation [PATH:csi00061 csi01212 csi01100]
M00415 Fatty acid elongation in endoplasmic reticulum [PATH:csi01040 csi01212 csi01100]
M00086 beta-Oxidation, acyl-CoA synthesis [PATH:csi00061 csi00071 csi01212 csi01100]
M00087 beta-Oxidation [PATH:csi00071 csi01212 csi01100]

Sterol biosynthesis
M00917 Phytosterol biosynthesis, squalene 2,3-epoxide => campesterol/sitosterol [PATH:csi01100 csi01110]

Lipid metabolism
M00089 Triacylglycerol biosynthesis [PATH:csi00561 csi01100]
M00098 Acylglycerol degradation [PATH:csi00561 csi01100]
M00092 Phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) biosynthesis, ethanolamine => PE [PATH:csi00564 csi01100]
M00093 Phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) biosynthesis, PA => PS => PE [PATH:csi00564 csi01100]
M00100 Sphingosine degradation [PATH:csi00600 csi01100]
M00113 Jasmonic acid biosynthesis [PATH:csi00592 csi01100 csi01110]

Nucleotide metabolism
Purine metabolism
M00048 De novo purine biosynthesis, PRPP + glutamine => IMP [PATH:csi00230 csi01100]
M00049 Adenine ribonucleotide biosynthesis, IMP => ADP,ATP [PATH:csi00230 csi01232 csi01240 csi01100]
M00050 Guanine ribonucleotide biosynthesis, IMP => GDP,GTP [PATH:csi00230 csi01232 csi01100]
M00053 Deoxyribonucleotide biosynthesis, ADP/GDP/CDP/UDP => dATP/dGTP/dCTP/dUTP [PATH:csi00230 csi00240 csi01232 csi01100]
M00958 Adenine ribonucleotide degradation, AMP => Urate [PATH:csi00230 csi01232 csi01100]
M00959 Guanine ribonucleotide degradation, GMP => Urate [PATH:csi00230 csi01232 csi01100]

Pyrimidine metabolism
M00051 De novo pyrimidine biosynthesis, glutamine (+ PRPP) => UMP [PATH:csi00240 csi01240 csi01100]
M00052 Pyrimidine ribonucleotide biosynthesis, UMP => UDP/UTP,CDP/CTP [PATH:csi00240 csi01232 csi01240 csi01100]
M00938 Pyrimidine deoxyribonucleotide biosynthesis, UDP => dTTP [PATH:csi00240 csi01232 csi01100]
M00046 Pyrimidine degradation, uracil => beta-alanine, thymine => 3-aminoisobutanoate [PATH:csi00240 csi00410 csi00770 csi01100]
M00939 Pyrimidine degradation, uracil => 3-hydroxypropanoate [PATH:csi00240 csi01100]

Amino acid metabolism
Serine and threonine metabolism
M00020 Serine biosynthesis, glycerate-3P => serine [PATH:csi00260 csi00680 csi01200 csi01230 csi01100]
M00018 Threonine biosynthesis, aspartate => homoserine => threonine [PATH:csi00260 csi01230 csi01100 csi01110]
M00621 Glycine cleavage system [PATH:csi00260 csi00630 csi00785 csi01200 csi01100]
M00555 Betaine biosynthesis, choline => betaine [PATH:csi00260 csi01100]

Cysteine and methionine metabolism
M00021 Cysteine biosynthesis, serine => cysteine [PATH:csi00270 csi00920 csi01200 csi01230 csi01100 csi01110]
M00338 Cysteine biosynthesis, homocysteine + serine => cysteine [PATH:csi00260 csi00270 csi01230 csi01100]
M00017 Methionine biosynthesis, aspartate => homoserine => methionine [PATH:csi00270 csi01230 csi01100]
M00034 Methionine salvage pathway [PATH:csi00270 csi01100]
M00368 Ethylene biosynthesis, methionine => ethylene [PATH:csi00270 csi01100 csi01110]

Branched-chain amino acid metabolism
M00019 Valine/isoleucine biosynthesis, pyruvate => valine / 2-oxobutanoate => isoleucine [PATH:csi00290 csi00770 csi01210 csi01230 csi01100 csi01110]
M00570 Isoleucine biosynthesis, threonine => 2-oxobutanoate => isoleucine [PATH:csi00290 csi01230 csi01100]
M00432 Leucine biosynthesis, 2-oxoisovalerate => 2-oxoisocaproate [PATH:csi00290 csi01210 csi01230 csi01100 csi01110]
M00036 Leucine degradation, leucine => acetoacetate + acetyl-CoA [PATH:csi00280 csi01100]

Lysine metabolism
M00016 Lysine biosynthesis, succinyl-DAP pathway, aspartate => lysine [PATH:csi00300 csi01230 csi01100]
M00527 Lysine biosynthesis, DAP aminotransferase pathway, aspartate => lysine [PATH:csi00300 csi01230 csi01100 csi01110]

