KEGG   PATHWAY: acun04020
Entry
acun04020                   Pathway                                
Name
Calcium signaling pathway - Athene cunicularia (burrowing owl)
Description
Ca2+ that enters the cell from the outside is a principal source of signal Ca2+. Entry of Ca2+ is driven by the presence of a large electrochemical gradient across the plasma membrane. Cells use this external source of signal Ca2+ by activating various entry channels with widely different properties. The voltage-operated channels (VOCs) are found in excitable cells and generate the rapid Ca2+ fluxes that control fast cellular processes. There are many other Ca2+-entry channels, such as the receptor-operated channels (ROCs), for example the NMDA (N-methyl-D-aspartate) receptors (NMDARs) that respond to glutamate. There also are second-messenger-operated channels (SMOCs) and store-operated channels (SOCs).
The other principal source of Ca2+ for signalling is the internal stores that are located primarily in the endoplasmic/sarcoplasmic reticulum (ER/SR), in which inositol-1,4,5-trisphosphate receptors (IP3Rs) or ryanodine receptors (RYRs) regulate the release of Ca2+. The principal activator of these channels is Ca2+ itself and this process of Ca2+-induced Ca2+ release is central to the mechanism of Ca2+ signalling. Various second messengers or modulators also control the release of Ca2+. IP3, which is generated by pathways using different isoforms of phospholipase C (PLCbeta, delta, epsilon, gamma and zeta), regulates the IP3Rs. Cyclic ADP-ribose (cADPR) releases Ca2+ via RYRs. Nicotinic acid adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NAADP) may activate a distinct Ca2+ release mechanism on separate acidic Ca2+ stores. Ca2+ release via the NAADP-sensitive mechanism may also feedback onto either RYRs or IP3Rs. cADPR and NAADP are generated by CD38. This enzyme might be sensitive to the cellular metabolism, as ATP and NADH inhibit it.
The influx of Ca2+ from the environment or release from internal stores causes a very rapid and dramatic increase in cytoplasmic calcium concentration, which has been widely exploited for signal transduction. Some proteins, such as troponin C (TnC) involved in muscle contraction, directly bind to and sense Ca2+. However, in other cases Ca2+ is sensed through intermediate calcium sensors such as calmodulin (CALM).
Class
Environmental Information Processing; Signal transduction
Pathway map
acun04020  Calcium signaling pathway
acun04020

Other DBs
GO: 0019722
Organism
Athene cunicularia (burrowing owl) [GN:acun]
Gene
113480628  SLC8A3; sodium/calcium exchanger 3 isoform X1 [KO:K05849]
113477732  SLC8A1; sodium/calcium exchanger 1 isoform X1 [KO:K05849]
113484930  ATP2B2; plasma membrane calcium-transporting ATPase 2 [KO:K05850] [EC:7.2.2.10]
113488811  ATP2B4; plasma membrane calcium-transporting ATPase 4 [KO:K05850] [EC:7.2.2.10]
113487622  ATP2B1; plasma membrane calcium-transporting ATPase 1 isoform X1 [KO:K05850] [EC:7.2.2.10]
113478234  CHRM3; muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M3 [KO:K04131]
113480276  CHRM5; muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M5 [KO:K04133]
113486220  ADORA2A; adenosine receptor A2a isoform X1 [KO:K04266]
113487115  ADORA2B; adenosine receptor A2b isoform X1 [KO:K04267]
113481792  ADRB1; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: beta-1 adrenergic receptor [KO:K04141]
113485233  DRD1; D(1A) dopamine receptor [KO:K04144]
113488097  D(1) dopamine receptor-like [KO:K05840]
113479176  DRD5; D(1B) dopamine receptor [KO:K05840]
113481661  D(1)-like dopamine receptor [KO:K05840]
