Drug Name Stems Drug Name Stems| Category | Stem | Definition | KEGG Drug Group |
| Antibacterial | -cillin | penicillin | DG01480 Penicillin; Penam |
| -penem | carbapenem | DG01458 Carbapenem | |
| -penem | penem | DG01486 Penem | |
| cef- | cephem | DG01488 Cephalosporin; Cephem | |
| -oxef | oxacephem | DG01459 Oxacephem | |
| -carbef | carbacephem derivative | DG01711 Carbacephem | |
| -monam | monobactam antibiotics | DG01454 Monobactam | |
| -bactam | beta-lactamase inhibitor | DG01479 beta-Lactamase inhibitor | |
| -planin | antibacterials from Actinoplanes strains | DG01580 Glycopeptide antibiotic | |
| -parcin | glycopeptide antibiotics | ||
| -micin, -mycin, -kacin |
antibiotics from Streptomyces strains | DG01447 Aminoglycoside antibiotic | |
| -cycline | tetracycline derivative | DG01197 Tetracycline antibiotic | |
| -mycin, -micin |
antibiotics (Micromonospora strains) | DG01551 Macrolide antibiotic | |
| -phenicol, -fenicol |
chloramphenicol analog | DG01576 Amphenicol type antibacterial | |
| -mulin | pleuromutilin derivative | DG01813 Pleuromutilin | |
| -zolid | oxazolidinone | DG01789 Oxazolidinone antibiotic | |
| -sulfa- | sulfonamide | DG01784 Short-acting sulfonamide DG01785 Intermediate-acting sulfonamide DG01786 Long-acting sulfonamide DG01787 Sulfonamide antibacterial |
|
| -prim | trimethoprim derivative | DG01581 Trimethoprim antibacterial | |
| -oxacin | quinolone | DG01550 Quinolone | |
| -floxacin | new quinolone | DG01549 Fluoroquinolone; New quinolone | |
| nifur- | 5-nitrofuran | DG01553 5-Nitrofuran antibacterial | |
| -toin- | hydantoin type nitrofuran | DG01552 Hydantoin type nitrofuran | |
| rifa- | rifamycin derivative | DG01598 Rifamycin antibiotic | |
| Antiviral | -vudine | zidovudine type (thymidine derivative) | DG03346 Zidoudine type antiviral |
| -arabine | arabinofuranosyl derivative | DG01440 Arabinofuranosyl type antiviral | |
| -citabine | nucleoside antiviral, cytarabine or azarabine derivative | ||
| -navir | HIV protease inhibitor | DG01647 HIV protease inhibitor | |
| -tegravir | HIV integrase inhibitor | DG03135 HIV integrase inhibitor | |
| -previr | serine protease inhibitor | DG02001 HCV NS3/4A protease inhibitor | |
| -asvir | nonstructural protein 5A (NS5A) inhibitor | DG01999 HCV NS5A inhibitor | |
| -buvir | RNA polymerase (NS5B) inhibitor | DG02000 HCV NS5B polymerase inhibitor | |
| -gosivir | alpha-glucosidase inhibitor | DG01962 alpha-Glucosidase inhibitor, antiviral | |
| -trelvir | COVID 3CL protease inhibitor | DG03347 COVID 3CL protease inhibitor | |
| -amivir | neuraminidase inhibitor | DG02842 Neuraminidase inhibitor | |
| Antifungal | -conazole | systemic antifungals (miconazole type) | DG01883 Imidazole antifungal DG01523 Triazole antifungal |
| nifur- | 5-nitrofuran | DG01555 5-Nitrofuran antifungal | |
| Antiprotozoal | -nidazole | metronidazole type antiprotozoal | DG01884 Imidazole antiprotozoal |
| nifur- | 5-nitofuran | DG01554 5-Nitrofuran antiprotozoal | |
| Antineoplastic | -gratinib | fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) inhibitor | DG03208 FGFR inhibitor |
| -alkib | anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) inhibitor (formerly -tinib) | DG03136 ALK inhibitor | |
| -rafenib | BRAF inhibitor | DG03159 BRAF inhibitor | |
| -metinib | MEK inhibitor | DG03137 MEK inhibitor | |
| -ciclib, -cidib |
cyclin dependent kinase inhibitor | DG03138 CDK inhibitor | |
| -rolimus | mTOR inhibitor | DG01597 mTOR inhibitor | |
| -lisib | PI3K inhibitor | DG03139 PI3K inhibitor | |
| -parib | PARP inhibitor | DG02942 PARP inhibitor | |
| -toclax | B-cell lymphoma 2 inhibitor | DG03337 BCL-2 inhibitor | |
| -degib | smoothened receptor antagonist | DG01566 Hedgehog signaling inhibitor | |
| -zomib | proteasome inhibitor | DG03134 Proteasome inhibitor | |
| -inostat | HDAC inhibitor | DG03133 Histone deacetylase inhibitor | |
| -ifen(e) | tamoxifene derivative | DG01620 Tamoxifene-type antineoplastic | |