Arginine and proline metabolism
M00028 Ornithine biosynthesis, glutamate => ornithine [PATH:csi00220 csi01210 csi01230 csi01100]
M00844 Arginine biosynthesis, ornithine => arginine [PATH:csi00220 csi01230 csi01100]
M00015 Proline biosynthesis, glutamate => proline [PATH:csi00330 csi01230 csi01100]
M00970 Proline degradation, proline => glutamate [PATH:csi00330 csi01100]
M00972 Proline metabolism [PATH:csi00330 csi01100]
M00879 Arginine succinyltransferase pathway, arginine => glutamate [PATH:csi00330 csi01100]

Polyamine biosynthesis
M00133 Polyamine biosynthesis, arginine => agmatine => putrescine => spermidine [PATH:csi00330 csi01100]
M00134 Polyamine biosynthesis, arginine => ornithine => putrescine [PATH:csi00330 csi01100]
M00136 GABA biosynthesis, prokaryotes, putrescine => GABA [PATH:csi00330 csi01100]

Histidine metabolism
M00026 Histidine biosynthesis, PRPP => histidine [PATH:csi00340 csi01230 csi01100 csi01110]

Aromatic amino acid metabolism
M00022 Shikimate pathway, phosphoenolpyruvate + erythrose-4P => chorismate [PATH:csi00400 csi01230 csi01100 csi01110]
M00023 Tryptophan biosynthesis, chorismate => tryptophan [PATH:csi00400 csi01230 csi01100 csi01110]
M00024 Phenylalanine biosynthesis, chorismate => phenylpyruvate => phenylalanine [PATH:csi00400 csi01230 csi01100 csi01110]
M00910 Phenylalanine biosynthesis, chorismate => arogenate => phenylalanine [PATH:csi00400 csi01230 csi01100 csi01110]
M00025 Tyrosine biosynthesis, chorismate => HPP => tyrosine [PATH:csi00400 csi01230 csi01100]
M00040 Tyrosine biosynthesis, chorismate => arogenate => tyrosine [PATH:csi00400 csi01230 csi01100 csi01110]
M00044 Tyrosine degradation, tyrosine => homogentisate [PATH:csi00350 csi01100]

Other amino acid metabolism
M00027 GABA (gamma-Aminobutyrate) shunt [PATH:csi00250 csi00650 csi01100]
M00118 Glutathione biosynthesis, glutamate => glutathione [PATH:csi00480 csi01240 csi01100]

Glycan metabolism
Glycan biosynthesis
M00055 N-glycan precursor biosynthesis [PATH:csi01100]
M00073 N-glycan precursor trimming [PATH:csi01100]

Glycosaminoglycan metabolism
Lipopolysaccharide metabolism
M00060 KDO2-lipid A biosynthesis, Raetz pathway, LpxL-LpxM type [PATH:csi00540 csi01100]
M00063 CMP-KDO biosynthesis [PATH:csi00540 csi01250 csi01100]
M00064 ADP-L-glycero-D-manno-heptose biosynthesis [PATH:csi00540 csi01250 csi01100]

