KEGG Modules

Carbohydrate metabolism
Central carbohydrate metabolism
M00001 Glycolysis (Embden-Meyerhof pathway), glucose => pyruvate [PATH:hsa00010 hsa01200 hsa01100]
M00002 Glycolysis, core module involving three-carbon compounds [PATH:hsa00010 hsa01200 hsa01230 hsa01100]
M00003 Gluconeogenesis, oxaloacetate => fructose-6P [PATH:hsa00010 hsa00020 hsa01100]
M00307 Pyruvate oxidation, pyruvate => acetyl-CoA [PATH:hsa00010 hsa00020 hsa00620 hsa01200 hsa01100]
M00009 Citrate cycle (TCA cycle, Krebs cycle) [PATH:hsa00020 hsa01200 hsa01100]
M00010 Citrate cycle, first carbon oxidation, oxaloacetate => 2-oxoglutarate [PATH:hsa00020 hsa01200 hsa01210 hsa01230 hsa01100]
M00011 Citrate cycle, second carbon oxidation, 2-oxoglutarate => oxaloacetate [PATH:hsa00020 hsa01200 hsa01100]
M00004 Pentose phosphate pathway (Pentose phosphate cycle) [PATH:hsa00030 hsa01200 hsa01100]
M00006 Pentose phosphate pathway, oxidative phase, glucose 6P => ribulose 5P [PATH:hsa00030 hsa01200 hsa01100]
M00007 Pentose phosphate pathway, non-oxidative phase, fructose 6P => ribose 5P [PATH:hsa00030 hsa01200 hsa01230 hsa01100]
M00005 PRPP biosynthesis, ribose 5P => PRPP [PATH:hsa00030 hsa00230 hsa01200 hsa01230 hsa01100]
M00308 Semi-phosphorylative Entner-Doudoroff pathway, gluconate => glycerate-3P [PATH:hsa00030 hsa01200 hsa01100]

Other carbohydrate metabolism
M00014 Glucuronate pathway (uronate pathway) [PATH:hsa00040 hsa01100]
M00632 Galactose degradation, Leloir pathway, galactose => alpha-D-glucose-1P [PATH:hsa00052 hsa01100]
M00854 Glycogen biosynthesis, glucose-1P => glycogen/starch [PATH:hsa00500 hsa01100]
M00855 Glycogen degradation, glycogen => glucose-6P [PATH:hsa00500 hsa01100]
M00549 Nucleotide sugar biosynthesis, glucose => UDP-glucose [PATH:hsa00520 hsa01100]
M00554 Nucleotide sugar biosynthesis, galactose => UDP-galactose [PATH:hsa00520 hsa00052 hsa01100]
M00892 UDP-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine biosynthesis, eukaryotes, glucose => UDP-GlcNAc [PATH:hsa00520 hsa01100]
M00740 Methylaspartate cycle [PATH:hsa00020 hsa00250 hsa00630 hsa01200 hsa01100]
M00741 Propanoyl-CoA metabolism, propanoyl-CoA => succinyl-CoA [PATH:hsa00280 hsa00630 hsa00640 hsa01200 hsa01100]
M00130 Inositol phosphate metabolism, PI=> PIP2 => Ins(1,4,5)P3 => Ins(1,3,4,5)P4 [PATH:hsa00562 hsa01100]
M00131 Inositol phosphate metabolism, Ins(1,3,4,5)P4 => Ins(1,3,4)P3 => myo-inositol [PATH:hsa00562 hsa01100]
M00132 Inositol phosphate metabolism, Ins(1,3,4)P3 => phytate [PATH:hsa00562 hsa01100]

Energy metabolism
Carbon fixation
M00168 CAM (Crassulacean acid metabolism), dark [PATH:hsa00620 hsa01200 hsa01100]

Methane metabolism
M00378 F420 biosynthesis [PATH:hsa01240 hsa01100]

Nitrogen metabolism
M00531 Assimilatory nitrate reduction, nitrate => ammonia [PATH:hsa00910 hsa01100]

Sulfur metabolism
Photosynthesis
ATP synthesis
M00142 NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase, mitochondria [PATH:hsa00190]
M00143 NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) Fe-S protein/flavoprotein complex, mitochondria [PATH:hsa00190]
M00146 NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) 1 alpha subcomplex [PATH:hsa00190]
M00147 NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) 1 beta subcomplex [PATH:hsa00190]
M00149 Succinate dehydrogenase, prokaryotes [PATH:hsa00190]
M00148 Succinate dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) [PATH:hsa00190]
M00151 Cytochrome bc1 complex respiratory unit [PATH:hsa00190]
M00152 Cytochrome bc1 complex [PATH:hsa00190]
M00154 Cytochrome c oxidase [PATH:hsa00190]
M00155 Cytochrome c oxidase, prokaryotes [PATH:hsa00190]
M00158 F-type ATPase, eukaryotes [PATH:hsa00190]
M00159 V-type ATPase, prokaryotes [PATH:hsa00190]
M00160 V-type ATPase, eukaryotes [PATH:hsa00190]