| -lutamide | flutamide type antiandrogen | DG01624 Flutamide-type antiandrogen | |
| -rozole | aromatase inhibitor (imidazole/triazole derivative) | DG01524 Triazole antineoplastic | |
| -rubicin | anthracycline derivative | DG01682 Anthracycline antineoplastic | |
| -antrone | anthraquione derivative | DG01727 Anthraquinone antineoplastic | |
| vin-, -vin- | Vinca alkaloid | DG01965 Vinca alkaloid antineoplastic | |
| -ifan | hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) inhibitors | DG03327 Hypoxia-inducible factor-2 alpha inhibitor | |
| -domide | thalidomide derivative | DG03350 Thalidomide derivative | |
| -trex- | folic acid analog | DG01978 Folic acid analog | |
| -trexate | dihydrofolate reductase inhibitor | DG01930 Dihydrofolate reductase inhibitor | |
| -arabine | arabinofuranosyl derivative | DG01439 Arabinofuranosyl type antineoplastic | |
| -citabine | nucleoside antineoplastic, cytarabine or azarabine derivative | ||
| -ribine | ribofuranil derivative (pyrazofurin type) | ||
| -mustine, -fosfamide |
nitrogen mustard | DG01678 Nitrogen mustard analog | |
| -fosfamide | isophosphoramide mustard analog | DG01720 Isophosphoramide mustard analog | |
| -sulfan | methansulfonate derivative | DG01721 Methanesulfonate derivative | |
| -tepa, -depa, -quone |
ethylene imine derivative | DG01723 Ethylene imine | |
| -tepa, -depa |
thiotepa derivative | DG01722 Thiotepa type ethylene imine | |
| -mustine | chloroethylamine derivative | DG01724 Nitrosourea | |
| -platin | platinum derivative | DG01679 Platinum compound | |
| -grastim | granulocyte colony stimulating factor | DG01781 Granulocyte colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) | |
| -gramostim | granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor | DG01782 Granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factors (GM-CSF) | |
| Antidiabetic agent | -formin | biguanide | DG01684 Biguanide antidiabetic |
| -glitazone | thiazolidinedione type PPAR agonist | DG01683 Thiazolidinedione type PPAR agonist | |
| -glitazar | non-thiazolidinedione type PPAR agonist | DG01732 Non-thiazolidinedione type PPAR agonist | |
| -glinide | glinide | DG01735 Glinide | |
| -gliptin | DPP-4 inhibitor | DG01601 DPP-4 inhibitor | |
| -glutide, -natide, -glipron |
GLP-1 receptor agonist | DG01493 GLP-1 receptor agonist | |
| -bose, -glustat |
alpha-glucosidase inhibitor | DG01663 alpha-Glucosidase inhibitor | |
| -gliflozin | SGLT2 inhibitor | DG01794 SGLT2 inhibitor | |
| -restat- | aldose reductase inhibitor | DG01882 Aldose reductase inhibitor | |
| Hypolipidemic agent | -vastatin | HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor | DG01660 HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor |
| -fibrate | PPAR alpha agonist | DG01547 Fibrate | |
| Chole-, Cole- |
bile acid sequestrant | DG01945 Bile acid sequestrant | |
| Cardiovascular agent | -dig- | Digitalis glycoside | DG01697 Digitalis cardiac glycoside |
| -scilla- | Scilla glycoside | DG01741 Scilla glycoside | |
| -dan | pimobendan | DG01758 Pimobendan type cardiotonic | |
| -frine, -terol |
phenethylamine | DG01702 Phenethylamine cardiotonic | |
| -rinone | amrinone type | DG01757 Amrinone type cardiotonic | |
| -serpine, -serpidine |
Rauwolfia alkaloid | DG01737 Rauwolfia alkaloid | |
| -osin | alpha1-adrenergic receptor antagonist | DG01457 alpha1-Adrenergic receptor antagonist | |
| -dralazine | hydrazinophthalazine derivative | DG02046 Hydrazinophthalazine derivative | |
| -entan | endothelin receptor antagonist | DG01502 Endothelin receptor antagonist | |
| -ciguat | guanylate cyclase activator | DG03006 Guanylate cyclase activator | |
| vin-, -vin- | Vinca alkaloid | DG03055 Vinca alkaloid, vasodilator | |
| -dipine | dihydropyridine | DG01928 Dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker | |
| -pamil | phenylalkylamine | DG01807 Phenylalkylamine derivative | |
| -kiren | renin inhibitor | DG01923 Renin inhibitor | |
| -olol, -lol | propranolol type antiarrhythmic | DG01806 Class II antiarrhythmic agent; Propranolol type antiarrhythmic | |
