KEGG Modules

Carbohydrate metabolism
Central carbohydrate metabolism
M00001 Glycolysis (Embden-Meyerhof pathway), glucose => pyruvate [PATH:set00010 set01200 set01100]
M00002 Glycolysis, core module involving three-carbon compounds [PATH:set00010 set01200 set01230 set01100]
M00003 Gluconeogenesis, oxaloacetate => fructose-6P [PATH:set00010 set00020 set01100]
M00307 Pyruvate oxidation, pyruvate => acetyl-CoA [PATH:set00010 set00020 set00620 set00785 set01200 set01210 set01100]
M00009 Citrate cycle (TCA cycle, Krebs cycle) [PATH:set00020 set01200 set01100]
M00010 Citrate cycle, first carbon oxidation, oxaloacetate => 2-oxoglutarate [PATH:set00020 set01200 set01210 set01230 set01100]
M00011 Citrate cycle, second carbon oxidation, 2-oxoglutarate => oxaloacetate [PATH:set00020 set01200 set01210 set01100]
M00004 Pentose phosphate pathway (Pentose phosphate cycle) [PATH:set00030 set01200 set01100 set01120]
M00006 Pentose phosphate pathway, oxidative phase, glucose 6P => ribulose 5P [PATH:set00030 set01200 set01100 set01120]
M00007 Pentose phosphate pathway, non-oxidative phase, fructose 6P => ribose 5P [PATH:set00030 set01200 set01230 set01100 set01120]
M00580 Pentose phosphate pathway, archaea, fructose 6P => ribose 5P [PATH:set00030 set01200 set01230 set01100 set01120]
M00005 PRPP biosynthesis, ribose 5P => PRPP [PATH:set00030 set00230 set01200 set01230 set01100]
M00008 Entner-Doudoroff pathway, glucose-6P => glyceraldehyde-3P + pyruvate [PATH:set00030 set01200 set01100 set01120]

Other carbohydrate metabolism
M00014 Glucuronate pathway (uronate pathway) [PATH:set00040 set01100]
M00061 D-Glucuronate degradation, D-glucuronate => pyruvate + D-glyceraldehyde 3P [PATH:set00040 set00030 set01100]
M00632 Galactose degradation, Leloir pathway, galactose => alpha-D-glucose-1P [PATH:set00052 set01100]
M00552 D-galactonate degradation, De Ley-Doudoroff pathway, D-galactonate => glycerate-3P [PATH:set00052 set01100]
M00129 Ascorbate biosynthesis, animals, glucose-1P => ascorbate [PATH:set00040 set00053 set01240 set01100]
M00550 Ascorbate degradation, ascorbate => D-xylulose-5P [PATH:set00053 set01100 set01120]
M00854 Glycogen biosynthesis, glucose-1P => glycogen/starch [PATH:set00500 set01100]
M00855 Glycogen degradation, glycogen => glucose-6P [PATH:set00500 set01100]
M00565 Trehalose biosynthesis, D-glucose 1P => trehalose [PATH:set00500 set01100 set01110]
M00012 Glyoxylate cycle [PATH:set00630 set01200 set01100 set01110]
M00741 Propanoyl-CoA metabolism, propanoyl-CoA => succinyl-CoA [PATH:set00280 set00630 set00640 set01200 set01100]
M00982 Methylcitrate cycle [PATH:set00640 set00020 set01200 set01100 set01120]
M00130 Inositol phosphate metabolism, PI=> PIP2 => Ins(1,4,5)P3 => Ins(1,3,4,5)P4 [PATH:set00562 set01100]
M00131 Inositol phosphate metabolism, Ins(1,3,4,5)P4 => Ins(1,3,4)P3 => myo-inositol [PATH:set00562 set01100]
M00132 Inositol phosphate metabolism, Ins(1,3,4)P3 => phytate [PATH:set00562 set01100]

Energy metabolism
Carbon fixation
M00168 CAM (Crassulacean acid metabolism), dark [PATH:set00620 set00710 set01200 set01100 set01120]
M00579 Phosphate acetyltransferase-acetate kinase pathway, acetyl-CoA => acetate [PATH:set00430 set00620 set00720 set01200 set01100 set01120]