Lipid metabolism
Fatty acid metabolism
M00082 Fatty acid biosynthesis, initiation [PATH:hsa00061 hsa01212 hsa01100]
M00083 Fatty acid biosynthesis, elongation [PATH:hsa00061 hsa01212 hsa01100]
M00873 Fatty acid biosynthesis in mitochondria, animals [PATH:hsa00061 hsa01212 hsa01100]
M00085 Fatty acid elongation in mitochondria [PATH:hsa00062 hsa01212 hsa01100]
M00415 Fatty acid elongation in endoplasmic reticulum [PATH:hsa00062 hsa01040 hsa01212 hsa01100]
M00086 beta-Oxidation, acyl-CoA synthesis [PATH:hsa00061 hsa00071 hsa01212 hsa01100]
M00087 beta-Oxidation [PATH:hsa00071 hsa01212 hsa01100]
M00861 beta-Oxidation, peroxisome, VLCFA [PATH:hsa01040 hsa01212 hsa01100]

Sterol biosynthesis
M00101 Cholesterol biosynthesis, squalene 2,3-epoxide => cholesterol [PATH:hsa00100 hsa01100]
M00103 Cholecalciferol biosynthesis [PATH:hsa00100 hsa01100]
M00104 Bile acid biosynthesis, cholesterol => cholate/chenodeoxycholate [PATH:hsa00120 hsa01100]
M00106 Conjugated bile acid biosynthesis, cholate => taurocholate/glycocholate [PATH:hsa00120 hsa01100]
M00862 beta-Oxidation, peroxisome, tri/dihydroxycholestanoyl-CoA => choloyl/chenodeoxycholoyl-CoA [PATH:hsa00120 hsa01100]
M00107 Steroid hormone biosynthesis, cholesterol => prognenolone => progesterone [PATH:hsa00140 hsa01100]
M00108 C21-Steroid hormone biosynthesis, progesterone => corticosterone/aldosterone [PATH:hsa00140 hsa01100]
M00109 C21-Steroid hormone biosynthesis, progesterone => cortisol/cortisone [PATH:hsa00140 hsa01100]
M00110 C19/C18-Steroid hormone biosynthesis, pregnenolone => androstenedione => estrone [PATH:hsa00140 hsa01100]

Lipid metabolism
M00089 Triacylglycerol biosynthesis [PATH:hsa00561 hsa01100]
M00098 Acylglycerol degradation [PATH:hsa00561 hsa01100]
M00090 Phosphatidylcholine (PC) biosynthesis, choline => PC [PATH:hsa00564 hsa01100]
M00091 Phosphatidylcholine (PC) biosynthesis, PE => PC [PATH:hsa00564 hsa01100]
M00092 Phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) biosynthesis, ethanolamine => PE [PATH:hsa00564 hsa01100]
M00094 Ceramide biosynthesis [PATH:hsa00600 hsa01100]
M00066 Lactosylceramide biosynthesis [PATH:hsa00600 hsa01100]
M00067 Sulfoglycolipids biosynthesis, ceramide/1-alkyl-2-acylglycerol => sulfatide/seminolipid [PATH:hsa00600 hsa00565 hsa01100]
M00099 Sphingosine biosynthesis [PATH:hsa00600 hsa01100]
M00100 Sphingosine degradation [PATH:hsa00600 hsa01100]

Nucleotide metabolism
Purine metabolism
M00048 Inosine monophosphate biosynthesis, PRPP + glutamine => IMP [PATH:hsa00230 hsa01100]
M00049 Adenine ribonucleotide biosynthesis, IMP => ADP,ATP [PATH:hsa00230 hsa01240 hsa01100]
M00050 Guanine ribonucleotide biosynthesis IMP => GDP,GTP [PATH:hsa00230 hsa01100]

Pyrimidine metabolism
M00051 Uridine monophosphate biosynthesis, glutamine (+ PRPP) => UMP [PATH:hsa00240 hsa01240 hsa01100]
M00052 Pyrimidine ribonucleotide biosynthesis, UMP => UDP/UTP,CDP/CTP [PATH:hsa00240 hsa01240 hsa01100]
M00046 Pyrimidine degradation, uracil => beta-alanine, thymine => 3-aminoisobutanoate [PATH:hsa00240 hsa01100]

Amino acid metabolism
Serine and threonine metabolism
M00020 Serine biosynthesis, glycerate-3P => serine [PATH:hsa00260 hsa01200 hsa01230 hsa01100]
M00018 Threonine biosynthesis, aspartate => homoserine => threonine [PATH:hsa00260 hsa01230 hsa01100]
M00555 Betaine biosynthesis, choline => betaine [PATH:hsa00260 hsa01100]