| -pril, -prilat |
ACE inhibitor | DG01501 Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor | |
| -sartan | angiotensin II receptor antagonist | DG01495 Angiotensin II receptor antagonist | |
| Diuretic | -thiazide, -tizide |
thiazide | DG01749 Thiazide diuretic |
| -semide | furosemide | DG01747 Furosemide type diuretic | |
| -etanide | piretanide | DG01746 Piretanide type diuretic | |
| -renone | spironolactone | DG01676 Aldosterone antagonist; Spironolactone derivative | |
| -vaptan | AVPR2 antagonist | DG01506 Arginine vasopressin receptor 2 (AVPR2) antagonist | |
| Blood modifier agent | -farin | warfarin analog | DG01760 Warfarin and analog |
| -arol | dicmarol type | DG01759 Dicumarol type coumarin derivative | |
| -indion | phenindion type | DG01761 Phenindion type coumarin derivative | |
| -parin, -paroid |
heparin | DG01709 Heparin anticoagulant | |
| -grel-, -grel | purinergic receptor P2Y12 antagonist | DG01809 P2Y12 receptor antagonist | |
| -fiban, -fibatide |
fibrinogen receptor antagonist | DG01811 Fibrinogen receptor antagonist | |
| -teplase | tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA) | DG01664 Tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA) | |
| -uplase | urokinase type plasminogen activator | DG01701 Urokinase-type plasminogen activator | |
| -irudin, -gatran |
anticoagulants, thrombin inhibitors (argatroban type) | DG01511 Thrombin inhibitor | |
| -xaban, -parinux |
factor Xa inhibitor | DG01662 Factor Xa inhibitor | |
| -eptacog | factor VII | DG00172 Blood coagulation factor VII | |
| -octocog | factor VIII | DG00170 Blood coagulation factor VIII | |
| -nonacog | factor IX | DG00171 Blood coagulation factor IX | |
| -mostat | serine protease inhibitor | DG01990 Serine protease inhibitor | |
| defer- | iron chelator | DG01691 Iron chelator | |
| Neuropsychiatric agent | -caine | local anesthetic | DG01673 Amide type local anesthetic DG01674 Esterified local anesthetic |
| -flurane | halogenated hydrocarbons | DG01994 Halogenated hydrocarbons | |
| -erg- | Ergot alkaloid | DG01982 Antimigraine, ergot alkaloid | |
| -barb- | barbiturate | DG01904 Barbiturate antiepileptic; Barbiturate anticonvulsant | |
| -toin | hydantoin | DG02031 Hydantoin antiepileptic; Hydantoin anticonvulsant | |
| -dione | oxazolidine | DG02032 Oxazolidine antiepileptic; Oxazolidine anticonvulsant | |
| -suximide | succinimide | DG02033 Succinimide antiepileptic; Succinimide anticonvulsant | |
| -gab- | GABA mimetic | DG02037 GABA mimetic antiepileptic; GABA mimetic anticonvulsant | |
| -racetam | piracetam | DG02038 Piracetam antiepileptic; Piracetam anticonvulsant | |
| -ampanel | AMPA receptor antagonist | DG01569 AMPA receptor antagonist | |
| -capone | COMT inhibitor | DG01497 Catechol O-methyltransferase inhibitor | |
| -giline | Monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors, type B | DG01512 Monoamine oxidase B inhibitor | |
| -peridol, -perone |
butyrophenone | DG01940 Butyrophenone derivative | |
| -piride, -pride |
benzamide | DG01941 Benzamide antipsychotic | |
| -pramine | iminobenzyl | DG01942 Iminobenzyl antipsychotic | |
| -lam, -pam | benzodiazepine derivative | DG01914 Anxiolytics, benzodiazepine derivatives | |
| -barb- | barbiturate | DG01837 Barbiturate sedative-hypnotics | |
| -lam, -pam | benzodiazepine | DG01835 Benzodiazepine sedative-hypnotics | |
| -plone, -clone, -pidem |
non-benzodiazepine | DG01836 Non-benzodiazepine sedative-hypnotics | |
| -melteon | melatonin receptor agonist | DG01589 Melatonin receptor agonist | |
| -pramine, -pin(e) |
tricyclic antidepressant | DG01728 Tricyclic antidepressant | |
| -racetam | racetam | DG01969 Racetam derivative, nootropic | |
| -ampator | AMPA receptor modulator; central nervous system | DG03344 AMPA receptor modulator | |
| -triptan | triptan | DG01943 Triptan; 5-HT1B/1D-receptor agonist, antimigraine drug | |