113479397  octopamine receptor-like [KO:K04150]
113485188  HRH2; histamine H2 receptor isoform X1 [KO:K04150]
113485346  HTR4; 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 4 [KO:K04160]
113476891  HTR5A; 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 5A [KO:K04161]
113482044  5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 5B-like [KO:K04161]
113487896  HTR6; 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 6 [KO:K04162]
113479423  5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 7-like [KO:K04163]
113481804  HTR7; 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 7 [KO:K04163]
113487624  GNAS; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(s) subunit alpha [KO:K04632]
113476214  GNAL; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(olf) subunit alpha [KO:K04633]
113477314  ADCY1; adenylate cyclase type 1 [KO:K08041] [EC:4.6.1.1]
113476067  ADCY2; adenylate cyclase type 2 [KO:K08042] [EC:4.6.1.1]
113478856  ADCY3; adenylate cyclase type 3 [KO:K08043] [EC:4.6.1.1]
113484440  ADCY7; adenylate cyclase type 7 isoform X1 [KO:K08047] [EC:4.6.1.1]
113476386  ADCY8; adenylate cyclase type 8 [KO:K08048] [EC:4.6.1.1]
113485514  ADCY9; adenylate cyclase type 9 isoform X1 [KO:K08049] [EC:4.6.1.1]
113482753  PRKACB; cAMP-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit beta isoform X1 [KO:K04345] [EC:2.7.11.11]
113478435  PLN; cardiac phospholamban [KO:K05852]
113481314  SLN; sarcolipin [KO:K22642]
113486008  ATP2A2; sarcoplasmic/endoplasmic reticulum calcium ATPase 2 [KO:K05853] [EC:7.2.2.10]
113487177  ATP2A3; sarcoplasmic/endoplasmic reticulum calcium ATPase 3 isoform X1 [KO:K05853] [EC:7.2.2.10]
113476019  STIM1; stromal interaction molecule 1 isoform X1 [KO:K16059]
113479197  STIM2; stromal interaction molecule 2 [KO:K18196]
113486098  ORAI1; calcium release-activated calcium channel protein 1 isoform X1 [KO:K16056]
113487047  ORAI2; protein orai-2 [KO:K16057]
113475961  CACNA1C; voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1C isoform X1 [KO:K04850]
113484825  CACNA1D; voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1D isoform X1 [KO:K04851]
113488965  CACNA1S; voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1S isoform X1 [KO:K04857]
113486402  CACNA1B; voltage-dependent N-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1B isoform X1 [KO:K04849]
113482608  voltage-dependent R-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1E-like [KO:K04852]
113486999  CACNA1G; voltage-dependent T-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1G isoform X1 [KO:K04854]
113485574  CACNA1H; voltage-dependent T-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1H isoform X1 [KO:K04855]
113491417  CACNA1I; voltage-dependent T-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1I [KO:K04856]
113484104  neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-7 isoform X1 [KO:K04809]
113486654  GRIN1; glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 1 isoform X1 [KO:K05208]
113485539  GRIN2A; glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 2A isoform X1 [KO:K05209]
113475853  GRIN2B; glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 2B [KO:K05210]
113486940  GRIN2C; glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 2C [KO:K05211]
113490210  GRIN3A; glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 3A [KO:K05213]
113489310  GRIN3B; glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 3B [KO:K05214]
113487148  P2RX1; P2X purinoceptor 1 [KO:K05215]
113487278  P2RX5; P2X purinoceptor 5 [KO:K05219]
113486172  P2RX6; P2X purinoceptor 6 [KO:K05221]
113486235  P2X purinoceptor 7-like [KO:K05220]