Cysteine and methionine metabolism
M00021 Cysteine biosynthesis, serine => cysteine [PATH:hsa00270 hsa00920 hsa01200 hsa01230 hsa01100]
M00338 Cysteine biosynthesis, homocysteine + serine => cysteine [PATH:hsa00260 hsa00270 hsa01230 hsa01100]
M00034 Methionine salvage pathway [PATH:hsa00270 hsa01100]
M00035 Methionine degradation [PATH:hsa00270 hsa01100]

Branched-chain amino acid metabolism
M00019 Valine/isoleucine biosynthesis, pyruvate => valine / 2-oxobutanoate => isoleucine [PATH:hsa00290 hsa00770 hsa01210 hsa01230 hsa01100]
M00535 Isoleucine biosynthesis, pyruvate => 2-oxobutanoate [PATH:hsa00290 hsa01210 hsa01230 hsa01100]
M00570 Isoleucine biosynthesis, threonine => 2-oxobutanoate => isoleucine [PATH:hsa00290 hsa01230 hsa01100]
M00432 Leucine biosynthesis, 2-oxoisovalerate => 2-oxoisocaproate [PATH:hsa00290 hsa01210 hsa01230 hsa01100]
M00036 Leucine degradation, leucine => acetoacetate + acetyl-CoA [PATH:hsa00280 hsa01100]

Lysine metabolism
M00031 Lysine biosynthesis, mediated by LysW, 2-aminoadipate => lysine [PATH:hsa01210 hsa01230 hsa01100]
M00032 Lysine degradation, lysine => saccharopine => acetoacetyl-CoA [PATH:hsa00310 hsa01100]

Arginine and proline metabolism
M00844 Arginine biosynthesis, ornithine => arginine [PATH:hsa00220 hsa01230 hsa01100]
M00029 Urea cycle [PATH:hsa00220 hsa01230 hsa01100]
M00015 Proline biosynthesis, glutamate => proline [PATH:hsa00330 hsa01230 hsa01100]
M00047 Creatine pathway [PATH:hsa00330 hsa01100]

Polyamine biosynthesis
M00133 Polyamine biosynthesis, arginine => agmatine => putrescine => spermidine [PATH:hsa00330 hsa01100]
M00134 Polyamine biosynthesis, arginine => ornithine => putrescine [PATH:hsa00330 hsa01100]
M00135 GABA biosynthesis, eukaryotes, putrescine => GABA [PATH:hsa00330 hsa01100]

Histidine metabolism
M00026 Histidine biosynthesis, PRPP => histidine [PATH:hsa00340 hsa01230 hsa01100]
M00045 Histidine degradation, histidine => N-formiminoglutamate => glutamate [PATH:hsa00340 hsa01100]

Aromatic amino acid metabolism
M00023 Tryptophan biosynthesis, chorismate => tryptophan [PATH:hsa00400 hsa01230 hsa01100]
M00042 Catecholamine biosynthesis, tyrosine => dopamine => noradrenaline => adrenaline [PATH:hsa00350 hsa01100]
M00043 Thyroid hormone biosynthesis, tyrosine => triiodothyronine/thyroxine [PATH:hsa00350 hsa01100]
M00044 Tyrosine degradation, tyrosine => homogentisate [PATH:hsa00350 hsa01100]
M00037 Melatonin biosynthesis, animals, tryptophan => serotonin => melatonin [PATH:hsa00380 hsa01100]
M00038 Tryptophan metabolism, tryptophan => kynurenine => 2-aminomuconate [PATH:hsa00380 hsa01100]

Other amino acid metabolism
M00027 GABA (gamma-Aminobutyrate) shunt [PATH:hsa00250 hsa00650 hsa01100]
M00118 Glutathione biosynthesis, glutamate => glutathione [PATH:hsa00480 hsa01240 hsa01100]

Glycan metabolism
Glycan biosynthesis
M00055 N-glycan precursor biosynthesis [PATH:hsa00510 hsa01100]
M00072 N-glycosylation by oligosaccharyltransferase [PATH:hsa00510 hsa00513 hsa01100]
M00073 N-glycan precursor trimming [PATH:hsa00510 hsa01100]
M00075 N-glycan biosynthesis, complex type [PATH:hsa00510 hsa01100]
M00056 O-glycan biosynthesis, mucin type core [PATH:hsa00512 hsa01100]
M00872 O-glycan biosynthesis, mannose type (core M3) [PATH:hsa00515 hsa01100]
M00065 GPI-anchor biosynthesis, core oligosaccharide [PATH:hsa00563 hsa01100]
M00070 Glycosphingolipid biosynthesis, lacto-series, LacCer => Lc4Cer [PATH:hsa00601 hsa01100]
M00071 Glycosphingolipid biosynthesis, neolacto-series, LacCer => nLc4Cer [PATH:hsa00601 hsa01100]
M00068 Glycosphingolipid biosynthesis, globo-series, LacCer => Gb4Cer [PATH:hsa00603 hsa01100]
M00069 Glycosphingolipid biosynthesis, ganglio series, LacCer => GT3 [PATH:hsa00604 hsa01100]