Methane metabolism
M00345 Formaldehyde assimilation, ribulose monophosphate pathway [PATH:set00030 set00680 set01200 set01230 set01100 set01120]

Nitrogen metabolism
M00530 Dissimilatory nitrate reduction, nitrate => ammonia [PATH:set00910 set01310 set01100 set01120]

Sulfur metabolism
M00176 Assimilatory sulfate reduction, sulfate => H2S [PATH:set00920 set01320 set01100 set01120]

Photosynthesis
ATP synthesis
M00144 NADH:quinone oxidoreductase, prokaryotes [PATH:set00190 set01100]
M00143 NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) Fe-S protein/flavoprotein complex, mitochondria [PATH:set00190 set01100]
M00146 NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) 1 alpha subcomplex [PATH:set00190 set01100]
M00147 NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) 1 beta subcomplex [PATH:set00190 set01100]
M00149 Succinate dehydrogenase, prokaryotes [PATH:set00190 set01100]
M00150 Fumarate reductase, prokaryotes [PATH:set00190 set01100]
M00148 Succinate dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) [PATH:set00190 set01100]
M00153 Cytochrome bd ubiquinol oxidase [PATH:set00190]
M00417 Cytochrome o ubiquinol oxidase [PATH:set00190 set01100]
M00157 F-type ATPase, prokaryotes and chloroplasts [PATH:set00190 set01100]
M00160 V-type ATPase, eukaryotes [PATH:set00190 set01100]

Lipid metabolism
Fatty acid metabolism
M00082 Fatty acid biosynthesis, initiation [PATH:set00061 set01212 set01100]
M00083 Fatty acid biosynthesis, elongation [PATH:set00061 set01212 set01100]
M00873 Fatty acid biosynthesis in mitochondria, animals [PATH:set00061 set01212 set01100]
M00085 Fatty acid elongation in mitochondria [PATH:set01212 set01100]
M00415 Fatty acid elongation in endoplasmic reticulum [PATH:set01040 set01212 set01100]
M00086 beta-Oxidation, acyl-CoA synthesis [PATH:set00061 set00071 set01212 set01100]
M00087 beta-Oxidation [PATH:set00071 set01212 set01100]
M00861 beta-Oxidation, peroxisome, VLCFA [PATH:set01040 set01212 set01100]

Sterol biosynthesis
M00101 Cholesterol biosynthesis, FPP => cholesterol [PATH:set01100]
M00103 Cholecalciferol biosynthesis [PATH:set01100]
M00106 Conjugated bile acid biosynthesis, cholate => taurocholate/glycocholate [PATH:set01100]
M00862 beta-Oxidation, peroxisome, tri/dihydroxycholestanoyl-CoA => choloyl/chenodeoxycholoyl-CoA [PATH:set01100]
M00107 Steroid hormone biosynthesis, cholesterol => pregnenolone => progesterone [PATH:set01100]
M00109 C21-Steroid hormone biosynthesis, progesterone => cortisol/cortisone [PATH:set01100]
M00110 C19/C18-Steroid hormone biosynthesis, pregnenolone => androstenedione => estrone [PATH:set01100]
M00976 C19-Steroid hormone biosynthesis, pregnenolone => testosterone => dihydrotestosterone [PATH:set01100]

Lipid metabolism
M00089 Triacylglycerol biosynthesis [PATH:set00561 set01100]
M00098 Acylglycerol degradation [PATH:set00561 set01100]
M00090 Phosphatidylcholine (PC) biosynthesis, choline => PC [PATH:set00564 set01100]
M00091 Phosphatidylcholine (PC) biosynthesis, PE => PC [PATH:set00564 set01100]
M00092 Phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) biosynthesis, ethanolamine => PE [PATH:set00564 set01100]
M00093 Phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) biosynthesis, PA => PS => PE [PATH:set00564 set01100]
M00094 Ceramide biosynthesis [PATH:set00600 set01100]
M00066 Lactosylceramide biosynthesis [PATH:set00600 set01100]
M00067 Sulfoglycolipids biosynthesis, ceramide/1-alkyl-2-acylglycerol => sulfatide/seminolipid [PATH:set00600 set00565 set01100]
M00099 Sphingosine biosynthesis [PATH:set00600 set01100]
M00100 Sphingosine degradation [PATH:set00600 set01100]