113478912  RYR2; ryanodine receptor 2 [KO:K04962]
113480274  RYR3; ryanodine receptor 3 [KO:K04963]
113478603  triadin-like isoform X1 [KO:K23449]
113484362  CASQ2; calsequestrin-2 [KO:K23445]
113476412  ASPH; aspartyl/asparaginyl beta-hydroxylase isoform X1 [KO:K00476] [EC:1.14.11.16]
113479997  CYSLTR1; cysteinyl leukotriene receptor 1 [KO:K04322]
113476061  CYSLTR2; cysteinyl leukotriene receptor 2 [KO:K04323]
113491545  CHRM2; muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2 isoform X1 [KO:K04130]
113488087  ADRA1A; alpha-1A adrenergic receptor [KO:K04135]
113485191  ADRA1B; alpha-1B adrenergic receptor [KO:K04136]
113479154  ADRA1D; alpha-1D adrenergic receptor [KO:K04137]
113483374  AGTR1; type-1 angiotensin II receptor [KO:K04166]
113490485  EDNRA; endothelin-1 receptor [KO:K04197]
113483813  EDNRB; endothelin receptor type B [KO:K04198]
113479930  endothelin receptor type B-like [KO:K04198]
113489757  F2R; proteinase-activated receptor 1 [KO:K03914]
113477161  GRM5; metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 isoform X1 [KO:K04604]
113481926  GRPR; gastrin-releasing peptide receptor [KO:K04169]
113485014  HRH1; histamine H1 receptor [KO:K04149]
113480096  HTR2A; 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2A [KO:K04157]
113479963  HTR2C; 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2C isoform X1 [KO:K04157]
113483429  HTR2B; 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2B [KO:K04157]
113477807  LHCGR; lutropin-choriogonadotropic hormone receptor [KO:K04248]
113487616  NTSR1; neurotensin receptor type 1 [KO:K04211]
113485025  OXTR; oxytocin receptor [KO:K04229]
113488866  AVPR1B; vasopressin V1b receptor [KO:K04227]
113488330  PTAFR; platelet-activating factor receptor [KO:K04279]
113482785  PTGER3; prostaglandin E2 receptor EP3 subtype [KO:K04260]
113483168  PTGFR; prostaglandin F2-alpha receptor isoform X1 [KO:K04262]
113480856  BDKRB1; B1 bradykinin receptor [KO:K03915]
113480647  BDKRB2; B2 bradykinin receptor isoform X1 [KO:K03916]
113488029  TACR1; substance-P receptor [KO:K04222]
113481901  TACR2; substance-K receptor [KO:K04223]
113479627  TACR3; neuromedin-K receptor isoform X1 [KO:K04224]
113489483  TBXA2R; thromboxane A2 receptor [KO:K04264]
113477248  TRHR; thyrotropin-releasing hormone receptor [KO:K04282]
113487552  thyrotropin-releasing hormone receptor-like [KO:K04282]
113479283  CCKAR; cholecystokinin receptor type A [KO:K04194]
113482188  CXCR4; C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4 [KO:K04189]
113489960  guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(q) subunit alpha-like [KO:K04634]
113489339  guanine nucleotide-binding protein subunit alpha-11 [KO:K04635]
113489961  LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: guanine nucleotide-binding protein subunit alpha-14-like [KO:K04636]
113479739  EGF; pro-epidermal growth factor isoform X1 [KO:K04357]
113485656  PDGFA; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: platelet-derived growth factor subunit A [KO:K04359]
113488033  PDGFB; platelet-derived growth factor subunit B [KO:K17386]
113479700  PDGFC; platelet-derived growth factor C [KO:K05450]
113484247  PDGFD; platelet-derived growth factor D [KO:K05450]
113485315  FGF1; fibroblast growth factor 1 isoform X1 [KO:K18496]
113479640  FGF2; fibroblast growth factor 2 [KO:K18497]
113484022  FGF7; fibroblast growth factor 7 isoform X1 [KO:K04358]
113485186  FGF18; fibroblast growth factor 18 isoform X1 [KO:K04358]
113477989  FGF9; fibroblast growth factor 9 [KO:K04358]
113480233  FGF16; fibroblast growth factor 16 [KO:K04358]
113491459  FGF6; fibroblast growth factor 6 [KO:K04358]