Glycosaminoglycan metabolism
M00057 Glycosaminoglycan biosynthesis, linkage tetrasaccharide [PATH:hsa00532 hsa00534 hsa01100]
M00058 Glycosaminoglycan biosynthesis, chondroitin sulfate backbone [PATH:hsa00532 hsa01100]
M00059 Glycosaminoglycan biosynthesis, heparan sulfate backbone [PATH:hsa00534 hsa01100]
M00076 Dermatan sulfate degradation [PATH:hsa00531 hsa01100]
M00077 Chondroitin sulfate degradation [PATH:hsa00531 hsa01100]
M00078 Heparan sulfate degradation [PATH:hsa00531 hsa01100]
M00079 Keratan sulfate degradation [PATH:hsa00531 hsa01100]

Lipopolysaccharide metabolism
Metabolism of cofactors and vitamins
Cofactor and vitamin metabolism
M00896 Thiamine biosynthesis, archaea, AIR (+ NAD+) => TMP/TPP [PATH:hsa00730 hsa01240 hsa01100]
M00899 Thiamine salvage pathway, HMP/HET => TMP [PATH:hsa00730 hsa01100]
M00916 Pyridoxal-P biosynthesis, R5P + glyceraldehyde-3P + glutamine => pyridoxal-P [PATH:hsa00750 hsa01240 hsa01100]
M00912 NAD biosynthesis, tryptophan => quinolinate => NAD [PATH:hsa00380 hsa00760 hsa01240 hsa01100]
M00120 Coenzyme A biosynthesis, pantothenate => CoA [PATH:hsa00770 hsa01240 hsa01100]
M00914 Coenzyme A biosynthesis, archaea, 2-oxoisovalerate => 4-phosphopantoate => CoA [PATH:hsa00770 hsa01240 hsa01100]
M00882 Lipoic acid biosynthesis, eukaryotes, octanoyl-ACP => dihydrolipoyl-H [PATH:hsa00785 hsa01240 hsa01100]
M00883 Lipoic acid biosynthesis, animals and bacteria, octanoyl-ACP => dihydrolipoyl-H => dihydrolipoyl-E2 [PATH:hsa00785 hsa01240 hsa01100]
M00842 Tetrahydrobiopterin biosynthesis, GTP => BH4 [PATH:hsa00790 hsa01240 hsa01100]
M00880 Molybdenum cofactor biosynthesis, GTP => molybdenum cofactor [PATH:hsa00790 hsa01240 hsa01100]
M00141 C1-unit interconversion, eukaryotes [PATH:hsa00670 hsa01240 hsa01100]
M00868 Heme biosynthesis, animals and fungi, glycine => heme [PATH:hsa00860 hsa01240 hsa01100]
M00847 Heme biosynthesis, archaea, siroheme => heme [PATH:hsa00860 hsa01240 hsa01100]
M00128 Ubiquinone biosynthesis, eukaryotes, 4-hydroxybenzoate + polyprenyl-PP => ubiquinol [PATH:hsa00130 hsa01240 hsa01100]

Biosynthesis of terpenoids and polyketides
Terpenoid backbone biosynthesis
M00095 C5 isoprenoid biosynthesis, mevalonate pathway [PATH:hsa00900 hsa01100]
M00849 C5 isoprenoid biosynthesis, mevalonate pathway, archaea [PATH:hsa00900 hsa01100]
M00365 C10-C20 isoprenoid biosynthesis, archaea [PATH:hsa00900 hsa01100]
M00367 C10-C20 isoprenoid biosynthesis, non-plant eukaryotes [PATH:hsa00900 hsa01100]

Plant terpenoid biosynthesis
Macrolide biosynthesis
Enediyne biosynthesis
Type II polyketide biosynthesis
Polyketide sugar unit biosynthesis
M00793 dTDP-L-rhamnose biosynthesis [PATH:hsa01100]

Biosynthesis of other secondary metabolites
Biosynthesis of phytochemical compounds
Biosynthesis of beta-lactams
Biosynthesis of other antibiotics
Biosynthesis of other fungal compounds
Biosynthesis of other bacterial compounds
Xenobiotics biodegradation
Aromatics degradation

Gene set
Pathogenicity
Drug resistance
Plant pathogenicity
Symbiosis
Module set
Metabolic capacity
M00615 Nitrate assimilation