Nucleotide metabolism
Purine metabolism
M00048 De novo purine biosynthesis, PRPP + glutamine => IMP [PATH:set00230 set01100]
M00049 Adenine ribonucleotide biosynthesis, IMP => ADP,ATP [PATH:set00230 set01232 set01240 set01100]
M00050 Guanine ribonucleotide biosynthesis, IMP => GDP,GTP [PATH:set00230 set01232 set01100]
M00053 Deoxyribonucleotide biosynthesis, ADP/GDP/CDP/UDP => dATP/dGTP/dCTP/dUTP [PATH:set00230 set00240 set01232 set01100]
M00958 Adenine ribonucleotide degradation, AMP => Urate [PATH:set00230 set01232 set01100]
M00959 Guanine ribonucleotide degradation, GMP => Urate [PATH:set00230 set01232 set01100]

Pyrimidine metabolism
M00051 De novo pyrimidine biosynthesis, glutamine (+ PRPP) => UMP [PATH:set00240 set01240 set01100]
M00052 Pyrimidine ribonucleotide biosynthesis, UMP => UDP/UTP,CDP/CTP [PATH:set00240 set01232 set01240 set01100]
M00938 Pyrimidine deoxyribonucleotide biosynthesis, UDP => dTTP [PATH:set00240 set01232 set01100]
M00046 Pyrimidine degradation, uracil => beta-alanine, thymine => 3-aminoisobutanoate [PATH:set00240 set00410 set00770 set01100]

Amino acid metabolism
Serine and threonine metabolism
M00020 Serine biosynthesis, glycerate-3P => serine [PATH:set00260 set00680 set01200 set01230 set01100]
M00018 Threonine biosynthesis, aspartate => homoserine => threonine [PATH:set00260 set01230 set01100 set01110]
M00621 Glycine cleavage system [PATH:set00260 set00630 set00670 set00785 set01200 set01100]
M00555 Betaine biosynthesis, choline => betaine [PATH:set00260 set00670 set01100]
M00974 Betaine metabolism, animals, betaine => glycine [PATH:set00260 set00670 set01100]

Cysteine and methionine metabolism
M00021 Cysteine biosynthesis, serine => cysteine [PATH:set00270 set00920 set01320 set01200 set01230 set01100 set01110]
M00338 Cysteine biosynthesis, homocysteine + serine => cysteine [PATH:set00260 set00270 set00670 set01230 set01100]
M00017 Methionine biosynthesis, aspartate => homoserine => methionine [PATH:set00270 set01230 set01100]
M00034 Methionine salvage pathway [PATH:set00270 set01100]
M00035 Methionine degradation [PATH:set00270 set00670 set01100]

Branched-chain amino acid metabolism
M00019 Valine/isoleucine biosynthesis, pyruvate => valine / 2-oxobutanoate => isoleucine [PATH:set00290 set00770 set01210 set01230 set01100 set01110]
M00570 Isoleucine biosynthesis, threonine => 2-oxobutanoate => isoleucine [PATH:set00290 set01230 set01100]
M00432 Leucine biosynthesis, 2-oxoisovalerate => 2-oxoisocaproate [PATH:set00290 set01210 set01230 set01100 set01110]
M00036 Leucine degradation, leucine => acetoacetate + acetyl-CoA [PATH:set00280 set01100]

Lysine metabolism
M00016 Lysine biosynthesis, succinyl-DAP pathway, aspartate => lysine [PATH:set00300 set01230 set01100]
M00032 Lysine degradation, lysine => saccharopine => acetoacetyl-CoA [PATH:set00310 set01210 set01100]
M00956 Lysine degradation, bacteria, L-lysine => succinate [PATH:set00310 set01100 set01120]