| Anti-inflammatory | -ac, -zolac | acetic acid derivative | DG01906 Anti-inflammatory drug, acetic acid derivative |
| -butazone, -buzone |
phenylbutazone derivative | DG01949 Anti-inflammatory drug, phenylbutazone | |
| -coxib | cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor | DG01907 Anti-inflammatory drug, coxibs | |
| -fenamate, -fenamic acid |
fenamic acid derivative; anthranilic acid derivative | DG01911 Anti-inflammatory drug, fenamic acid derivatives; Anti-inflammatory drug, anthranilic acid derivatives | |
| -icam | oxicam | DG01910 Anti-inflammatory drug, oxicams | |
| -metacin | indometacin derivative | DG01899 Anti-inflammatory drug, indoleacetic acid derivative | |
| -profen | propionic acid derivative | DG01908 Anti-inflammatory drug, propionic acid derivative | |
| -sal-, -salazine, salazide |
salicylic acid derivative | DG01909 Anti-inflammatory drug, salicylic acid derivatives | |
| aur- | Gold preparations | DG01912 Gold preparations | |
| Gastrointestinal agent | -prazole, -prazan |
proton pump inhibitor | DG01646 Proton pump inhibitor (PPI) |
| -pride | sulpiride type | DG01783 Benzamide type antiemetic; Sulpiride type antiemetic | |
| -setron | 5-HT3-receptor antagonist | DG01489 5-HT3-receptor antagonist | |
| -serod | 5-HT4-receptor antagonist | DG01559 5-HT4-receptor antagonist | |
| -tril, -trilat |
neprilysin inhibitor | DG03345 Neprilysin inhibitor | |
| -orex | anoretic | DG01705 Anoretic | |
| -nabant | cannabinoid receptor inverse agonist | DG01754 Cannabinoid receptor inverse agonist | |
| calci-, -calci- |
vitamin D receptor agonist | DG01607 Vitamin D derivatives; Vitamin D receptor agonist | |
| Endocrine and hormonal agent | -actide | synthetic corticotropin | DG01629 Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) |
| -pressin | vasopressin analog | DG01952 Vasopressin analog | |
| -reotide | growth hormone release inhibitor | DG01588 Somatostatin receptor agonist | |
| som- | growth hormone derivative | ||
| -paratide | parathyroid hormone | DG01661 Parathyroid hormone and parathyroid hormone-related protein analog | |
| -relin | hormone release stimulating | DG01494 Gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor agonist | |
| -estr- | estrogen receptor agonist | DG01584 Estrogen receptor agonist | |
| -terone | steroid type antiandrogen | DG01623 Steroid-type antiandrogen | |
| -pristone | progesterone receptor antagonist | DG01667 Progesterone receptor antagonist | |
| -ifen(e) | estrogen receptor antagonist/modulator | DG01619 Estrogen receptor antagonist/modulator | |
| -ifen(e) | selective estrogen receptor modulator | DG01621 Selective estrogen receptor modulator | |
| -berel | beta-estrogen receptor agonist | DG01630 beta-Estrogen receptor agonist | |
| -begron | beta3-adrenergic receptor agonist | DG01453 beta3-Adrenergic receptor agonist | |
| -afil | phosphodiesterase V (PDE5) inhibitor | DG01509 Phosphodiesterase V inhibitor | |
| -prost- | prostaglandin | DG01961 Prostaglandin derivative | |
| Musculo-skeletal system agent | -cura- | Curare alkaloid | DG01740 Curare alkaloid |
| -curium, -curonium, -onium |
quaternary ammonium compound | DG01742 Quaternary ammonium compound type muscle relaxant | |
| -xostat, -purinol |
xanthine dehydrogenase inhibitor | DG01503 Xanthine dehydrogenase inhibitor | |
| -dronic acid, -dronate |
bisphosphonate | DG01600 Bisphosphonate | |
| Respiratory system agent | -fylline, -phylline |
xanthine derivative | DG01616 Xanthine derivative DG01613 Xantine-type antiparkinsonian agent DG01614 Xanthine-type vasodilator DG01609 Xanthine-type bronchodilator |
| -lukast, -lubant, -locib |
cysteinyl leukotriene receptor antagonist | DG01541 Cysteinyl leukotriene receptor antagonist | |
| -troban, -trodast |
thromboxane A2 receptor antagonist | DG01517 Thromboxane A2 receptor antagonist | |
| Dermatological agent | -retin- | retinoid | DG01604 Retinol derivative; Retinoid |
| Ophthalmic agent | -zolamide, -namide |
carbonic anhydrase inhibitor | DG01534 Carbonic anhydrase inhibitor |