113481251  FGF3; fibroblast growth factor 3 [KO:K04358]
113481677  FGF8; fibroblast growth factor 8 [KO:K04358]
113479601  FGF5; fibroblast growth factor 5 [KO:K04358]
113481250  FGF19; fibroblast growth factor 19 [KO:K22603]
113491200  FGF23; fibroblast growth factor 23 [KO:K22428]
113477922  VEGFA; vascular endothelial growth factor A [KO:K05448]
113485862  VEGFD; vascular endothelial growth factor D [KO:K05449]
113479244  VEGFC; vascular endothelial growth factor C [KO:K05449]
113488901  NGF; beta-nerve growth factor [KO:K02582]
113491250  HGF; hepatocyte growth factor [KO:K05460]
113484925  MST1; hepatocyte growth factor-like protein [KO:K23441]
113489893  GDNF; glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor isoform X1 [KO:K05452]
113477535  EGFR; epidermal growth factor receptor isoform X1 [KO:K04361] [EC:2.7.10.1]
113482047  ERBB4; receptor tyrosine-protein kinase erbB-4 isoform X1 [KO:K05085] [EC:2.7.10.1]
113479434  PDGFRA; platelet-derived growth factor receptor alpha isoform X1 [KO:K04363] [EC:2.7.10.1]
113485173  PDGFRB; platelet-derived growth factor receptor beta [KO:K05089] [EC:2.7.10.1]
113481500  FGFR2; fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 isoform X1 [KO:K05093] [EC:2.7.10.1]
113485394  FGFR4; fibroblast growth factor receptor 4 [KO:K05095] [EC:2.7.10.1]
113479969  vascular endothelial growth factor receptor kdr-like isoform X1 [KO:K05096] [EC:2.7.10.1]
113485269  FLT1; vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 1 [KO:K05096] [EC:2.7.10.1]
113485325  FLT4; vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 3 isoform X1 [KO:K05097] [EC:2.7.10.1]
113479117  KDR; vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 [KO:K05098] [EC:2.7.10.1]
113490005  NTRK2; BDNF/NT-3 growth factors receptor isoform X1 [KO:K04360] [EC:2.7.10.1]
113484125  NTRK3; NT-3 growth factor receptor isoform X1 [KO:K05101] [EC:2.7.10.1]
113491414  MET; hepatocyte growth factor receptor isoform X1 [KO:K05099] [EC:2.7.10.1]
113484921  MST1R; macrophage-stimulating protein receptor [KO:K05100] [EC:2.7.10.1]
113483380  RET; proto-oncogene tyrosine-protein kinase receptor Ret isoform X1 [KO:K05126] [EC:2.7.10.1]
113485949  immunoglobulin delta heavy chain-like [KO:K06856]
113489183  PLCD3; 1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase delta-3 [KO:K05857] [EC:3.1.4.11]
113482391  PLCD4; 1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase delta-4 isoform X1 [KO:K05857] [EC:3.1.4.11]
113476372  PLCD1; 1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase delta-1 isoform X1 [KO:K05857] [EC:3.1.4.11]
113481004  PLCB2; 1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase beta-2 [KO:K05858] [EC:3.1.4.11]
113477996  PLCB1; 1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase beta-1 [KO:K05858] [EC:3.1.4.11]
113478160  PLCB4; 1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase beta-4 isoform X1 [KO:K05858] [EC:3.1.4.11]
113487655  PLCG1; 1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase gamma-1 [KO:K01116] [EC:3.1.4.11]
113477170  1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase gamma-1-like isoform X1 [KO:K01116] [EC:3.1.4.11]
113484485  PLCG2; 1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase gamma-2 [KO:K05859] [EC:3.1.4.11]
113481439  PLCE1; 1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase epsilon-1 [KO:K05860] [EC:3.1.4.11]
113491128  PLCZ1; 1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase zeta-1 isoform X1 [KO:K05861] [EC:3.1.4.11]
113484753  ITPR1; inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor type 1 isoform X1 [KO:K04958]