Arginine and proline metabolism
M00028 Ornithine biosynthesis, glutamate => ornithine [PATH:set00220 set01210 set01230 set01100]
M00844 Arginine biosynthesis, ornithine => arginine [PATH:set00220 set01230 set01100]
M00029 Urea cycle [PATH:set00220 set01230 set01100]
M00015 Proline biosynthesis, glutamate => proline [PATH:set00330 set01230 set01100]
M00970 Proline degradation, proline => glutamate [PATH:set00330 set01100]
M00972 Proline metabolism [PATH:set00330 set01100]
M00047 Creatine pathway [PATH:set00330 set00260 set01100]
M00879 Arginine succinyltransferase pathway, arginine => glutamate [PATH:set00330 set01100]

Polyamine biosynthesis
M00133 Polyamine biosynthesis, arginine => agmatine => putrescine => spermidine [PATH:set00330 set01100]
M00134 Polyamine biosynthesis, arginine => ornithine => putrescine [PATH:set00330 set01100]
M00135 GABA biosynthesis, eukaryotes, putrescine => GABA [PATH:set00330 set01100]

Histidine metabolism
M00026 Histidine biosynthesis, PRPP => histidine [PATH:set00340 set01230 set01100 set01110]
M00045 Histidine degradation, histidine => N-formiminoglutamate => glutamate [PATH:set00340 set01100]

Aromatic amino acid metabolism
M00022 Shikimate pathway, phosphoenolpyruvate + erythrose-4P => chorismate [PATH:set00400 set01230 set01100 set01110]
M00023 Tryptophan biosynthesis, chorismate => tryptophan [PATH:set00400 set01230 set01100 set01110]
M00024 Phenylalanine biosynthesis, chorismate => phenylpyruvate => phenylalanine [PATH:set00400 set01230 set01100 set01110]
M00025 Tyrosine biosynthesis, chorismate => HPP => tyrosine [PATH:set00400 set01230 set01100]
M00042 Catecholamine biosynthesis, tyrosine => dopamine => noradrenaline => adrenaline [PATH:set00350 set01100]
M00043 Thyroid hormone biosynthesis, tyrosine => triiodothyronine/thyroxine [PATH:set00350 set01100]
M00044 Tyrosine degradation, tyrosine => homogentisate [PATH:set00350 set01100]
M00533 Homoprotocatechuate degradation, homoprotocatechuate => 2-oxohept-3-enedioate [PATH:set00350 set01220 set01100 set01120]
M00037 Melatonin biosynthesis, animals, tryptophan => serotonin => melatonin [PATH:set00380 set01100]
M00038 Tryptophan metabolism, tryptophan => kynurenine => 2-aminomuconate [PATH:set00380 set01100]

Other amino acid metabolism
M00027 GABA (gamma-Aminobutyrate) shunt [PATH:set00250 set00650 set01100]
M00118 Glutathione biosynthesis, glutamate => glutathione [PATH:set00480 set01240 set01100]

Glycan metabolism
Nucleotide sugar biosynthesis
M00892 UDP-GlcNAc biosynthesis, eukaryotes, Fru-6P => UDP-GlcNAc [PATH:set00520 set01250 set01100]
M00909 UDP-GlcNAc biosynthesis, prokaryotes, Fru-6P => UDP-GlcNAc [PATH:set00520 set01250 set01100]
M01003 UDP-GlcNAc biosynthesis, GlcNAc => UDP-GlcNAc [PATH:set00520]
M00995 UDP-MurNAc biosynthesis, Fru-6P => UDP-MurNAc [PATH:set00520]
M00549 UDP-Glc biosynthesis, Glc => UDP-Glc [PATH:set00520 set01250 set01100]
M01004 UDP-Galf biosynthesis, UDP-Glc => UDP-Galf [PATH:set00520 set00052]
M00554 UDP-Gal biosynthesis, Gal => UDP-Gal [PATH:set00520 set00052 set01250 set01100]
M01000 GDP-Man biosynthesis, Fru-6P => GDP-Man [PATH:set00520]
M01001 GDP-L-Fuc biosynthesis, L-Fuc => GDP-L-Fuc [PATH:set00520]
M00955 CMP-Neu5Ac/Neu5Gc biosynthesis, animals, UDP-GlcNAc => CMP-Neu5Ac => CMP-Neu5Gc [PATH:set00541 set01250]
M00063 CMP-3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonate biosynthesis, ribulose-5P => CMP-KDO [PATH:set00541 set01250 set01100]
M00064 ADP-L-glycero-D-manno-heptose biosynthesis, sedoheptulose-7P => ADP-LDmanHep [PATH:set00541 set01250 set01100]
M00761 Undecaprenylphosphate alpha-L-Ara4N biosynthesis, UDP-GlcA => undecaprenyl phosphate alpha-L-Ara4N [PATH:set00541 set01100]
M00793 dTDP-L-rhamnose biosynthesis, glucose-1P => dTDP-L-Rha [PATH:set00521 set00523 set00541 set01250 set01100 set01110]