Metabolism of cofactors and vitamins
Cofactor and vitamin metabolism
M00127 Thiamine biosynthesis, prokaryotes, AIR (+ DXP/tyrosine) => TMP/TPP [PATH:csi00730 csi01240 csi01100]
M00897 Thiamine biosynthesis, plants, AIR (+ NAD+) => TMP/thiamine/TPP [PATH:csi00730 csi01240 csi01100]
M00899 Thiamine salvage pathway, HMP/HET => TMP [PATH:csi00730 csi01100]
M00125 Riboflavin biosynthesis, plants and bacteria, GTP => riboflavin/FMN/FAD [PATH:csi00740 csi01240 csi01100 csi01110]
M00124 Pyridoxal-P biosynthesis, erythrose-4P => pyridoxal-P [PATH:csi00750 csi01240 csi01100]
M00916 Pyridoxal-P biosynthesis, R5P + glyceraldehyde-3P + glutamine => pyridoxal-P [PATH:csi00750 csi01240 csi01100]
M00115 NAD biosynthesis, aspartate => quinolinate => NAD [PATH:csi00760 csi01240 csi01100]
M00119 Pantothenate biosynthesis, valine/L-aspartate => pantothenate [PATH:csi00770 csi01240 csi01100 csi01110]
M00120 Coenzyme A biosynthesis, pantothenate => CoA [PATH:csi00770 csi01240 csi01100]
M00572 Pimeloyl-ACP biosynthesis, BioC-BioH pathway, malonyl-ACP => pimeloyl-ACP [PATH:csi00780 csi01240 csi01100]
M00123 Biotin biosynthesis, pimeloyl-ACP/CoA => biotin [PATH:csi00780 csi01240 csi01100]
M00577 Biotin biosynthesis, BioW pathway, pimelate => pimeloyl-CoA => biotin [PATH:csi00780 csi01240 csi01100]
M00881 Lipoic acid biosynthesis, plants and bacteria, octanoyl-ACP => dihydrolipoyl-E2/H [PATH:csi00785 csi01240 csi01100]
M00882 Lipoic acid biosynthesis, eukaryotes, octanoyl-ACP => dihydrolipoyl-H [PATH:csi00785 csi01240 csi01100]
M00126 Tetrahydrofolate biosynthesis, GTP => THF [PATH:csi00790 csi00670 csi01240 csi01100]
M00880 Molybdenum cofactor biosynthesis, GTP => molybdenum cofactor [PATH:csi00790 csi01240 csi01100]
M00140 C1-unit interconversion, prokaryotes [PATH:csi00670 csi01240 csi01100]
M00846 Siroheme biosynthesis, glutamyl-tRNA => siroheme [PATH:csi00860 csi01240 csi01100 csi01110]
M00121 Heme biosynthesis, plants and bacteria, glutamate => heme [PATH:csi00860 csi01240 csi01100 csi01110]
M00926 Heme biosynthesis, bacteria, glutamyl-tRNA => coproporphyrin III => heme [PATH:csi00860 csi01240 csi01100]
M00122 Cobalamin biosynthesis, cobyrinate a,c-diamide => cobalamin [PATH:csi00860 csi01240 csi01100]
M00117 Ubiquinone biosynthesis, prokaryotes, chorismate (+ polyprenyl-PP) => ubiquinol [PATH:csi00130 csi01240 csi01100 csi01110]
M00116 Menaquinone biosynthesis, chorismate (+ polyprenyl-PP) => menaquinol [PATH:csi00130 csi01240 csi01100 csi01110]
M00932 Phylloquinone biosynthesis, chorismate (+ phytyl-PP) => phylloquinol [PATH:csi00130 csi01240 csi01100 csi01110]
M00112 Tocopherol/tocotorienol biosynthesis, homogentisate + phytyl/geranylgeranyl-PP => tocopherol/tocotorienol [PATH:csi00130 csi01240 csi01100 csi01110]
M00933 Plastoquinone biosynthesis, homogentisate + solanesyl-PP => plastoquinol [PATH:csi00130 csi01240 csi01100 csi01110]

Biosynthesis of terpenoids and polyketides
Terpenoid backbone biosynthesis
M00095 C5 isoprenoid biosynthesis, mevalonate pathway [PATH:csi00900 csi01100 csi01110]
M00096 C5 isoprenoid biosynthesis, non-mevalonate pathway [PATH:csi00900 csi01100 csi01110]
M00364 C10-C20 isoprenoid biosynthesis, bacteria [PATH:csi00900 csi01100 csi01110]
M00366 C10-C20 isoprenoid biosynthesis, plants [PATH:csi00900 csi01100 csi01110]

Plant terpenoid biosynthesis
M00097 beta-Carotene biosynthesis, GGAP => beta-carotene [PATH:csi00906 csi01100 csi01110]
M00372 Abscisic acid biosynthesis, beta-carotene => abscisic acid [PATH:csi00906 csi01100 csi01110]
M00371 Castasterone biosynthesis, campesterol => castasterone [PATH:csi01100 csi01110]
M00927 Gibberellin A12 biosynthesis, GAPP => GA12 [PATH:csi01100 csi01110]
M00928 Gibberellin A4/A1 biosynthesis, GA12/GA53 => GA4/GA1 [PATH:csi01100 csi01110]

Macrolide biosynthesis
Enediyne biosynthesis
Type II polyketide biosynthesis
Polyketide sugar unit biosynthesis
M00793 dTDP-L-rhamnose biosynthesis [PATH:csi00521 csi00523 csi00541 csi01250 csi01100 csi01110]

Biosynthesis of other secondary metabolites
Biosynthesis of phytochemical compounds
M00039 Monolignol biosynthesis, phenylalanine/tyrosine => monolignol [PATH:csi01100 csi01110]
M00137 Flavanone biosynthesis, phenylalanine => naringenin [PATH:csi01100 csi01110]
M00138 Flavonoid biosynthesis, naringenin => pelargonidin [PATH:csi01100 csi01110]

Biosynthesis of beta-lactams
Biosynthesis of other antibiotics
Biosynthesis of other fungal compounds
Biosynthesis of other bacterial compounds
M00918 Aerobactin biosynthesis, lysine => aerobactin [PATH:csi00997 csi01100 csi01110]

Xenobiotics biodegradation
Aromatics degradation

Gene set
Pathogenicity
Drug resistance
M00696 Multidrug resistance, efflux pump AcrEF-TolC

Plant pathogenicity
Symbiosis
Module set
Metabolic capacity
M00611 Oxygenic photosynthesis in plants and cyanobacteria
M00615 Nitrate assimilation
M00616 Sulfate-sulfur assimilation