113489114  ITPR2; inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor type 2 [KO:K04959]
113488982  ITPR3; inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor type 3 isoform X1 [KO:K04960]
113479380  ADP-ribosyl cyclase/cyclic ADP-ribose hydrolase 1-like [KO:K01242] [EC:3.2.2.6 2.4.99.20]
113486031  TPCN1; two pore calcium channel protein 1 isoform X1 [KO:K16896]
113481248  TPCN2; two pore calcium channel protein 2 [KO:K14077]
113482963  MCOLN2; mucolipin-2 [KO:K04993]
113483129  MCOLN3; mucolipin-3 [KO:K04994]
113486681  SPHK1; sphingosine kinase 1 [KO:K04718] [EC:2.7.1.91]
113481825  MCU; calcium uniporter protein, mitochondrial [KO:K20858]
113485107  VDAC1; voltage-dependent anion-selective channel protein 1 [KO:K05862]
113481457  VDAC2; voltage-dependent anion-selective channel protein 2 [KO:K15040]
113488093  VDAC3; voltage-dependent anion-selective channel protein 3 isoform X1 [KO:K15041]
113480143  SLC25A5; ADP/ATP translocase 2 [KO:K05863]
113479234  SLC25A4; ADP/ATP translocase 1 [KO:K05863]
113478665  SLC25A6; ADP/ATP translocase 3 [KO:K05863]
113483523  PPIF; peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase F, mitochondrial [KO:K09565] [EC:5.2.1.8]
113484800  TNNC1; troponin C, slow skeletal and cardiac muscles [KO:K05865]
113480730  CALM1; calmodulin-1 [KO:K02183]
113483879  CALML4; calmodulin-like protein 4 [KO:K02183]
113489985  calmodulin, striated muscle [KO:K02183]
113478482  CALM2; calmodulin-2 [KO:K02183]
113487119  PHKG1; phosphorylase b kinase gamma catalytic chain, skeletal muscle/heart isoform [KO:K00871] [EC:2.7.11.19]
113480175  PHKA1; phosphorylase b kinase regulatory subunit alpha, skeletal muscle isoform [KO:K07190]
113484295  PHKB; phosphorylase b kinase regulatory subunit beta isoform X1 [KO:K07190]
113491125  PHKA2; phosphorylase b kinase regulatory subunit alpha, liver isoform isoform X1 [KO:K07190]
113489147  myosin light chain kinase, smooth muscle-like [KO:K00907] [EC:2.7.11.18]
113482370  MYLK; myosin light chain kinase, smooth muscle isoform X1 [KO:K00907] [EC:2.7.11.18]
113484301  MYLK3; myosin light chain kinase 3 [KO:K00907] [EC:2.7.11.18]
113476670  MYLK4; myosin light chain kinase family member 4 isoform X1 [KO:K00907] [EC:2.7.11.18]
113488845  CAMK1G; calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase type 1G [KO:K08794] [EC:2.7.11.17]
113488684  CAMK1D; calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase type 1D isoform X1 [KO:K08794] [EC:2.7.11.17]
113479615  CAMK2D; calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase type II subunit delta isoform X1 [KO:K04515] [EC:2.7.11.17]
113485161  CAMK2A; calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase type II subunit alpha isoform X1 [KO:K04515] [EC:2.7.11.17]
113481572  CAMK2G; calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase type II subunit gamma isoform X1 [KO:K04515] [EC:2.7.11.17]
113489531  CAMK4; calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase type IV [KO:K05869] [EC:2.7.11.17]
113489308  calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase type IV-like [KO:K05869] [EC:2.7.11.17]
113481752  PPP3CB; serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2B catalytic subunit beta isoform isoform X1 [KO:K04348] [EC:3.1.3.16]
113490863  PPP3CC; serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2B catalytic subunit gamma isoform isoform X1 [KO:K04348] [EC:3.1.3.16]
113479547  PPP3CA; serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2B catalytic subunit alpha isoform [KO:K04348] [EC:3.1.3.16]
113478143  PPP3R1; calcineurin subunit B type 1 isoform X1 [KO:K06268]
113488818  TFEB; transcription factor EB isoform X1 [KO:K15590]