Glycan biosynthesis
M00072 N-glycosylation by oligosaccharyltransferase [PATH:set01100]
M00073 N-glycan precursor trimming [PATH:set01100]
M00075 N-glycan biosynthesis, complex type [PATH:set01100]
M00872 O-glycan biosynthesis, mannose type (core M3) [PATH:set01100]
M00065 GPI-anchor biosynthesis, core oligosaccharide [PATH:set01100]
M00983 GPI-anchor remodeling [PATH:set01100]
M00070 Glycosphingolipid biosynthesis, lacto-series, LacCer => Lc4Cer [PATH:set01100]
M00071 Glycosphingolipid biosynthesis, neolacto-series, LacCer => nLc4Cer [PATH:set01100]
M00068 Glycosphingolipid biosynthesis, globo-series, LacCer => Gb4Cer [PATH:set01100]
M00069 Glycosphingolipid biosynthesis, ganglio series, LacCer => GT3 [PATH:set01100]

Glycosaminoglycan metabolism
M00057 Glycosaminoglycan biosynthesis, linkage tetrasaccharide [PATH:set01100]
M00058 Glycosaminoglycan biosynthesis, chondroitin sulfate backbone [PATH:set01100]
M00059 Glycosaminoglycan biosynthesis, heparan sulfate backbone [PATH:set01100]
M00076 Dermatan sulfate degradation [PATH:set01100]
M00077 Chondroitin sulfate degradation [PATH:set01100]
M00078 Heparan sulfate degradation [PATH:set01100]
M00079 Keratan sulfate degradation [PATH:set01100]

Lipopolysaccharide metabolism
M00060 KDO2-lipid A biosynthesis, Raetz pathway, LpxL-LpxM type [PATH:set00540 set01100]