113477100  NFATC1; nuclear factor of activated T-cells, cytoplasmic 1 isoform X1 [KO:K04446]
113487551  NFATC2; nuclear factor of activated T-cells, cytoplasmic 2 [KO:K17332]
113484543  NFATC3; nuclear factor of activated T-cells, cytoplasmic 3 [KO:K17333]
113486129  NOS1; nitric oxide synthase, brain [KO:K13240] [EC:1.14.13.39]
113487234  NOS2; nitric oxide synthase, inducible isoform X1 [KO:K13241] [EC:1.14.13.39]
113482521  PDE1A; calcium/calmodulin-dependent 3',5'-cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase 1A [KO:K13755] [EC:3.1.4.17]
113477585  PDE1C; calcium/calmodulin-dependent 3',5'-cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase 1C isoform X1 [KO:K13755] [EC:3.1.4.17]
113478314  PTK2B; protein-tyrosine kinase 2-beta isoform X1 [KO:K05871] [EC:2.7.10.2]
113480534  ITPKA; inositol-trisphosphate 3-kinase A [KO:K00911] [EC:2.7.1.127]
113478509  ITPKB; inositol-trisphosphate 3-kinase B [KO:K00911] [EC:2.7.1.127]
113486719  PRKCA; protein kinase C alpha type [KO:K02677] [EC:2.7.11.13]
113485934  PRKCB; protein kinase C beta type [KO:K19662] [EC:2.7.11.13]
Compound
C00002  ATP
C00004  NADH
C00076  Calcium cation
C00165  Diacylglycerol
C00575  3',5'-Cyclic AMP
C01245  D-myo-Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate
C01330  Sodium cation
C06124  Sphingosine 1-phosphate
C11556  1-Phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 3,5-bisphosphate
C13050  Cyclic ADP-ribose
C13051  Nicotinic acid adenine dinucleotide phosphate
Reference
PMID:12838335
  Authors
Berridge MJ, Bootman MD, Roderick HL.
  Title
Calcium signalling: dynamics, homeostasis and remodelling.
  Journal
Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 4:517-29 (2003)
DOI:10.1038/nrm1155
Reference
PMID:11413485
  Authors
Berridge MJ, Lipp P, Bootman MD.
  Title
The versatility and universality of calcium signalling.
  Journal
Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 1:11-21 (2000)
DOI:10.1038/35036035
Reference
PMID:15111104
  Authors
Wang MC, Dolphin A, Kitmitto A.
  Title
L-type voltage-gated calcium channels: understanding function through structure.
  Journal
FEBS Lett 564:245-50 (2004)
DOI:10.1016/S0014-5793(04)00253-4
Reference
PMID:11299192
  Authors
Ferrier GR, Howlett SE.
  Title
Cardiac excitation-contraction coupling: role of membrane potential in regulation of contraction.
  Journal
Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 280:H1928-44 (2001)
DOI:10.1152/ajpheart.2001.280.5.H1928
Reference
PMID:11698232
  Authors
Keef KD, Hume JR, Zhong J.
  Title
Regulation of cardiac and smooth muscle Ca(2+) channels (Ca(V)1.2a,b) by protein kinases.
  Journal
Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 281:C1743-56 (2001)
DOI:10.1152/ajpcell.2001.281.6.C1743
Reference
PMID:8125957
  Authors
Hell JW, Appleyard SM, Yokoyama CT, Warner C, Catterall WA.
  Title
Differential phosphorylation of two size forms of the N-type calcium channel alpha 1 subunit which have different COOH termini.
  Journal
J Biol Chem 269:7390-6 (1994)
Reference
PMID:15000521
  Authors
Yunker AM.
  Title
Modulation and pharmacology of low voltage-activated ("T-Type") calcium channels.
  Journal
J Bioenerg Biomembr 35:577-98 (2003)
DOI:10.1023/B:JOBB.0000008025.65675.37
Reference
PMID:9149541
  Authors
Yakel JL.
  Title
Calcineurin regulation of synaptic function: from ion channels to transmitter release and gene transcription.
  Journal
Trends Pharmacol Sci 18:124-34 (1997)
DOI:10.1016/S0165-6147(97)01046-8
Reference
PMID:10997573
  Authors
Fukunaga K, Miyamoto E.
  Title
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