Other polysaccharide metabolism
Metabolism of cofactors and vitamins
Cofactor and vitamin metabolism
M00127 Thiamine biosynthesis, prokaryotes, AIR (+ DXP/tyrosine) => TMP/TPP [PATH:set00730 set01240 set01100]
M00899 Thiamine salvage pathway, HMP/HET => TMP [PATH:set00730 set01100]
M00125 Riboflavin biosynthesis, plants and bacteria, GTP => riboflavin/FMN/FAD [PATH:set00740 set01240 set01100 set01110]
M00124 Pyridoxal-P biosynthesis, erythrose-4P => pyridoxal-P [PATH:set00750 set01240 set01100]
M00115 NAD biosynthesis, aspartate => quinolinate => NAD [PATH:set00760 set01240 set01100]
M00912 NAD biosynthesis, tryptophan => quinolinate => NAD [PATH:set00380 set00760 set01240 set01100]
M00119 Pantothenate biosynthesis, valine/L-aspartate => pantothenate [PATH:set00770 set01240 set01100 set01110]
M00120 Coenzyme A biosynthesis, pantothenate => CoA [PATH:set00770 set01240 set01100]
M00572 Pimeloyl-ACP biosynthesis, BioC-BioH pathway, malonyl-ACP => pimeloyl-ACP [PATH:set00780 set01240 set01100]
M00123 Biotin biosynthesis, pimeloyl-ACP/CoA => biotin [PATH:set00780 set01240 set01100]
M00881 Lipoic acid biosynthesis, plants and bacteria, octanoyl-ACP => dihydrolipoyl-E2/H [PATH:set00785 set01240 set01100]
M00882 Lipoic acid biosynthesis, eukaryotes, octanoyl-ACP => dihydrolipoyl-H [PATH:set00785 set01240 set01100]
M00883 Lipoic acid biosynthesis, animals and bacteria, octanoyl-ACP => dihydrolipoyl-H => dihydrolipoyl-E2 [PATH:set00785 set01240 set01100]
M00126 Tetrahydrofolate biosynthesis, GTP => THF [PATH:set00790 set00670 set01240 set01100]
M00842 Tetrahydrobiopterin biosynthesis, GTP => BH4 [PATH:set00790 set01240 set01100]
M00880 Molybdenum cofactor biosynthesis, GTP => molybdenum cofactor [PATH:set00790 set01240 set01100]
M00988 PreQ1 biosynthesis, GTP => 7-Aminomethyl-7-deazaguanine [PATH:set00790 set01100]
M00141 C1-unit interconversion, eukaryotes [PATH:set00670 set01240 set01100]
M00846 Siroheme biosynthesis, glutamyl-tRNA => siroheme [PATH:set00860 set01240 set01100 set01110]
M00868 Heme biosynthesis, animals and fungi, glycine => heme [PATH:set00860 set01240 set01100 set01110]
M00121 Heme biosynthesis, plants and bacteria, glutamate => heme [PATH:set00860 set01240 set01100 set01110]
M00924 Cobalamin biosynthesis, anaerobic, uroporphyrinogen III => sirohydrochlorin => cobyrinate a,c-diamide [PATH:set00860 set01240 set01100]
M00122 Cobalamin biosynthesis, cobyrinate a,c-diamide => cobalamin [PATH:set00860 set01240 set01100]
M00117 Ubiquinone biosynthesis, prokaryotes, chorismate (+ polyprenyl-PP) => ubiquinol [PATH:set00130 set01240 set01100 set01110]
M00989 Ubiquinone biosynthesis, O2-independent, prokaryotes, chorismate (+ polyprenyl-PP) => ubiquinol [PATH:set00130 set01240 set01100 set01110]
M00128 Ubiquinone biosynthesis, eukaryotes, 4-hydroxybenzoate + polyprenyl-PP => ubiquinone [PATH:set00130 set01240 set01100]
M00116 Menaquinone biosynthesis, chorismate (+ polyprenyl-PP) => menaquinol [PATH:set00130 set01240 set01100 set01110]

Biosynthesis of terpenoids and polyketides
Terpenoid backbone biosynthesis
M00095 C5 isoprenoid biosynthesis, mevalonate pathway [PATH:set00900 set01100 set01110]
M00096 C5 isoprenoid biosynthesis, non-mevalonate pathway [PATH:set00900 set01100 set01110]
M00364 C10-C20 isoprenoid biosynthesis, bacteria [PATH:set00900 set01100 set01110]
M00367 C10-C20 isoprenoid biosynthesis, non-plant eukaryotes [PATH:set00900 set01100 set01110]

Plant terpenoid biosynthesis
Macrolide biosynthesis
Enediyne biosynthesis
Type II polyketide biosynthesis
Polyketide sugar unit biosynthesis
Biosynthesis of other secondary metabolites
Biosynthesis of phytochemical compounds
Biosynthesis of beta-lactams
Biosynthesis of other antibiotics
Biosynthesis of other fungal compounds
Biosynthesis of other bacterial compounds
Xenobiotics biodegradation
Aromatics degradation

Gene set
Pathogenicity
Drug resistance
M00744 Cationic antimicrobial peptide (CAMP) resistance, protease PgtE
M00696 Multidrug resistance, efflux pump AcrEF-TolC

Plant pathogenicity
Symbiosis
Module set
Metabolic capacity
M00616 Sulfate-sulfur assimilation